Lu Xun (September 25, 1881 ~ October 19, 1936) was originally named Zhou Zhangshou, and later renamed Zhou Shuren, a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang. China is a modern writer, thinker, revolutionary and educator. People call it "thinking about culture and education". Guangxu was born in Dongchangfangkou, Huiji County (now Shaoxing City), Shaoxing Prefecture, Zhejiang Province on August 25, 1881, and his ancestral home was in runan county, Henan Province. When I was a child, I enjoyed a young master's life, and my family gradually declined and became poor. Influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution and Tolstoy's thought of fraternity in his youth, Lu Xun changed his name from Zhou Zhangshou to Zhou Shuren in 1898. In 192, I went to Japan to study at public expense. I originally studied medicine at Sendai Medical College, hoping to save lives by my own hands. Later, due to the war, I changed my behavior as a writer and engaged in literary and artistic work, hoping to change the national spirit (see preface to Scream). From 195 to 197, he participated in the activities of revolutionaries and published papers such as "The Theory of Moro Poetry" and "The Theory of Cultural Bias". During this period, I went back to China to get married on the orders of my mother, and my wife, Zhu An. In 199, together with his brother Zhou Zuoren, he translated the Collection of Foreign Novels to introduce foreign literature. He returned to China in the same year and taught in Guangzhou and Shaoxing. In 1918, under the pseudonym of Lu Xun, the first vernacular novel Diary of a Madman in the history of China was published. In 1927, she married Ms. Xu Guangping and gave birth to a male named Zhou Haiying. There are three nieces. He died of illness in Shanghai on October 19th, 1936. His works were included in The Complete Works of Lu Xun, his works and Lu Xun's Letters, and various ancient books edited and revised by Lu Xun were reprinted. Later, in 1981, the Complete Works of Lu Xun (sixteen volumes) was published. In 25, The Complete Works of Lu Xun (eighteen volumes) was published. His works are mainly novels and essays, among which Blessing, The True Story of Ah Q and Diary of a Madman are well-known. Dozens of novels, essays, poems and essays by Lu Xun were selected into Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools, and novels such as Blessing, The True Story of Ah Q and Medicine were adapted into movies. Luxun Museum and Memorial Hall have been established in Beijing, Shanghai, Shaoxing, Guangzhou and Xiamen. At the same time, his works have been translated into more than 5 languages such as English, Japanese, Russian, Spanish, French, German and Arabic, and have a wide audience all over the world.
Lu Xun fought with a pen all his life, and was known as the "national soul". Mao Zedong commented that he was a great writer, thinker and revolutionary, and was the chief commander of the Chinese cultural revolution.
[ Edit this paragraph] Lu Xun and Zhang Shizhao's lawsuit
In August 1925, the student movement in Beijing Women's Normal University was in full swing. Because Lu Xun supported the revolution and stood firm, he was elected as a member of the school affairs maintenance Committee. This incident will come out, which angered the Beiyang warlord government. After intensive planning, Zhang Shizhao, the "Chief Justice and Chief Education Officer", came forward and petitioned Duan Qirui, the provisional executive government, to remove Lu Xun from his post of "Ministry of Education" on August 12th. ..... On August 22nd, Lu Xun, as a "plaintiff" with justice in his chest and truth in his hand, delivered the "Indictment" to the "Pingzhengyuan", which specialized in dealing with government officials' violations of law and discipline at that time, accusing Zhang Shizhao of abusing his power and violating the Regulations on Civil Servants' Disciplinary Actions and the Draft Law on Civil Servants' Protection.
......
Zhang Shizhao's defense was weak and full of loopholes, and Lu Xun seized the flaw and mercilessly refuted it. He pointedly pointed out in the book of mutual defense:
1. Zhang Shizhao falsely accused Shuren (Lu Xun claimed to be "colluding with the school's teachers, troublemakers and a few bad students", but "he didn't know what the troublemakers were and what they advocated".
2 ......
After Lu Xun and Zhang Shizhao argued with each other, Pingzheng Court made a ruling according to law. The "Award" pointed out that Zhang Shizhao failed to provide the specific facts of Lu Xun's resistance to the Ministry of Education; If Lu Xun's rebellion against the Ministry of Education is confirmed, Zhang Shizhao should also sue according to law, instead of ignoring legal procedures to petition for dismissal first-therefore, Zhang Shizhao's unauthorized dismissal of Lu Xun is illegal and should be cancelled. ..... (Excerpt from Applied Writing magazine, No.4, 1994, Reading Lu Xun's <: Pleadings > )
[ Edit this paragraph] Life and Creation
Lu Xun was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province in 1881, but at the age of 13, his grandfather, who was an official in Beijing, was imprisoned for cheating in the imperial examination. Since then, his father has been ill for a long time and eventually died, and his family has declined. The family changes had a profound impact on young Lu Xun. He is the eldest son of the family, with a lonely and weak mother in the world and a young and weak sister in law. He has to shoulder the burden of life with his mother. Naive and lively childhood is over, and he has experienced the hardships of life and the changes of the world prematurely. He often takes the prescription prescribed by the doctor for his father to the pharmacy to get medicine, and takes things to the pawnshop to sell. In the past, when his family was well off, people around him looked at him as a little "dude" with envy. His words contained kindness and his eyes showed tenderness. But now that his family is poor, the attitudes of people around him have changed: the words are cold, the eyes are cold, and there is a look of disdain on his face. The change of people's attitude around him left a deep impression on Lu Xun's mind and a great blow to his mind, which made him feel that there was a lack of sincere sympathy and love between people in China at that time. People treat people and things with snobbery: one attitude towards the rich and powerful, and another attitude towards the poor and powerless. Many years later, Lu Xun said with great sadness, "Who has fallen into poverty from a well-off family? I thought that on this road, we could probably see the true face of the world." Introduction to Scream
The family changes and life experiences after the changes have also made Lu Xun close to the lower classes since he was a teenager. His grandmother lives in the countryside, which gives him the opportunity to get in touch with and understand the life of farmers. Especially before and after his grandfather went to prison, he had to take refuge with relatives in the countryside and lived in the countryside for a long time. There, he became friends with children in the countryside, playing with them, boating together, watching movies together, and sometimes "stealing" beans and cooking them in their fields. Between them, there is no mutual discrimination and hatred, but mutual care and love. Lu Xun remembered and described his simple, natural, sincere and simple relationship with rural children as the best relationship between people all his life.
At that time, the average scholar took three roads: one was to study and be an official. If you are not an official, you can also be a "screen friend" of a bureaucrat. If the first two roads fail, you can still go into business. Lu Xun took another road that was most despised by people at that time: entering the "foreign school". In China at that time, it was generally regarded as a despicable activity of "selling the soul to foreign devils". In 1898, 18-year-old Lu Xun, with eight silver dollars raised by his loving mother in many ways, left his hometown and entered Nanjing Naval Academy, and later changed to Nanjing Road and Mine School. These two schools were established by the Westernization School for the sake of enriching Qiang Bing, in which courses such as mathematics, physics and chemistry were offered to impart natural science knowledge. During this period, Lu Xun read works on foreign literature and social sciences and broadened his horizons. In particular, Yan Fu's translation of The Theory of Evolution by Huxley, an Englishman, gave Lu Xun a profound influence. The Theory of Evolution is a book that introduces Darwin's theory of evolution, which makes Lu Xun realize that the real world is not harmonious and perfect, but full of fierce competition. A person and a nation must have the spirit of self-reliance, independence and self-improvement if they want to survive and develop. You can't be at the mercy of fate, and you can't be bullied by the strong.
Lu Xun's excellent grades during his stay in Nanjing Railway and Mining School gave him the opportunity to study abroad at official expense after graduation. In 192, he traveled to Japan, began to study Japanese at Hongwen College in Tokyo, and later entered Sendai Medical College. He chose to study medicine in order to treat patients who were victimized by quacks like his father and improve the health of China people who were derided as "the sick man of East Asia". Lu Xun wanted to enlighten China people through medicine. But his dream did not last long, and it was shattered by the harsh reality. In Japan, as a citizen of a weak country, Lu Xun is often discriminated against by Japanese with militaristic tendencies. In their eyes, all China people are "imbeciles", and Lu Xun scored 59 points in anatomy, so they suspected that Fujino Genkuro, the anatomy teacher, had leaked the examination questions to him. This made Lu Xun deeply feel sad as a weak country. On one occasion, in a slide show before class, Lu Xun saw a China man being caught and decapitated by the Japanese army, while a group of China people stood idly watching. Lu Xun was greatly stimulated. This made him realize that mental numbness is more terrible than physical weakness. To change the tragic fate of the Chinese nation in the world, the first thing is to change the spirit of China people, while the first thing that is good at changing the spirit of China people is literature and art. So Lu Xun left Sendai Medical College and returned to Tokyo to translate foreign literary works, organize literary magazines, publish articles and engage in literary activities. At that time, what he discussed most with his friends was the national character of China: what is the ideal human nature? What is the most lacking in China's national character? What is its root cause? Through this kind of thinking, Lu Xun linked his personal life experience with the fate of the whole Chinese nation, which laid the basic ideological foundation for him as a writer and thinker later.
During his study in Japan, Lu Xun initially formed his world outlook and outlook on life. However, Lu Xun's thoughts and feelings were not only incomprehensible to most Japanese people at that time, but also difficult to get a wide response among students studying in China. The foreign novels he translated can only sell dozens of copies, and the literary magazines he organized could not be published because of lack of funds. The difficulty of family planning forced Lu Xun to return to China to find a job. In 199, he returned from Japan and worked as a teacher in Hangzhou Zhejiang Normal School (now Hangzhou High School) and Shaoxing Fuzhong School. This period is a period when Lu Xun's thoughts are extremely depressed. The Revolution of 1911 also made him feel excited for a while, but then Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, zhang xun restoration and other historical ugly dramas continued to be staged. The Revolution of 1911 did not change the stagnant reality of China, the social confusion, the national disaster and the misfortune of personal marriage life, which made Lu Xun feel depressed and depressed. After the May 4th Movement, his pent-up thoughts and feelings erupted violently through literary works like lava. At that time, he had worked in the Ministry of Education and moved to Beijing with the Ministry of Education.
In 1918, Lu Xun published his first vernacular novel "Diary of a Madman" in New Youth magazine, which was the first time he published an article under the pseudonym of "Lu Xun". Diary of a Madman was also the earliest modern vernacular novel in China. This novel embodies all the painful life experiences of Lu Xun from childhood to that time and all the painful thoughts on the modern destiny of the Chinese nation. Through the mouth of a madman, it denounced the history of feudal autocracy in China for thousands of years as a history of "cannibalism" and sent a message to the stagnant and backward China society, "Never been like this, right?" Severe questioning, shouting: "Save the children!" .
After Diary of a Madman, Lu Xun published several short stories in succession, and later compiled them into two collections of short stories, Scream and Hesitation, which were published in 1923 and 1926 respectively.
Lu Xun's novels are few in number, but of great significance. Lu Xun focused his eyes on the bottom of society and described the daily life and mental state of these bottom people. This is inseparable from Lu Xun's creative purpose. Lu Xun said: "My materials are mostly taken from the unfortunate people in the sick society, which means to expose the suffering of the disease and attract the attention of treatment." (How can I start a novel with a Southern accent and a Northern accent?) This creative purpose of expressing and improving life makes him describe the most common tragic fate of some of the most ordinary people, such as Kong Yiji, Hua Laoshuan, Shan Sisi, Ah Q, Chen Shicheng, Xianglinsao and Ai Gu. These people live at the bottom of society and need sympathy, pity, care and love from people around them most. However, in China society at that time, people gave them insults and discrimination, indifference and ruthlessness. Is such a society a normal society? Is this kind of interpersonal relationship reasonable? What saddens us most is that they live in a loveless world and are tortured by life. But they also lack sincere sympathy for each other. They take an indifferent attitude of watching and even appreciating the tragic fate of their own kind, and vent their pent-up resentment when they are oppressed and bullied by bullying people who are weaker than themselves. In Kong Yiji, there are short-sleeved customers who maliciously mock Kong Yiji; In The True Story of Ah Q, others bully Ah Q, while Ah Q bullies a little nun who is weaker than himself. In "Blessing", the villagers in Luzhen appreciate Sister Xianglin's tragedy as an interesting story ... All this makes people feel a chill. Lu Xun's attitude towards them is "mourn their misfortune and anger their indisputable". Lu Xun loves them, but he hopes they will realize that they can be self-reliant, independent and self-reliant.
Lu Xun has an abhorrent attitude towards powerful people and hypocrites. Ding Juren in Kong Yiji, Grandfather Zhao in The True Story of Ah Q, Master Lu Si in Blessing, Guo Laowa in The Ever-burning Lamp, and the seven great men in Divorce are all images of such powerful people. They are powerful, but they have no sincere concern for the fate of others and have no enthusiasm for social progress. They only care about their own power and status, selfish, hypocritical and cold, which hinders social progress and improvement. Siming in Soap and Gao Old Master Q in Gao Old Master Q are hypocrites and hypocrites. They claim to care about social morality, but in fact they are all immoral people.
Lu Xun's novels are about the ordinary life of ordinary people, without bizarre stories and fascinating plots, but full of infinite artistic charm. Where does this charm come from? It comes from his meticulous description of people and life and his incisive description of people's inner subtle psychology. When reading Lu Xun's novels, there is always a "joy of discovery". The picture is an ordinary picture and the characters are ordinary people, but in such an ordinary picture and ordinary people, we can always notice the characteristics that we don't usually notice and perceive the psychological activities of the people that we don't usually notice. It is precisely because of this meticulous description and incisive psychological portrayal that the artistic charm of Lu Xun's novels has the characteristics of being more mellow as time goes by. When we were young, we were not deeply involved in the world. The primary and middle school students in the north were not familiar with the local customs and customs described in the story, such as Luzhen and three pools mirroring the moon, and they did not have more personal experience of life. Lu Xun's novels entered our sensory world as a whole, but how rich the connotations are hidden in the characters and pictures we feel, we can't always feel that with the increase of our social experience and the deepening of our life experience, the connotations of these characters and pictures will continue to sprout from them. In order to reveal the different meanings of different life pictures and the fate of different characters, the structure of Lu Xun's novels is changeable, with almost one style.