Zhuge Liang
Before the first emperor started his business (1), the road collapsed (2). Three points today, Yizhou tired (3). This is a crucial autumn. However, the ministers of the Guards worked tirelessly at home (5), and those who were loyal to their ambitions forgot their bodies outside (6). They reported the extraordinary experience of the late Emperor (7) and wanted to report it to your Majesty. It is advisable to hold a holy meeting (8), honor the legacy of the late emperor (9), aim high (10), not belittle yourself (1 1), raise infidelity (12), and be loyal to the cold.
Palace and mansion (13) are integrated, so it is not appropriate to impose fines on them because of their similarities and differences (15). If you commit a crime and are honest and kind (16), you should be punished (17) to show your majesty's justice (18), but not favoritism (19), so as to make the internal and external laws different (20).
Shi Zhong, Assistant Minister Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc. (2 1), all kind and upright, all loyal and pure (22), all based on the short-term choice of the former emperor to leave his majesty (23). Fools think that things in the palace, big or small, can be discussed (24), and then implemented, will certainly make up for the gap (25) and benefit widely (26).
General (27), Shu Army (28) and Xiao Changjun (29) used to try out (30), which was called "Neng" by the first emperor and supervised by public discussion (3 1). Fools think that things in the camp (32), knowing and consulting, will make the line harmonious (33), and find both advantages and disadvantages (34).
Pro-sages, far villains, this pre-Han is so prosperous (35); Kiss the villain, be far from the virtuous minister, and the Han Dynasty was so depressed (36). When the first emperor was still alive, every time I talked to the minister about it, I always sighed and hated Yu Huan and Ling Ye (37). Shi Zhong, Shang Shu, Chang Shi, joined the army (38), knowing that I am a minister of virtue (39). I hope your Majesty will believe me personally. The Han Dynasty is prosperous, and I can wait (40).
Dressed in cloth (4 1), he devoted himself to Nanyang (42), risking his life in troubled times and not asking Wen Da to be a vassal (43). The first emperor didn't treat his ministers unfairly (44), falsely accused himself (45) and took care of his ministers in the thatched cottage (46). He consulted his ministers and thanked them for their worldly affairs, so he promised the first emperor to drive them away (47). After the value (48) was overthrown, when he was appointed as the defeated army, he was ordered to face danger. He has been here for twenty years.
The first emperor knew that I was cautious, so he sent me to the minister who was on the verge of collapse to make a scene (50). Since I was appointed, I have been sighing at night (5 1), fearing that the entrustment would be invalid, so I crossed the Lushui River in May (52) and went deep into the barren land (53). Now that the south has been decided, the soldiers are fully armored. The three armies granted it (54), the north decided on the Central Plains, the turbidity was exhausted (55), the traitors were eliminated (56), the Han Dynasty was revived, and the old capital was returned (57). The minister was therefore loyal to His Majesty and the first emperor. As for the consideration of profit and loss (58), if you are loyal to the party, you are willing, willing and willing.
May your Majesty entrust me with the effect of bringing back the dead thief (59). If it doesn't work, punish the minister with sin to tell the spirit of the late emperor. If you don't preach virtue, blame your slow response (60) to show its blame (61); Your Majesty should also seek help himself, so as to consult the good way (62), judge the elegant words (63) and follow up the imperial edict (64). I am very grateful.
Stay away from it now, and you will burst into tears. I don't know what to say.
[Introduction to the author]
Zhuge Liang (18 1-234), a native of Langya Yang Du (now Yishui County, Shandong Province), once lived in Longzhong. Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of Shu and Han in the Three Kingdoms period and a famous politician and strategist in history. Chen Shou said that he was "a rare talent, an instrument of English frost, eight feet long and very handsome". At the end of the Han Dynasty, he avoided the chaos in Jingzhou and concentrated on seclusion. Guan Zhong and Le Yi are often compared with each other. Later, he assisted Liu Bei and joined forces with Sun Quan to defeat Cao Cao in Chibi, occupy Jingzhou, take Yizhou from the west and build Shu Han. Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, and he became prime minister. After Liu Bei's death, he was entrusted with the important task of assisting Liu Chan. He is determined to restore the Han Dynasty and unify China. Six trips to the Central Plains, he died in the army in the 12th year of Jian 'an (234) at the age of 54. Author of Zhuge Liang Collection.
[Notes]
(1) First Emperor: Liu Bei. Because Liu Bei was dead at this time, he was called the first emperor. Less than half: this means that the imperial industry has not been completed.
(2) Zhongdao: You are still halfway. Collapse (cú): death. The death of ancient emperors was called "collapse" or "sinking".
(3) Yanzhou's weakness: refers to the decline of Shu and Han's strength and the difficult situation. Yizhou, now Sichuan Province, here refers to the Shu and Han regime. Fatigue and weakness.
(4) Sincerity: Indeed. Qiu: Time.
(5) Guards: servants who serve and defend the emperor.
(6) forget yourself: regardless of your own danger.
(7) Gai: a conjunction indicating the reason for inference. Exception: excellent treatment. Extraordinary, unusual and special.
(8) Open holy hearing: enlarge the hearing of the Lord. It means to listen to other people's opinions widely. Open, expand, as opposed to the "plug" below.
(9) light: development and growth. Legacy: the virtue left behind.
(10) Brilliance: Carry forward. Hui, Da. Hiro Hiro
(1 1) Despise yourself: despise yourself at will. Fake, casual. Humble, poor, contemptuous.
(12) Improper metaphor: improper speech. Quotes, quotations and metaphors. Ill-meaning, improper, and unjust.
(13) Palace: refers to the imperial palace. House: refers to the prime minister's house.
(14) Zhi (zhi): promotion. Punishment: punishment. Zang: Awesome. No: criticism.
(15) Similarities and differences: different.
(16) Being a traitor: doing improper things and breaking laws and regulations. Be a traitor and do bad things. Clause, clause, decree.
(17) Fu Xuan has a department discussing its rewards and punishments: it should be handed over to the competent officials to judge whether they are punished or rewarded. There are departments and officials, which refer to the officials responsible for rewards and punishments. Discuss judgment.
(18) Zhao: Display. Pingming: People are flat, not fatuous. Rb: Governance.
(19) favoritism: favoritism.
(20) Inside and outside: inside and outside the official court. Different methods: different regulations. These words, according to the reflection of Shu Yun Chuan, may mean favoring eunuch Huang Hao.
(2 1) Shi Zhong and Shi Lang: official names, personal ministers of the emperor. Guo Youzhi: A native of Nanyang, he was Liu Chan's assistant at that time. Fei Yi (Yρ): Zi Wenwei, a native of Jiangxia, is the wife of Liu Bei. After Liu Chan succeeded to the throne, he served as assistant minister of Feimen, and was later promoted to auxiliary middle school. Dong Yun: The word Xiuzhao was born in Zhijiang, South County. Liu Beishi is the wife of the Prince, and Liu Chan succeeded him and was promoted to assistant minister of Huangmen. When Zhuge Liang debuted, he was promoted to assistant minister.
(22) ambition: interests and thoughts. Loyalty and purity.
Jane: Choose. Pull: promote. Legacy: Leave it to.
(24) Note: All. Consultation (zρ): Seek the opinions of Guo Youzhi and others. Ask, ask, ask for advice. , refers to Guo Youzhi and others.
(25) Bi (b √): Supplement. Gaps: Same as "gaps", shortcomings and omissions.
(26) Guangyi: gain.
(27) Xiang Chong: A native of Yicheng, Xiangyang, Three Kingdoms, Liu Bei was a tooth guard at that time, and Liu Chan succeeded to the throne. He was appointed as Du Tinghou and later served as the central governor.
(28) Virtue and virtue: noble and upright. Shu, kind. All, fair.
(29) Xiao Chang: Well informed.
(30) Trial of the past: According to the biography of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Zhi Xiang Lang, in the second year of Zhangwu (AD 222), Liu Bei was defeated by Wu Dong's army in Zigui, but Xiang Chong's army suffered little loss. That's what "past trials" mean.
(3 1) Governor: refers to the central governor.
(32) Battalion: military camp and army.
(33) Xing (háng) Chen: It refers to the army. Chen, the ancient word is "array".
(34) Advantages and disadvantages are in their respective positions: the ability is good or bad, that is, the right person is used.
(35) Before the Han Dynasty: Before the Han Dynasty, that is, the Western Han Dynasty.
(36) Later Han Dynasty: Eastern Han Dynasty. Collapse: To overthrow or destroy.
(37) Huan and Ling: refers to Huan Emperor Herry Liu and Ling Emperor Liu Hong. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the political corruption of these two emperors overthrew the Liu Han Dynasty.
(38) Shi Zhong: It refers to Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and others. Shangshu: refers to Kyle, a native of Nanyang, who was appointed as Shangshu in 225 (the third year of Jianxing) and later promoted to Shangshuling. Chang Shi: This refers to Zhang from Chengdu. Liu Beishi used to be a native of Baxiang and later joined the army. Zhuge Liang went out of Hanzhong, leaving Jiang Wan and Zhang Yi in charge of the affairs of the Prime Minister's House, and then secretly said to him, "If I am unlucky, I will pay ten thousand in the future."
(39) Immortality: the integrity of dying for the country.
(40) Dragon: Prosperity. Counting the days: Counting the days means that time is not far away.
(4 1) Buyi: civilians.
(42) Farming: farming by yourself. Nanyang: refers to Longzhong, in the west of Xiangyang City, Hubei Province. Longzhong was subordinate to Nanyang County at that time.
(43) smell: prestigious, famous. Da: Tongda, this refers to the official passage. Warlord: refers to the warlord of the separatist party at that time.
(44) meanness: low status and identity, poor knowledge. Humble, low status. Mean, vulgar, rude.
(45) accusation: humiliation. Bend in vain: Bend in vain. Zhuge Liang thinks that Liu Bei's visit to him is a humiliation and should not be treated by Liu Bei himself. This is a polite way of saying it.
(46) Three lawyers are in the thatched cottage: "Three lawyers" refers to this matter. Gu, look, visit.
(47) Xu: Promise, Xu Yun. Drive: refers to running for the benefit.
(48) Post-value overturning: in case of future danger. In the 13th year of Jian 'an (AD 208), Liu Bei was defeated by Cao Cao in Changbanpo, Dangyang, retreated to Xiakou, and sent Zhuge Liang to join Sun Quan to fight against Cao Cao. This sentence, together with the next, refers to this matter.
(49) Erlai: Since then. That is, from Liu Bei's three visits to the thatched cottage to Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition.
(50) Major event: refers to the major event that Liu Bei entrusted Zhuge Liang to assist Liu Chan, revive the Han Dynasty and unify China in the third year of Zhangwu (AD 223).
(5 1) night: day and night. Morning.
(52) Crossing Lushui in May: In the first year of Jianxing (AD 223), the upper rulers of Yunnan ethnic minorities launched a rebellion. In the third year of Jianxing (AD 225), Zhuge Liang led the army south, crossed Lushui in May and rebelled in Qiuping. This is what the next sentence "The South is settled" refers to. Lushui, Lushui, is the Jinsha River.
(53) Hairless: No vegetation, which means a desolate area without vegetation.
(54) Reward rate: Encourage leaders. Three armies: The armies of ancient vassal states were divided into upper, middle and lower armies, and the three armies were the whole army.
(55) Shu: Wang. Tired: exhausted. Blunt object: a metaphor for someone's low talent. Inferior horses mean inferior ability. Blunt, the blade is not sharp, indicating that the mind is not flexible and things are slow.
(56) ràng: eliminate, eradicate. Traitor: This refers to the Cao Wei regime.
(57) Old Capital: refers to Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, or Chang 'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty.
(58) consider: weigh.
(59) Entrust the minister to let the thief recover: Give me the task of punishing Cao Wei and reviving the Han Dynasty. Entrust, entrust or give. Effective, effective task.
(60) Slow: Neglect, slackness and laziness.
(6 1) Zhang: indicating. Strange: sin.
(62) advice (z not u) good method: ask for good advice. Ask.
(63) Chana: Check and pass. Ya Yan: Correct opinion.
(64) deep pursuit; I miss it deeply. Wills: Imperial edicts issued by the emperor at his deathbed. Before his death, Liu Bei said to Liu Chan, "Don't do it with small evils, don't do it with small goodness." .
(65) Cry in front of your watch. Tears, tears.
[translation]
The first emperor died halfway before he finished his career. Now that the world is divided into three parts, our Shu country is exhausted in military strength and insufficient in financial resources. This is really a critical moment, a moment of life and death. However, the ministers of the Guards can't slack off in the imperial court, and the loyal soldiers are fighting to the death outside, probably because they are thinking about the special treatment of the first emperor and want to repay your majesty! (Your Majesty) You really should expand your listening comprehension, carry forward the virtues left by the late emperor, and revitalize the integrity of people with lofty ideals. Don't underestimate yourself and give up your principles easily when expressing your political views, thus blocking the way for my liegeman to confess to you.
The courtiers of the imperial court and the officials of the prime minister's office are a whole. The promotion, punishment and evaluation of officials should not be different (because they are in the palace or in the government). If there are people who have done bad things, violated the law or made outstanding contributions to the country, they should be handed over to the competent officials to judge their (deserved) punishment or reward, so as to show your majesty's fair and strict rule of law, and there should be no favoritism or affair, so that there are different statutes inside and outside the palace.
Shi Zhong, assistant minister Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and others are kind, honest, honest and pure-hearted, so the first emperor chose them as his majesty. I think things in the court, big or small, should be discussed with them first, and then implemented, which will certainly avoid mistakes, prevent omissions and achieve greater results.
General Xiang Chong is kind-hearted, impartial and proficient in military affairs. When he was appointed, the late emperor praised him as a capable general, so everyone unanimously elected him as the governor of the central region. I think questioning him about everything in the barracks will definitely unite the whole army and let the strong and the poor do their jobs.
Being close to virtuous officials and staying away from villains were the reasons for the prosperity of the world in the early Han Dynasty. Being close to the villain and alienating the virtuous officials are the reasons for the decline of the country in the post-Han period. When the first emperor was in power, he often told me these historical facts. He never once failed to sigh and express his sadness and regret for Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling. Shi Zhong, Shang Shu, Chang Shi and joining the army are all loyal ministers who can serve the country with their lives. I hope your majesty can get close to them and trust them. Then the revitalization of the Han emperor industry is just around the corner.
I used to be an ordinary civilian, working as a farmer in Nanyang personally. I just wanted to save my life in troubled times, but I didn't want to make a name for myself and ask the governors for high positions and high salaries. The first emperor didn't abandon my meanness and vulgarity, and (unexpectedly) lowered his position. He came to see me in the thatched cottage three times and asked me about contemporary events. I was very grateful for this, so I assured the first emperor that I was willing to help. Later, when he encountered setbacks and was defeated militarily, he accepted the appointment and accepted the mission (going to Soochow) at a critical juncture. Since then, it has been 2 1 year.
The first emperor knew that I was cautious, so he entrusted me with great things before he died (helping the latter and pleasing Wei Xinghan). Since I accepted the mission, I have been sighing day and night, fearing that the great events entrusted to me failed to work and damaged the wisdom (image) of the sages, so I crossed the Lushui River in May of Jianxing three years and went deep into remote and desolate places. Now that the rebellion in the south has been pacified and the weapons and equipment are completely ready, we should reward and lead the whole army to pacify the Central Plains in the north. I am willing to do my limited wisdom to eradicate traitors and thieves, revitalize and restore the industry of the Han empire, and move back to Luoyang, the old capital. This is my duty to repay my late emperor and serve your majesty. The duties of Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi and Dong Yun are to consider whether to advocate or deal with state affairs, or to give up the reform, and try their best to make suggestions for your majesty.
I hope your majesty will give me the important task of cracking down on traitors and reviving the Han Dynasty. If not, please punish my sin and pay homage to the spirit of my late emperor. If Your Majesty doesn't (after hearing your exhortation) carry forward the words of virtue, Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and others will be investigated for dereliction of duty to show their negligence. Your majesty should also think more about it, so as to consult the good strategy of governing the country and safeguarding the country, identify and adopt the correct opinions, and deeply recall the imperial edict left by the first emperor. I would appreciate it if your majesty could do this!
Today, just as I was leaving your majesty, I couldn't help crying in the face of the written watch, and I didn't know what to say.
[analysis]
This article was Zhuge Liang's suggestion on the internal affairs of the imperial court before the Northern Expedition. This paper summarizes the historical experience that "being close to sages and being far away from villains" can make Shu Han prosper, expresses the author's determination to "set the Central Plains in the north" and "revive the Han Dynasty", and shows Zhuge Liang's loyalty of caring for the country and the people and doing his best.
After the tripartite confrontation, the strength of Cao Wei in the Central Plains was the strongest, while that of Shu Han was the weakest. Zhuge Liang helped Liu Bei to establish a stable ruling area and gain a foothold in political struggle. In order to "set the Central Plains in the north" and "revive the Han Dynasty", Zhuge Liang led troops to the Central Plains on the one hand; On the other hand, he put forward positive suggestions on internal affairs, advocated "holding a holy meeting", strictly rewarded and punished, and used people carefully. His point of view was aimed at the disadvantages of Shu-Han rule at that time. As a politician, he can analyze and understand social reality, and put forward targeted treatment methods, which shows his political talent. It can also be seen from here that Zhuge Liang assisted Liu Bei and Liu Chan, not entirely out of gratitude to Liu Bei, but in order to realize his political ambition of "restoring the Han Dynasty". He cares about the country and the people, and is loyal to the country, which is the expression of his political ambition. This is the preciousness of Zhuge Liang, a politician in history.
Zhuge Liang's political ambition has great class limitations. This is first manifested in his political ideal of "reviving the Han Dynasty". The cruel exploitation and oppression of the people by the rulers of the Eastern Han Dynasty aroused the resistance and struggle of the broad masses of peasants, and finally formed the struggle situation of warlords in various places. Despite this reality, Zhuge Liang emphasized "reviving the Han Dynasty", which was the expression of his feudal orthodoxy. In Zhuge Liang's view, as long as the supreme ruler of the Ming Dynasty was Liu, the world would be peaceful. This is historical idealism.
The article is divided into two parts. The first part (the first emperor didn't start a business for half a year ... but he can wait a day) includes five natural paragraphs. This paper analyzes the situation of "three points in the world, benefiting the country and the people, and exhausting its advantages", and puts forward some suggestions on reforming the disadvantages and making great efforts to control them. The analysis of the situation is the basis of his suggestion. Not much to say, but very important. Then I made some suggestions on internal affairs: the first suggestion was to "hold a holy meeting." The author points out that although the situation in Han Shu is "critical", among the old ministers left by the former emperors, "the guards are diligent at home, and the loyal ministers forget about it". As long as they can "hold a holy meeting", they can play their positive role in consolidating and developing the Han Shu regime. The second suggestion is that rewards and punishments should be strict, "everything in the palace is one." The third suggestion is that "being a good minister is far from a villain", because "this is the beginning of the Han Dynasty, so it is prosperous"; And "pro-villain, far-virtuous minister, since then, Han has been unhappy." This suggestion is a summary of the historical experience of the rise and fall of the Han Dynasty.
The second part (I don't know what I said) includes four natural paragraphs. This paper describes the author's experience of making great contributions to the country in the past twenty years, and shows the author's dedication to state affairs. In order to make the latter question read the difficulty of starting a business, so as to make great efforts to revitalize the world of Shu and Han. After describing the experience of 20 years, the author talked about Liu Bei's entrustment to him and his feelings of being entrusted, and expressed his determination to start the Northern Expedition. Finally, he was told again that he was mainly "seeking for himself", "observing words and observing colors" and "delving into the posthumous edicts of the previous dynasty", which showed the author's infinite attachment to the latter when he went out to war.
This article is an essay combining discussion, narration and lyricism. The advice given to the late master in this paper is a discussion, but it also tells his own commitment to the country. Show your sincere feelings in discussion and narration. The article repeatedly called "the late emperor" in order to encourage Liu Chan to remember his father's virtue, make great efforts to govern, and deeply express his thoughts and loyalty to the late emperor.
This article is rich in structural changes. For example, the first of the three suggestions in the first part was drawn from the analysis of the situation at that time; The second suggestion is to directly put forward the view of "the integration of palace and house" without "the difference between inside and outside"; The third item is to recommend some talents first, and then recommend the appointment of masters, and sum up the experience from history that "love the sages and stay away from the villains" can make the country rich and strong. From the structure of writing, it makes the article become a varied literary prose, not as dry and cultural as some books.