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Chrysanthemums, together with orchids, plums and bamboos, are known as "the flowers among flowers" for their unique flowers, appearance, color and rhyme. "Four Gentlemen". Chrysanthemums are beautiful in appearance and have a long history of cultivation in Beijing. During the Yuan and Ming dynasties, chrysanthemums were the mainstay of folk culture. The traditional art of chrysanthemums in Beijing is also very high. It resists the frost and does not wither in the cold. It has the character of Beijing people. , so Beijing selected chrysanthemum as its city flower. In our country, cities that have also selected chrysanthemum as their city flower include Taiyuan, Nantong, Wuhu, Kaifeng, Xiangtan, Zhongshan, Dezhou and other cities.
Chrysanthemum (scientific name: Dendranthema . Chrysanthemum is one of my country's traditional famous flowers. Chrysanthemum appreciation has a long history and has many names. Appreciation of chrysanthemums in ancient times started from the practicality of chrysanthemums. Ancient Chinese books record that chrysanthemums “seedlings can be used for cooking, flowers can be used for medicine, bags can be used for pillows, and brews can be used for drinking. Therefore, the wise hermits can’t live without this flower in the garden. also". In the "Compendium of Materia Medica" written by Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty, it was recorded that it has the effect of "strengthening the five meridians, regulating the limbs, treating wind-heat in the head and head, brain and bone pain, nourishing the blood in the eyes, removing nebula, and treating deficiency of liver qi". The chrysanthemum is named Shouke and Fu Yannian because of its medicinal function of prolonging life; because the chrysanthemum blooms in the ninth month of the lunar calendar, it is also known as Jiuhua, Jiuhua, and Qiuju; because of the beauty of the chrysanthemum, it is named the female stem and emperor's flower; in ancient times There is only one variety of chrysanthemum, with only yellow flowers, so it is also called "yellow flower" and "golden pistil".
Chrysanthemums are native to my country. China is the origin center of chrysanthemums in the world, and there are many wild chrysanthemums distributed there. Chrysanthemum cultivation in China has a history of more than 3,000 years. As early as the ancient book "Book of Rites", there is a record that "in the autumn month, chrysanthemums have yellow flowers". Chrysanthemums were cultivated as medicinal plants in the Han Dynasty, were cultivated in large quantities during the Jin and Wei dynasties, and then gradually developed into ornamental flowers. The Song Dynasty was the heyday of the development of chrysanthemums. The "Chrysanthemum Pu" written by Liu Mengquan in the Song Dynasty included 163 chrysanthemum varieties. This is the earliest monograph on chrysanthemums in my country. "Qunfangpu" written by Wang Xiangjin of the Ming Dynasty contains more than 270 varieties of chrysanthemums. Chrysanthemums in many countries in the world were introduced from China. In 386 AD, Chinese chrysanthemums were introduced to Japan from Korea. It has a history of more than 1,600 years. Chrysanthemums cultivated in Japan have become flowers that bloom all year round and have a wide variety of varieties. At the end of the 17th century, the Dutch came to my country for business and brought chrysanthemums back to Europe. In the mid-18th century, French businessmen collected many fine varieties from my country and introduced them to France. In the 19th century, the British botanist Fu Jun hybridized excellent chrysanthemum species from my country and Japan and spread them widely in the UK. Later it was introduced to America from England. Nowadays, chrysanthemums are spread all over the world and have become a famous flower loved by people all over the world. They are a wonder of flowers at home and abroad in ancient and modern times.
Chrysanthemum is a perennial herbaceous plant. Through artificial cultivation, cross-breeding and natural mutation, chrysanthemum has evolved from the original yellow chrysanthemum to the colorful and famous flower it is today. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, there were 14 recorded varieties of chrysanthemums, which increased to 24 varieties during the Qing Dynasty. During the Republic of China, chrysanthemums were divided into 10 categories based on petal shape. At present, plant taxonomy records that there are 920 genera and 19,000 species of Asteraceae plants in the world. There are about 164 genera and 1,950 species in my country. There are currently more than 3,000 varieties of chrysanthemums in China. In horticulture, the flower colors are divided into yellow, white, purple, green and other colors, and there are double-color varieties; the flower shape is divided into single petals, double petals, oblate, spherical, outer It has the shape of leaf, dragon's claw, burr, pine needle, etc.; from the cultivation method, it can be divided into three categories: standing chrysanthemum, solitary chrysanthemum, tall chrysanthemum, cliff chrysanthemum, flowerbed chrysanthemum, and grafting chrysanthemum; from the flowering period, it can be divided into spring, summer, autumn, winter, Shijiju et al. According to the "Compendium of Materia Medica" records: "There are hundreds of species of chrysanthemums, with self-growing perennial roots, stems and leaves with different flowers and colors. ...The stems vary from purple to red to green, and the leaves vary in size, thickness, and point. The flowers include thousand-leaf single leaves, intentional or unintentional, with seeds but no seeds, yellow, white, red and purple, with different shades of color and different sizes. Their tastes vary from sweet to sweet, and they can be divided into summer chrysanthemums, autumn chrysanthemums and winter chrysanthemums."
There are many varieties of chrysanthemums, so how to choose chrysanthemum varieties for cultivating chrysanthemums? Someone once summed up the four-character formula for choosing chrysanthemums: light, life, strangeness, and quality. The general idea is: "light" means that the flower should be bright and bright and does not change color from blooming to falling, and "生" means that the branches and stems are tall and tall. Never drooping, "Qi" means the color and style of the petals are outstanding, and "Pin" means the unconventional style has its own natural charm.
Chrysanthemums are flowers in various shapes and forms, and their character of being proud of the frost and snow, independent in the cold autumn, and not afraid of the severe cold makes people even more fond of it. Chrysanthemum appreciation activities have been held throughout the ages. During the Southern Song Dynasty, a chrysanthemum competition was held in the palace every year, and chrysanthemum lanterns were lit at night. In the Song Dynasty, folk flower markets had "chrysanthemum tie-ups". At the annual chrysanthemum fair, famous chrysanthemums were exhibited, people drank, enjoyed chrysanthemums, and wrote poems praising chrysanthemums.
During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhong Hui, an important counselor of Sima Zhao, praised the five virtues of chrysanthemums: "The garden flowers hang high, and the sky is at the end of the world. Pure yellow, unmixed, and earthy in color. Plant early and bloom late, which is the virtue of a gentleman." Also. The blooming flowers in the frost are like chastity. The body is light in the cup, and it is the food of gods. "Qu Yuan, a patriotic poet during the Warring States Period, wrote: "There are magnolias falling in the morning, and autumn chrysanthemums falling in the evening." The poem symbolizes the unyielding will and the tenacious fighting spirit.
The famous chrysanthemum poem "Drinking" (Part 5) by Tao Yuanming, a pastoral poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty:
"The house is built in the mirror of a person, but there is no noise of carriages and horses.
Ask you, what can you do?
I am picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, and I can see the Nanshan Mountain leisurely. >
There is a true meaning in this, but I have forgotten to explain it. ”
The general idea of ??the poem is that in a place where there are many people living there is no sound of carriages and horses, and if you are calm, you will not be aware of the noisy atmosphere around you. Interference, picking chrysanthemums on the east fence, leisurely and contented, occasionally looking up, Nanshan Mountain is far away, the setting sun sprinkles a layer of light yellow color on Fenglian, and birds return to their nests in groups. This natural interest is really difficult to express in words , the poet uses this to forget his emotions in the world.
The famous Tang Dynasty poet Yuan Zhen's poem "Chrysanthemum":
"The autumn bushes around the house are like Tao's house, all around the fence gradually slanting.
They are not flowers I prefer chrysanthemums, and when these flowers bloom, there will be no more flowers.”
The general idea of ??this poem is that chrysanthemums are planted all around the house, and the strong fragrance floats all over the house in the wind, just like the home of Tao Yuanming, who loves chrysanthemums. The chrysanthemums beside the fence are dazzling in the sunset, not just chrysanthemums, because chrysanthemums are not afraid of severe cold and brave the wind and snow. Chrysanthemums bloom the latest in the year. After the chrysanthemums bloom, there are no flowers in nature.
In October 1929, Chairman Mao Zedong wrote the words "Picking Mulberries·Double Ninth Festival":
"It is easy to grow old in life, but it is difficult to grow old every year.
Today is the Double Ninth Festival, and the yellow flowers on the battlefield are particularly fragrant.
The annual autumn breeze is not as strong as the spring scenery.
The "yellow flower" in the poem refers to chrysanthemum. This poem praises the beauty of chrysanthemums during the Double Ninth Festival in autumn, which outshines the scenery of spring. Mao Zedong loved chrysanthemums. He turned the east wing of Zhongnanhai Fengze Garden into a bookstore and named it "Juxiang Bookstore".
Speaking of chrysanthemums, one cannot fail to mention "Jieyuan" in Beijing. From the 1930s to the early 1960s, there was an art chrysanthemum garden with an area of ??about 6 acres on the west side of Beidajie Road, Xinjiekou, Beijing, called "Jieyuan". In this small chrysanthemum garden, mountains, pavilions, trees and flowers were arranged. Elegant and correspondingly interesting. From the liberation to 1956, there were nearly 100 varieties of chrysanthemums in more than 1,700 pots. The outstanding varieties include "General Manager Red Flag", "Peace Fortress", "Green Chaoyun", "Duobao Pagoda", "Snow Point Bingfeng" and so on. In particular, the various cliff chrysanthemums are unique varieties of chrysanthemums here. There are specimen chrysanthemums that are higher than the eaves and the diameter of the flowers is more than 30 centimeters. There are also many parallel-peduncle chrysanthemums. The colorful world of chrysanthemums here attracts a large number of people to come and watch. On December 31, 1951, after Mao Zedong came to the garden to appreciate chrysanthemums for the first time, he said: "The results of the chrysanthemum exhibition are very good, and the scale can be expanded to meet the hobbies and appreciation of people from all walks of life in the capital." And asked if there are any difficulties that need to be solved by the government? Later, the government helped solve the problem of expansion and employment. For this reason, the owner of the garden wrote a poem with gratitude:
"Long march of thousands of miles to supervise nine armies, a dignified leader with unparalleled achievements.
Visiting the Garden Watching the flowers in Yaxing late, the savior of the world is better than the pine trees in Yue.
The wind in the north is singing and the snow is white, and the sun rises in the east and the sky is red.
From now on, the bright future is in sight. .
This poem was sent to Chairman Mao Zedong. After receiving it, the Chairman wrote a letter to express his gratitude. On November 24, 1952, Mao Zedong came to the garden to appreciate the chrysanthemums for the second time.
On November 20, Premier Zhou Enlai and his wife Deng Yingchao came to view the chrysanthemums and wrote the inscription "Introduce the old and bring forth the new, let a hundred flowers bloom." Chairman Zhu De came to view the chrysanthemums almost every year from 1949 to 1961, and wrote this when he was viewing the chrysanthemums on October 26, 1955. A poem:
"Strange flowers stand alone on the branches, jade bones and ice muscles close under the eyes.
We sincerely hope that we can live together in peace, and we are willing to use chrysanthemum wine to settle the old grudges. ”
In 1961, to commemorate the 30th anniversary of chrysanthemum cultivation in Jieyuan, Chairman Zhu De visited the chrysanthemums in person on October 3, presented the owner with two pots of autumn orchids, and wrote a poem in regular script:
"Liu Laojie's garden helps the country's glory, and he has planted chrysanthemums for thirty years to keep the fragrance forever.
Study carefully and be good at cultivating wonderful talents, which will lead to a new era of prosperity.
Work hard to cultivate and pass on future generations, and work tirelessly to help others.
People of all ages from the capital come to appreciate it and present orchids as a gift to the north hall.
Dong Biwu, Xie Juezai, Deng Xiaoping, Song Qingling, Peng Zhen and other party and state leaders and celebrities from all walks of life also came to the garden to appreciate the chrysanthemums. There are more than 70 people whose signatures can be checked. There are also international friends Ho Chi Minh, former Japanese Prime Minister Tetsu Katayama, and Mrs. Blum, then permanent director and secretary of the World Peace Council.
In 1960, the owner of Jieyuan donated all the land, chrysanthemums, tools, etc. to the country for free. The Municipal Garden Bureau handed over all donations to Beihai Park for management, and the chrysanthemum farmers became state workers. Since then, chrysanthemum exhibitions have been held frequently in Beihai. By November 2003, the 24th Beijing Municipal Flower - Chrysanthemum Exhibition was held in Beihai Park, with more than 10,000 pots and nearly 500 varieties on display.
Among the previous chrysanthemum exhibitions, the Beijing Chrysanthemum Exhibition held in Beihai Park in 1964 was the largest since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Comrade Guo Moruo specially wrote an inscription for this chrysanthemum exhibition: "Chrysanthemums are collective flowers, please appreciate them with a collectivist spirit." The entire exhibition is divided into Qiongdao District, East Bank District and West Bank District.
There were more than 1,700 varieties on display. The Dali chrysanthemum on display at that time was 2 meters in diameter, a cliff chrysanthemum more than 3 meters long, a pagoda chrysanthemum standing more than ten feet tall, and a ten-type brocade with dozens of flowers of different colors. .
Stamps are known as "the country's business card". Among the all-encompassing Chinese stamp designs, floral pattern stamps have become a dazzling bouquet of flowers in Chinese stamp art. Chrysanthemum is a traditional Chinese flower and is indispensable in Chinese stamp design. On December 10, 1960, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of my country issued a set of "Chrysanthemum" special stamps, with the stamp number "Special 44", and a complete set of 18 pieces, which were issued in 1961. This set of stamps vividly reflects the blossoming chrysanthemums, overflowing with the infinite charm and tenacious vitality of nature.