"Chinese painting" for short is a unique system of Chengdu in the world art field. It uses brush, ink and Chinese painting pigments to draw on special rice paper or silk. The themes are figure painting, landscape painting, flower and bird painting and animal painting. In terms of techniques, it can be cited as meticulous brushwork and freehand brushwork, each with its own way and characteristics. In terms of figure painting, it gradually matured from the late Zhou Dynasty to the Han and Wei Dynasties and the legendary sf Six Dynasties. Mountains and rivers, flowers and birds, etc. It was not until the Sui and Tang Dynasties that painting materials were independently formed. By the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, there were many schools and they were highly developed. Metaphysical ink painting is very popular. In Ming, Qing and modern times, the former regulations were generally recorded. In each period, there are many innovative painters. All over the world, art leaders or Chinese paintings have distinct national forms and unique styles. In depicting objects, lines and ink are actively used to express body and texture, which is very expressive, and combined with poetry, prose and calligraphy seal cutting to achieve a vivid effect of "both form and spirit". In addition, Chinese painting has a unique mounting form, which plays a role in setting off the painting body.
landscape
Landscape painting: a kind of Chinese painting, one of the unique paintings. In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, it gradually separated from figure painting and formed an independent painting material, which was fully mature in the Tang Dynasty. The essence of landscape painting is to love nature and the exquisiteness of heaven and earth, so yin and yang, yin and yang, sunny rain, cold and summer, and fainting in the morning and evening are infinitely interesting. Although there were many landscape painters from the Six Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, their brushwork and status were very Gu Zhuo. Through the efforts of Wang Wei, Zhang and others, the painting theory and method of landscape painting have been improved day by day, and the composition has gradually formed the face of China landscape painting. Hao Jing and Guan Tong of the Five Dynasties have new innovations and first-class stereotypes. A new situation has emerged. In the Song Dynasty, Fan Kuan and Li Cheng had an unprecedented tripartite confrontation. Landscape painting has reached an almost perfect state.
Literati painting
Literati painting is a special term in the history of Chinese painting, also known as "Literati painting". Taking bookish spirit as the standard to evaluate painting is poetic painting or poetic spirit. Most of his works are based on landscapes, ancient trees, bamboo stones, flowers and birds. Most of the expressions are ink painting or freehand brushwork. Its representatives are Wang Wei in Tang Dynasty, Ni Yunlin in Yuan Dynasty, Dong Qichang in Ming Dynasty, Badashanren in Qing Dynasty, Shi Tao and Wu Changshuo. Most of their paintings pursue, and there are poems in the paintings and paintings in the poems. After painting, most of them write poems in paintings, or paint with poems, so use paintings to express the meaning of paintings and poems. It is called poetry.
Religious painting
Religious painting: a painting based on religious teachings, stories and legends, serving religious propaganda. For example, there are portraits of immortals in Taoism, paintings of Buddha stories in Buddhism, and fairy portraits and legendary fairy stories and images in China as early as the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Buddhist painting was very popular in India in the Middle Ages, and then spread to China (together with Buddhism). Later, it was gradually depicted by ancient painters in China in the form of Chinese paintings, forming a Buddhist painting with China characteristics.
Pale crimson landscape painting
Colorless techniques in China's landscape paintings. In other words, all landscape paintings with reddish and blue colors are collectively called pale crimson landscapes. The method is to outline the change of outline structure with dark and dark ink lines with dry temperature change, and then paint light ochre (or mix less sand) to dye the rock and tree structure. Finally, it is rendered in light blue.
Animal painting:
In Chinese painting, animal images are used as artistic language to express people's hopes, fantasies and feelings. All animals can draw, but the main objects are common poultry, domestic animals and various animals in the zoo. Animal painting does not require vividness, and exaggeration and deformation are allowed, but it should have individuality and arouse the audience's association with the beauty of life.
Boneless painting (France);
A painting method of traditional flowers (flowers and birds) in Chinese painting. Draw flowers and leaves directly with color or ink, without "pen bone"-that is, the outline outlined with ink lines. According to Guo's Illustration in Song Dynasty, this painting method began in the Five Dynasties and Xu Chongsi's grandparents. In fact, Xu Chongsi was just a "suburban yellow lattice". Xuan He Hua Pu recorded Huang Quan's Boneless Flower Branch Map. The Collection of Clear Records of Tianku says that the yellow spring is "really like a pile of powder, and it is not circled" (note: in ancient China, powder was the color), which is a "boneless painting".
Freehand brushwork painting
Freehand brushwork: one of the traditional painting methods of Chinese painting. Compared with meticulous painting, freehand brushwork is used to describe the form and spirit of objects and express the author's feelings. Freehand brushwork painting uses generalization, exaggeration and rich association in the object of expression. Although the pen is simple, the artistic conception is complex and profound, and it has certain expressive force. Must have the ability of high generalization, implicit artistic conception with twice the result with half the effort, accurate writing, skilled writing, easy writing and casual writing.
Jiehua
A unique category of Chinese painting. When painting, use a ruler, hence the name: boundary painting. The origin is very early, and it existed in the Jin Dynasty. Gu Kaizhi said: "It's hard, it's not good to move." . By the Sui Dynasty, boundary paintings had been quite well drawn. The pious boundary paintings in the picture books of past dynasties say: "Be merciful when touching things, and be wonderful in preparation, especially when living in a pavilion"; Comment on Dong Boren's boundary painting and praise him for "being born on the first floor, regardless of ancient and modern times". Li Sixun's 90% Palace Fan Map and Gong Yuantu are also very successful. At the end of Tang Dynasty, Yin published, Five Dynasties, Wei Deyi, Zhao and others, early Song Dynasty, Guo Zhongshu published. There were Wang Zhenpeng and Li Rongjin in the Yuan Dynasty, Chou Ying in the Ming Dynasty and Yuanjiang and Yao Yuan in the Qing Dynasty. The existing Quelou Map on the west wall of Tang Yide Prince Li Zhongrun's tomb is the earliest large-scale boundary painting in China. Famous boundary paintings in Song Dynasty include Yellow Crane Tower and Wang Tengting.
Small picture
Small-scale painting is a relatively free lyric work of China painters, and its casual works often reach a higher artistic level. The reason is probably that there is not much restraint in thinking, which must be caused by random play.
Color ink painting
Ink painting: Chinese painting is based on "ink painting", on which color stippling is applied to make the picture richer, brighter and brighter than ink painting.
Lady painting
Lady painting: Lady painting, ancient lady painting. Lady painting: refers to figure painting with beauty as the main theme. It first began in the Warring States period. Zhang Tang Yan Yuan's "History of Famous Paintings in Past Dynasties" says: "Those who disperse the monarch are good at painting, and the princess of Taiqi is nine times heavy. Call the scattered monarch to paint it. After such a long separation, I missed my wife, but I drew a picture of my wife. The King of Qi knows his wife, Jiang, and has millions of money. " In ancient paintings, such as Kuang's Autumn Wind and Fan Axis, Maid-in-waiting Picture and White Beauty Picture, etc. are all treasures in ladies' paintings. The characteristics of ladies' paintings are characterized by meticulous painting and heavy color, which is rich in strong decoration.
still life
Still life painting: that is, painting with relatively static objects as the main theme. Such items (such as flowers, fruits and vegetables, utensils, books, food and tableware, etc.). ) It must be carefully selected and arranged according to the needs of the author's creative ideas, so that many objects can achieve a high degree of performance in the relationship between image and tone, and the overall harmony can convey the inner feelings of the objects. Although these objects depicted in still life paintings are common, they contain profound meanings. For example, as early as the Song Dynasty, Song Li's "Hua Lantu" described in detail all kinds of spring flowers filled with flower baskets, giving people the feeling of spring, flowers blooming and everything going well. Through the delicate description of hibiscus flowers in the Song Dynasty, it gives people a fresh and quiet feeling and a rich, delicate and healthy aesthetic feeling of hibiscus flowers. In modern still life paintings, such as Vegetables and Cherry by Qi Baishi, although there are only a few strokes, they profoundly express the painter's infinite love for today's life. And make the viewer think of what people contact and need in daily life; Reminds people of the beautiful picture of the early summer wheat yellow season in Jiangnan. Still life painting is vivid and powerful, with inspiring artistic appeal, making people excited and full of enthusiasm for life. A good still life painting must fully show the correct images and colors that are helpful to describe the spiritual essence of the object.
figure painting
Portrait painting: All paintings with characters as the content are collectively called portrait painting. The range is very wide, and the characters in the picture are generally divided into group images and portraits. The former focuses on highlighting the activities of the characters, while the latter focuses on depicting the calmness of the characters. Although the focus of their performance is different, they both require both form and spirit, that is, not only the characters conform to the figure, clothing structure, proportion, scene perspective principle and so on. But also to show personality, temperament, spirit, demeanor and so on. The face of the figure is the focus of description, and at the same time, the relationship between the figure and the figure and the environment should be handled well to achieve the unity of the figure and its movements and the overall painting layout (composition). In addition, China's figure painting is characterized by lines, which is different from western painting in that it pays attention to texture and light and shadow changes.
Flower and bird painting (flower painting):
This is a unique painting in China. Painting is mainly about flowers, bamboo stones and birds and insects. Simple patterns of flowers, birds, fish and insects appeared on pottery in China 4,500 years ago, which can be regarded as the earliest flower-and-bird painting in China. According to Zhang Yanyuan's Records of Famous Paintings in the Tang Dynasty, the flower-and-bird paintings painted on silks in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty have gradually formed independent painting materials. By the Tang Dynasty, it was mature, and there appeared Bian Luan who filled the color with meticulous brushwork, Yin Zhongrong who replaced the color with ink and separated the color with ink. There were two developments in the Five Dynasties, namely "Xu and Huang". One is Xu Xi, and the other is Jian Huang. Shen Qinan and Sun Xue lived in the Ming Dynasty. I dabbled in pens and chased Xu Xi. Xu Qingteng's flowers, detached and refined, are graceful and colorful, and after passing through Qingshitao to the flowers of "Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics", they have more perfectly formed the three wonders of poetry, painting and calligraphy.
Palace decorative painting
Courtyard painting: Zhao Xu, sacrifice, etc. It was established in China in the Tang Dynasty. In the Five Dynasties, painting academies were established in Xishu and Nantang. Hanlin Painting Academy was established in Song Dynasty, and excellent painters were selected to serve the imperial court. Most of the landscapes, flowers and birds, figures and so on painted by painting academies in past dynasties require no color, meticulous, magnificent, rigorous composition, gorgeous colors, and some are very decorative, so they are called institutional paintings.
Folk painting
Folk painting: in Chinese painting, it refers to all kinds of paintings made by street artists who specialize in painting as a means of survival and cater to the general market customs, except professional painters and literati painters. His works tend to be gorgeous, sweet and delicate. Different from professional painters and literati painters, his paintings pay more attention to poetic and picturesque cultural connotations. It is loved by ordinary people at the general cultural level. Folk painting, also known as craftsman painting, lacks strict skill training compared with institutional painting; Compared with literati painting, it lacks literary and theoretical literacy. However, some of its advantages tend to be simple and enthusiastic, which are beyond the reach of literati paintings and academic paintings, and sometimes they are absorbed by literati paintings and academic paintings.
Fan painting
Fan painting: In the category of Chinese painting, painters and calligraphers of all ages like to paint or write on the fan to express their feelings, or collect poems for others, or give them to friends as souvenirs. The fan for storing calligraphy and painting is called a fan, which is framed into a book for easy collection. From the shape, there are round fans and folding fans.
Green landscapes (and gold and blue landscapes)
Blue-green landscape painting (and golden-green landscape painting): mainly azurite and azurite pigments, while Chinese painting mainly focuses on strong mineral pigments. It is named after green rocks and trees. There are also stone carvings on the outline of turquoise rocks. This kind of landscape painting is also called golden and jade landscape painting. The green landscape originated in Li Sixun in the Tang Dynasty, and Wang Ximeng's "A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains" in the Northern Song Dynasty is also one of the representatives of the green landscape.
claborate-style painting
Gongbi Painting: One of the traditional painting methods in China. The painting method is neat and rigorous, taking the accurate image of the painted object as the criterion. Compared with "freehand brushwork". In describing the general concept of the painted object. Generally speaking, meticulous brushwork is called "meticulous brushwork" because it is neat and meticulous, and the details are rendered layer by layer, depicting objects with extremely delicate strokes.
Theme painting
Theme painting: In Chinese painting, the painter shows the viewer some views or feelings about the local society and life through certain story characters, scenes and themes. Or describe and reproduce some historical stories and events. It has certain reproducibility, authenticity or openness. Generally, the concept of each painting is relatively clear. Time, events, etc. Are relatively clear.
point to
A special painting method in China's traditional painting. In other words, painting with the painter's fingers instead of the traditional brush dipped in ink has a special interest and skill. So it's called finger painting. In history, Gao's close friend Pan Hehong's finger painting had a great influence.
Chinese brush painting
Ink painting: In Chinese painting, a unique material of Chinese painting, ink is the main raw material, and the amount of clear water is thick ink, light ink, dry ink, wet ink and Jiao Mo. To draw different shadows (black, white, gray). Don't have a charm called "Mo Yun". And form a painting form dominated by ink and wash.
White picture
Sketch: In Chinese painting, lines are drawn with a pen, and there is no coloring. Or render ink to depict a scene or image. It is also one of the basic training forms of Chinese painting. It is an essential process to cultivate the modeling ability of China painters. His paintings can also become an independent kind of painting.
Zen painting
The word "Zen" means meditation, meditation, so as to gain spontaneous spiritual understanding. The concept of Zen meditation, originally included in Indian Buddhist teachings, was introduced to China from bodhidharma at the end of the 5th century, and developed into a special religious practice with the pragmatism of China spirit. The essence of Buddhism is the awakening of Buddhism, that is, the awakening of itself. "Zen painting" is the product of the influence and need of religious thought, which is manifested in Zen paintings, such as the popular arhat picture and the top picture of Zen monks since the Five Dynasties. In terms of painting style, since the Tang Dynasty, the painting items have been carefully changed, forming a simple ink painting method. This painting style, which takes the ink painting of Zen monks as the aorta, marks the maturity of ink painting. The formation of this style directly comes from the influence of Zen thought. "When you have an epiphany, you should be a Buddha from birth, directly experience the objective images from the heart, and should not be bound by any restrictions and deliberately express your paintings. Zen painting tries to turn people's daily life experience into something mysterious or transcendental. Zen painting is not preaching, but enlightening. Zen paintings generally do not have long titles or seals. It's just a signature or even a sentence. Zen painting is a form of meditation, not words. The hanging of Zen temples aims to calm the mind and change from rational consciousness to intuitive consciousness. Zen painting styles can be divided into two categories: one is improvisation, that is, a state close to Zen enlightenment; One is to have a part-time style of writing with similar but different techniques. Dry-clean with a broken center pen. The pen is loose, beautiful, lush, calm and natural, with meticulous details.
style
Style: refers to a painter's living environment, ideological tendency and personal life experience in a historical period. A unique habit formed by comprehensive factors such as common sense cultivation and artistic techniques, and the characteristics of style, taste and style presented by painting works of art. In other words, painting is created by artists. Because of the painter's personal background. Life experience, cultural accumulation, mental accomplishment and temperament are all different, plus the expression methods and habits used because of the theme of painting, the habits and differences of the times. Therefore, the quality of his works has formed different styles in a certain period or by individual artists. However, this style will consciously or unconsciously share the same sex with contemporary painters and inherit from previous painters. But there are exceptions, which are completely different from the previous generation.
school
Genre: painters combine consciously or unconsciously because of their similar styles and similar technical rules, resulting in various similar and different genres. Some individuals have formed a genre, some painters have formed a genre in life attitude, temperament, artistic interest and expression techniques, and some have similar artistic styles or formed a genre due to geographical relations. Different schools have their own characteristics. In the history of China's painting, styles are often divided into several schools, such as Yuan Sijia, Ming Sijia, Siqing King and Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics.
Mi Pai:
One of the schools of landscape painting in Song Dynasty. It was created by Mi (a famous calligrapher in ancient times) and developed by his son Mi Youren. It is characterized by depicting the scenery of mountains and rivers hidden by clouds with ink and wash, calling itself "Ink Opera", known as the Mi's Yunshan in the world, or "Mi Jiashan Water". The paintings painted by Mi Fei and Mi Youren in Song Dynasty were also called "rice", "millet" or "two meters" in the history of painting. Mi Fei tried to talk with Li about ancient and modern landscapes, but few of them were outstanding, because they claimed to be "universal". China's traditional landscape painting is dominated by lines, while Mi Fei uses horizontal strokes to block it, which is called "falling eggplant method", breaking the rules of lines. Its characteristic is that it can express ethereal, ethereal and fantastic scenery, and it is known as "Mi's Yunshan" in the world. Youren passed down the tuxedo family, and was good at drawing rootless trees, with hazy clouds. Every time, he likes to write his own topic "Hui Yuan Opera Pen". Because both father and son live in Xiangyang and Zhenjiang, they are particularly intoxicated with the natural scenery of Xiao, Xiang and Jiao, so they can draw steaming and smoky fun. This school is a freehand brushwork style, which has a great influence on later generations.
New faction:
In the history of China painting, it refers to Cha Shibiao, Sun Yi, Wang Zhirui and Hong Ren. It's called "Xin 'an School". It is one of the schools of landscape painting in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Hong Ren (Jianjiang) in Shexian County, Anhui Province, represented by Cha Shibiao, Wang Zhirui and Sun Yi in Xiuning County. Shexian, Xiuning, Qimen, Jixi and Huoxian belonged to Xin 'an County in ancient times, so they were called "four big families of Xin 'an". Red man's painting, Xiao Shu Gao Jian; Check the world-famous paintings, sharp with a pen, desolate and cold; Sun Yi's paintings are elegant, smart and natural. Wang Zhirui's paintings are like a storm, and the paintings of the four schools have their own characteristics.
Ink freehand brushwork school:
One of the schools of flower-and-bird painting in Ming Dynasty. Mainly represented by painters Chen Chun (Bai Yang) and Xu Wei (Tianchi), he made flowers, insects and bamboos, made good use of ink and wash, splashed ink freely, and did not stick to the law. Dry and wet shades of ink are just right, which prevailed in the middle of Ming Dynasty and formed a fashion. It had a great influence on Shi Tao, Badashan people and "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou" in Qing Dynasty.
Huangshan School:
One of the schools of landscape painting in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Representative painters are Mei Qing, Yuanji (Shi Tao) and Hong Ren (Zhejiang). The three painters have different styles of painting, and they are all famous for depicting the changes of the clouds of Huangshan Mountain, so they are called "Huangshan School". The world says: "Shi Tao has the breath of Huangshan Mountain, Mei Qing has the shape of Huangshan Mountain, and the red man has the quality of Huangshan Mountain.
Lingnan School of Painting:
Located at the southern foot of Wuling Mountain in Guangdong Province, there have been 1000 painters since Ming and Qing Dynasties. The famous Ming Dynasty was Lin Liang. Good at ink painting and freehand brushwork of flowers and birds. His brushwork is simple and vigorous, bold and cold, which has opened up the painting style in Lingnan area. Gao Yan (landscape painting) and Chen Rui (flower and bird painting) are law-abiding; Li Jian and Li Kui followed closely, focusing on the characteristics of mountains and rivers in Guangdong. The former is as green as a real weapon and as far as Ni Zan, while the latter is a painter with good skill. There are Su and Su Changchun in "Qingganlong" (1736- 1795), "Good Man" and "Six Friends", which take people's life and secularity as their themes. Although Changchun often paints immortal Buddha statues, it is in the south. In the late Qing Dynasty, there were Juchao and Ju Lian, who were good at flowers, birds, insects and fish and learned from the clouds. In modern Panyu, Gao He studied in Ju Lian, Gao Brothers and Chen in his early years, studied painting skills and introduced western painting techniques. The theme of their works is mostly about the scenery in the south of China. On the basis of applying China's traditional painting techniques, combining Japanese southern painting and western painting methods, they paid attention to sketching, and created a new style of modern Lingnan painting school with bright colors, watertight, soft and uniform shading. There is a strong Lingnan sentiment. At that time, together with Chen, he was called "the three outstanding artists of Lingnan School". After that, Li, Li and Li were all important painters of Lingnan School.
Chang 'an School of Painting:
One of the modern schools of Chinese painting. In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Chang 'an painters or painters living in Chang 'an painting school, such as Zhang Daqian, Shi Lu, He, Francis Cong, Kang and Liu Wenxi, rebelled against the trend of learning from others in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, boldly walked into life and created a lot of sketches, which injected a new feeling into the relatively lifeless Chinese painting at that time. Form a special painting style with northern Shaanxi flavor.
Yunnan School of Painting:
One of the modern schools of Chinese painting. Contemporary painters, such as Jiang Tiefeng, Yuan Yunsheng, Ding Shaoguang and Wang Jinyuan, mostly take Yunnan scenery and ethnic minorities as their themes, forming a painting style with Yunnan customs and performance characteristics.
Songjiang School:
One of the schools of landscape painting in late Ming Dynasty. Represented by Dong Qichang, there are three tribes: Susong School headed by Zhao Zuo. Represented by Shen, it is called "school". Both schools originated in Vae. Zhao Zuo, Song Shicong, Shen Shicong, Zhao Zuo. Represented by Gu Zhengyi, the "Hua Tingpai" were all from Songjiang Prefecture at that time, and their styles influenced each other. Their painting style is rich and lush, and their bones are graceful and restrained. Yun Qi's brushwork
Gouhua Temple Leaf Pie:
One of the schools of flower-and-bird painting in Ming Dynasty. Mainly represented by the painter Zhou Zhimian. Zhou Zhimian, a native of Changzhou (present-day Suzhou), is good at painting flowers and birds, with Chen Chun (freehand brushwork) and Lu Ye (meticulous brushwork), taking the advantages of the two schools to make the colors elegant and full of charm, so he is called the Hook Flower Point Leaf School.
Changzhou School (Boneless School):
One of the schools of flower-and-bird painting in Qing Dynasty. Its representative painter is Yun. A pure boneless body is its characteristic. In the Song Dynasty, there was a thin outline (outline) without bones, but in the Qing Dynasty, it developed into a pure boneless body with completely different outlines, which was called the elegance and vulgarity of sketch and spread widely. Because Yunnan Tian is from Changzhou, it is called Changzhou School.