1, metaphysics:
Metaphysics is a philosophical discipline that studies existence, reality and essence. Its core view is that existence has a fixed essence and inherent attributes, which is beyond the reach of human perception and experience. Metaphysics discusses the origin and structure of the universe, which causes people to think about the fundamental problems of mankind and the world.
2. Ethics:
Ethics discusses the moral principles and values of human behavior. The core view advocated by ethics is that the pursuit of "goodness" and human happiness is the highest goal of morality. Ethics analyzes and evaluates the correctness and rationality of individual and social behaviors, and studies ethical principles and norms.
3. existentialism:
Existentialism emphasizes the freedom and responsibility of individual existence. Its core view is that human existence takes precedence over its essence, and each individual should actively give meaning to his existence. Existentialism pays attention to the anxiety, loneliness and death of human existence, and advocates finding individual value and purpose under these realistic backgrounds.
4. Idealism:
Idealism advocates that consciousness and mind are the foundation of reality. The core idea is that consciousness creates and determines the nature of the world. Idealism emphasizes the importance of subjective experience, and holds that people's consciousness and thoughts are fundamental to understanding the world and giving things meaning.
5. Positivism:
Positivism advocates scientific research methods based on observation and experiment. Its core view is that experience and perceptual evidence are the only way to determine truth and knowledge. Positivism emphasizes that objective facts and measurable phenomena are the basis for studying and understanding the world.
6, dialectics:
Dialectics is a philosophical method, which advocates understanding things and phenomena through opposition and the solution of opposition. The core view is that the existence and solution of contradictions is the driving force to promote the development of things. Dialectics pays attention to the essence of process, change and development, trying to find the universal law behind things.
7. Utilitarianism:
Utilitarianism believes that the morality of behavior depends on the impact of its results on the happiness of most people. The core view of utilitarianism is to pursue the greatest happiness and the least pain. Utilitarianism takes the interests of human beings as the starting point and emphasizes the influence of the consequences of actions on human well-being.
8, cognitive theory:
Cognitive theory studies the process of human cognition and knowledge acquisition. Its core view is that human knowledge is constructed through feeling, experience and logical reasoning. Cognitive theory focuses on the nature, boundary and reliability of knowledge, as well as the limitations and fantasy of human thinking.
9. Humanism:
Humanism emphasizes human dignity and value, and pays attention to human freedom, rationality and development. Its core view is that man is the subject who creates and shapes his own destiny, and his quality and value transcend the traditional sacred and supernatural forces.
10, relativism:
Relativism holds that truth and value exist relative to a specific time and space background. The core view is that truth and values vary from person to person, and there is no absolute standard. Relativism emphasizes the shaping and influence of different cultural, historical and social backgrounds on the way of thinking and values.
Summary:
Philosophical views are diverse and profound, involving human existence, behavior, knowledge and value. Ten philosophical viewpoints, such as metaphysics, ethics, existentialism and idealism, provide us with multiple perspectives on human beings and the world. By studying and thinking about these philosophical viewpoints, we can better understand ourselves and the world, expand the boundaries of thinking and practice smart life.