Abstract
Keywords
1. An overview of the wooden bull running horse
1.1 A real wooden bull running horse can be manufactured according to the records of ancient books
1.2 A wooden bull running horse has practical application value
1.3 A wooden bull running horse is one means of transportation rather than two
1.4 Disadvantages of the wooden bull running horse model
This paper makes a sentence-by-sentence translation of the original method of making a wooden cow and a flowing horse recorded in the Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and draws the outline map, name map, size map and walking sketch map of the wooden cow and flowing horse according to the name and data provided by the original text (in addition, a model is made).
wooden cattle and flowing horses are the same means of transportation, so it is more appropriate to call them wooden cattle. It is a four-legged wooden transport propelled by human power, with a self-weight of about 5 kg and a load of about 2 kg. Using the lever principle to save labor, the shoulder weight of people changes regularly around -75 kg. It can walk on roads where real cows can pass, such as mountains and muddy roads, which is incomparable to round-wheeled vehicles. When the road conditions are good, the round-wheeled vehicle is much more practical than the wooden ox and flowing horse, which is one of the main reasons why the wooden ox and flowing horse can not be widely used and even lost.
Keywords
Four-legged walking lever principle of wooden ox and flowing horse in the popular romance of the Three Kingdoms
1. Overview of wooden ox and flowing horse
Whether wooden ox and flowing horse exist or not, and whether the wooden ox and flowing horse recorded in ancient books are true or not, there are many arguments about this. The author mainly focuses on the method of making wooden ox and flowing horse recorded in the popular romance of the Three Kingdoms, combining the Three Kingdoms and the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. It is believed that the wooden cow is true and credible. The author is confident that he has uncovered the mystery of wooden cows and flowing horses. Please ask the relevant experts, scholars and other comrades to give a review and appraisal, and welcome your advice.
1.1 according to the records of ancient books, you can make a real wooden ox and flowing horse
According to the original text of "Kongming made a wooden ox and flowing horse" in Volume 21 of Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms, you can make a wooden ox and flowing horse, and there are several similar models. In this paper, a model is selected, and the outline map, name map, size map and walking schematic diagram of Mu Niu Liu Ma are drawn according to the name and data provided by the original text, and the model is also made. This model can carry heavy loads and advance and retreat freely.
This model of wooden ox and flowing horse is made according to the appearance described in the original text of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the data provided. The names and sizes of the main parts are completely from the original text, only a few names are added for the needs explained in this paper, and several sizes are calculated. The consistency between the model and the original text strongly confirms the authenticity of Mu Niu Liu Ma. Please refer to Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 5, Figure 1, Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 5, Figure 5, Figure 3, Figure 3, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 5, Figure 5, Figure 5, Figure 3, Figure 5, Figure 5, Figure 5, Figure 3, Figure 3, Figure 3, Figure 3, Figure 3, Figure 3,
1.2 the wooden ox flowing horse has practical application value
the wooden ox flowing horse of this model is a transport tool that walks on four legs and looks like a real cow. Because it walks on four feet, it can travel on uneven roads and muddy roads, which is difficult or impossible for round-wheeled vehicles (single-wheeled or four-wheeled). Because it walks on four feet, it is not easy to slip and can automatically "brake" after stopping on the slope. These advantages make it suitable for mountain transportation.
It is another great advantage that the use of wooden cows and flowing horses can make cows not eat and drink. When transporting grain and grass in the war, real cows and horses will consume grain and grass, so that some of the transported grain and grass will be consumed before reaching the destination. Moreover, real cattle and horses consume grain and grass as usual when there is no transportation work, which is a major disadvantage of real cattle and horses transporting grain and grass. The longer the transportation time, the more grain will be consumed, which is more prominent. Using wooden cattle and horses to transport grain and grass does not consume grain and grass itself, which overcomes the shortcomings of real cattle and horses. This is another basis for wooden cattle and horses to transport grain and grass instead of real cattle and horses.
because the wooden ox is driven by human power, the driver of the ox consumes grain and grass, which is a disadvantage of transporting grain and grass by human power. However, human transport of grain has its advantages: first, the driver of cattle is also a soldier, which can protect grain and grass and reduce the number of special grain protection teams. Second, cattle drivers can be transferred to combat troops when there is no grain transportation task; The third is to use leisure combat troops to transport grain, which is very economical.
It's another advantage that it can make people work less. The design of Muniu Liuma applies the principle of lever and labor saving, and the weight of the driver is -3% of the total weight. When the total weight is 25 kg, the weight shouldered by the driver is -75 kg. This negative weight is not difficult for the ancients, and it is indeed "people don't work hard." However, compared with the negative weight of the round-wheeled vehicle traveling on the flat ground, it is still too heavy, which is another reason why the wooden ox and the flowing horse can not be popularized and even lost.
the above shows that the wooden cattle and flowing horses can move forward and backward freely when transporting grain and grass in mountainous areas, and that "people don't work hard" and "cattle don't eat and drink". Therefore, it has practical application value in mountain transportation.
1.3 Mu Niu Liu Ma is one means of transportation, not two.
One of the reasons is that in ancient books, Mu Niu Liu Ma is rarely mentioned separately, but mostly referred to collectively as Mu Niu Liu Ma. The second reason is that the method of making wooden cows and the method of making flowing horses are listed separately in the original text, but the method of making wooden cows only describes the appearance of wooden cows and does not mention the manufacturing data. On the contrary, the method of making a floating horse has only data for manufacturing, but no description of appearance. If they are combined into one, they just form a whole, with both appearance description and manufacturing data. Only when the method of making wooden cows and flowing horses is regarded as the method of making the same means of transport can the authenticity of wooden cows and flowing horses be confirmed. There is a sentence "the number of sizes of flowing horses" in the History of the Three Kingdoms, which can better explain that the latter part is only "the number of sizes".
in the original text of the method of making wooden cows, the characteristics of cows-horns are mentioned, and the speed of travel is as slow as that of cows but not as fast as that of horses. It can be considered that the original design is wooden cows, but it was later called flowing horses.
why is it called a floating horse and there is a separate floating horse method? The first possibility is that "Liuma" is the homonym of "six yards" or "land yards". "Six yards" may refer to six main data of wooden cattle, such as rib length, front and rear axle holes, front and rear foot holes, front and rear bar holes, square bag, front bar length and so on. Calling the "six yards" a "flowing horse" can not only vividly express the nature of the wooden cow-running like a horse, but also hide the true meaning of the "six yards", increase the mystery and leave a mystery to outsiders. The second possibility is that the Liuma is a new model after the improvement of Mu Niu, so it is collectively called Mu Niu Liuma. The third possibility is that the head looks like a cow and is called a wooden cow, while a horse looks like a flowing horse.
1.4 Shortcomings of the wooden ox flowing horse model
First, the problem of turning has not been solved. The ancient books only mentioned "moving forward and backward as if you were alive", but did not mention the problem of turning. Perhaps the original design did not solve this problem, so that the wooden ox and the flowing horse were not flexible in turning and could not be popularized and applied. The turning method envisaged in this model is that two hind feet (or two front feet) touch the ground and turn around. It seems a little reluctant here.
The second disadvantage is that Mu Niu Liu Ma vibrates greatly when walking, which makes the service life of the wooden structure short, and its vibration makes people's hands and shoulders easily tired, which is a major disadvantage of Mu Niu Liu Ma.
the third disadvantage is that it is not as good as round-wheeled vehicles and other means of transportation in flat land, so it cannot be widely used and even lost.
due to the limited conditions, the author has not made it into a real object for practical application, and there may be problems that have not been considered. It is only speculated that it can be used in practice and can stand the test of practice. Mu Niu Liu Ma is a wooden product, which is perishable and difficult to spread.
1. Notes on the method of making wooden cows and flowing horses
For the convenience of annotation, the original text about the method of making wooden cows and flowing horses in Luo Guanzhong's Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Volume 21, Kongming made wooden cows and flowing horses) is transcribed as follows, and the number of sentences is divided according to the needs of annotation:
1. Making wooden cows, saying:
2. 7 curvers are cow's heads, 8 pairs are cow's feet, 9 horizontal ones are cow's collars, 1 turns are cow's feet, 11 folds are cow's backs, 12 squares are cow's bellies, 13 drooping ones are cow's tongues, 14 curvers are cow's ribs, 15 carved ones are teeth, 16 upright ones are ox's horns, 17 fine ones are cow's martingale, 18 photographers are cattle's autumn leather, and 19 cows are raised with double shafts.
24 "flowing horse" method cloud:
25 rib is three feet five inches long, three inches wide and two inches thick, which is about the same as 26, and 27 front axle hole is divided to remove the first four inches and the diameter is two inches. The front foot hole is divided into two inches, and the front axle hole is divided into four inches and five minutes, and the width is one inch. The front bumper hole is divided into two inches and seven points except the front foot hole, and the hole is two inches long and one inch wide. 3 After the shaft hole is removed, the front bumper is divided into one foot and five minutes, and the size is the same as before. 31 The rear foot hole is divided into ink, and the rear shaft hole is three inches and five minutes, and the size is the same as before. 32 the rear bumper hole is divided into two inches and seven points after the rear foot hole is removed. After 33, Chuck went to the rear bumper hole and divided the ink into four inches and five points. The front bumper is one foot eight inches long, two inches wide and one inch five minutes thick. 35 rear bumper and so on. 36 two square capsules, eight points thick, two feet seven inches long, one foot six inches five points high and one foot six inches wide. 37 Each capsule is supported by two meters and three buckets. Remove seven inches from the rib hole, the same as before and after. 39 The upper lever hole is divided into one foot and three inches, the hole length is one inch and five points, the width is seven points and the eight holes are the same. 4 feet in front and back, two inches wide and one inch and five minutes thick. Shaped like an elephant. The leather shaft is four inches long and four inches and three points in diameter. The three-legged bar in the aperture is two feet one inch long, one inch five minutes wide and one inch four minutes thick, which is the same as the bar ear.
The following is a sentence-by-sentence translation of the original text in the order of numbers. For easy understanding, please pay attention to reading with pictures and texts.
original 1: method of making "wooden ox" yue:
translation 1: method of making wooden ox and flowing horse is:
Note 1: The author thinks that wooden ox and flowing horse are two names of the same means of transportation, which should be collectively called wooden ox and flowing horse, and it is appropriate to collectively refer to wooden ox as flowing horse. One of the reasons is that the function of wooden cow or flowing horse is rarely mentioned separately in the original text. If it is two means of transport, only one should be selected for survival of the fittest. The second reason is that the first part of the original text "the method of making wooden cows" only introduces the general situation without data, while the second part "the method of making flowing horses" only introduces the data without general situation. Both parts are incomplete, and only by combining the front and back parts into a "method of making wooden cows and flowing horses" is it complete. The 24th sentence in the original Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms is "Making a Flowing Horse", which is written as "The Number of Flowing Horse Dimensions" in the Three Kingdoms, indicating that the latter part is the data of "Making a Wooden Cattle and Flowing Horse".
in addition to the above reasons, it is also possible that the wooden ox and the floating horse are two slightly different means of transportation. Perhaps one of them is an improved model of the other, and perhaps the wooden cow comes first, because the original text introduces the names of the parts on the cow's head, horn and so on. Maybe the wooden cow will be called a flowing horse after it is transformed to be faster, or it will be called a flowing horse only if the head and face decoration is a cow head, or it will be called a flowing horse if it is a horse face.
There are six important numbers in the data of manufacturing wooden cattle, such as rib length, front and rear axle holes, front and rear foot holes, front and rear bar holes, square bag and front bar length, etc. Reading "6 yards" homophonically as "floating horses" has both practical significance and mystery. Perhaps it is this mystery that makes future generations think that they are two means of transportation, so it is difficult to study and imitate wooden cows and horses.
original 2: the square abdomen bends the tibia.
Translation 2: The calf is square and the calf shank is curved.
Note 2: The square slab sac introduced later is square, and it is placed in the belly of the cow, so the belly of the cow should be square, and the shin of the cow should be curved to look like a real cow, which may be that the whole foot of the cow is in a big shape from top to bottom, so that the structure is stable and firm.
original 3: one share has four legs.
Translation 3: One pair of cattle buttocks and four cattle feet.
Note 3: 1 A cow's ass may be an ornament. It may also be used for wind and rain protection. It is placed at the back of the cow's abdomen and may be decorated with cow's tail. If it is made into a shield, it can also be used as a weapon. There are four cattle feet, and the possibility of unicycle can be ruled out no matter what shape.
original 4: head into the collar.
Translation 4: The head of a cow is put in the neck of a cow.
Note 4: The cow's head was originally connected with the cow's neck. According to the sentences of "the tongue sticks to the abdomen" and "the one hanging down is the cow's tongue", the cow's head is closely connected with the cow's abdomen, and the length of the cow's neck is not large. For the flexibility of turning, the ox neck should be short rather than long.
original 5: the tongue sticks to the abdomen.
Translation 5: The tongue of the cow is close to the belly of the cow.
Note 5: It is also recorded that after the tongue is twisted, the foot cannot rotate. It can be seen that the ox tongue is an organ, which looks like an ordinary ornament and can be braked once it is twisted. Its shape should be similar to that of a cow tongue. The design of braking after torsion is not difficult, as long as the ox tongue can get stuck in the "front foot" after torsion, and the front foot will not move, so the rear foot will not move. This bull tongue is a "braking" device, and it is also a secret organ to prevent outsiders from robbing. Sima Yi copied it into a wooden ox and a flowing horse, but did not find the function of the ox tongue, which shows that its design is very clever. The length of ox tongue should be more than 6 inches and 7 minutes, see Note 27.
Original 6: Carrying more but doing less, the solo traveler is dozens of miles, and the group traveler is twenty miles.
Translation 6: The wooden cow has a large load, but its speed is slow. Travel alone for dozens of miles a day, and travel in groups for about twenty miles a day.
Note 6: There is a sentence "Every cow carries ten people's food in January", and according to the size of two square bags, it is estimated that each cow carries about 2 kilograms of grain and grass. In ancient times, one mile was equivalent to 434 meters. The speed of 2 miles a day is not fast. Whether in mountainous or flat land, the walking speed of Mu Niu Liu Ma is much slower than that of unicycle. Mu Niu Liu Ma is only suitable for mountainous areas but not flat land, which is one reason why Mu Niu Liu Ma has been lost.
Original 7: The composer is a bull's head.
Translation 7: The head of a wooden cow imitates the bending shape of a real cow when it pulls a heavy object.
Note 7: In combination with the sentence "A cow's tongue hangs down", the cow's head can't look straight ahead, but its eyes can only face the ground. Real cows must bow their shoulders and keep their eyes down when pulling heavy objects. Mu Niu is imitating this posture. At the same time, it is a cover for installing the secret organ (see Note 5).
original 8: both are ox feet.
Translation 8: Cattle feet are divided into two pairs.
Note 8: The wooden cow developed by the author, the left and right front feet are a whole, advancing and retreating at the same time. The left and right hind feet are also a whole, advancing and retreating at the same time. This is very different from real cattle walking. If you want to design four legs to advance and retreat separately like a real cow, it can be done with modern steel. In ancient times, it could be made of wood, but it should not be loaded.
This sentence can be understood as: the bracket is a landing pillar fixed at the tail ends of two poles, which can support the rear of the wooden cow when it stops and prevent it from falling backwards. If you understand it this way, there is a difference between "foot" and "foot". However, I think it is not necessary to set up such a pillar, so I regard foot and foot as the same concept. If this is not the case, the concepts of foot bars and foot holes in the following article are not easy to understand.
The length of the bracket is not mentioned later. Considering the height of the human body and other factors, the length of the bracket (from the foot hole to the lower end) is 2 feet and 5 inches. (See Note 2)
Original 9: The horizontal one is the cow collar.
Translation 9: The bar on the schematic diagram is the cow neck.
Note 9: Combining "head in collar" and "tongue in abdomen", it can be explained that the neck of cattle