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185 1 year, Britain held the world's first international industrial exposition in Hyde Park, London. Because the Expo was held in the "Crystal Palace" exhibition hall, it was called the "Crystal Palace" international industrial exposition. This statement is of great significance in the history of industrial design. On the one hand, it fully shows the achievements of industrial development in Europe and America, on the other hand, it also exposes various problems in industrial design, which stimulates the design reform from the opposite side.
The purpose of holding this Expo is not only to show Britain's great achievements after the industrial revolution, but also to try to improve the public's aesthetic taste in order to prevent the unrestrained imitation of the old style. The thoughts and activities of Parkin, Cole and others have played an important role in promoting the holding of this international exposition. The proposal to hold the Expo was put forward by the British Art Association, and Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert, was the chairman of the association. He paid great attention to industrial design and design education, and personally served as the chairman of the Expo organizing Committee. Cole is responsible for the specific organization and implementation, Parkin is responsible for organizing the exhibition selection team, and other famous architects and designers, such as Samper, also participated in the organization. Because of the short time, it is impossible to build Expo buildings in the traditional way. The organizing committee adopted the design scheme of "Crystal Palace" by the gardener paxton (1801-1865). Paxton is famous for cultivating and breeding Victoria Wang Lian in greenhouses, and is good at building greenhouses with steel and glass. He built the huge shell of the glass-iron frame structure of the "Crystal Palace" by assembling the greenhouse (Figure 5-6, Figure 5-7 and Figure 5-8). The total area of "Crystal Palace" is 7.4m×104m; The total length of the building is 563 m( 185 1ft), which symbolizes the construction of 185 1 year. The width is 124.4 m, and * * has 5 spans, taking 2.44 m as a unit (since the length of the glass at that time was 1.22 m, this dimension was taken as the modulus). Its shape is a simple stepped cuboid with a vertical vault, and only the iron frame and glass are exposed on all sides, without any unnecessary decoration, which fully embodies the mechanical characteristics of industrial production. The whole building only uses three materials: iron, wood and glass. Construction started in August of 1850 and ended in May of 185 1 year. The assembly was completed in less than 9 months. The appearance of "Crystal Palace" was a sensation, and people were surprised to think that it was a miracle of architectural engineering. After the Expo, the "Crystal Palace" was moved to another place for reassembly, and was destroyed by fire on 1936.
"Crystal Palace" is the forerunner of modern architecture in the 20th century, a sign pointing to the future, and the first large-scale building made of metal and glass in the world, which adopts standard prefabricated unit components produced repeatedly. Like other engineering masterpieces in the19th century, it plays an important role in the development of modern design. However, the contents on display in the "Crystal Palace" are in sharp contrast with its architecture. Most of the exhibits selected by countries are machine-made products, many of which are specially made for exhibitions. There are various historical styles in the exhibits, reflecting a general enthusiasm for decoration, ignoring any basic design principles, and its abuse of decoration even exceeds that of goods produced for the market. Through this grand exposition, manufacturers try to show the public their magic formula of improving product identity by applying "art". This is obviously far from the original intention of the organizers. Some exhibits design relatively unimportant household items as architectural monuments. For example, an oil lamp on display in France has a lampshade supported by an extremely complicated gold and silver base. It is not a new development to regard products such as lamps, watches and clocks as buildings. French royal designers often do this at the end of 18. But now designers seem to have completely lost their self-control. A workbench made by ladies turned into a rococo-style golden box covered with a group of angels. The beautiful legs of this table seem to be difficult to support its weight. The designer tried to explore the possibilities provided by various new materials and technologies, pushed the rococo style to an exaggerated level, and showed a novel and ingenious decoration method. There are also some exhibits that show a unique pursuit of form and decoration. For example, a drum-shaped bookshelf can rotate along the central horizontal axis, and each bookshelf is hung on the disks on both sides, so that the bookshelves can continuously appear in the convenient position for users. The floral decoration and lion's paw feet on the side of this bookshelf are also deliberately exaggerating some subtle details.