Compared with modern Chinese, the content of classical Chinese is far from students' real life, which is not easy for students to understand, and the usage and sentence patterns of some classical Chinese words in classical Chinese are also difficult for students to master, so it is difficult for them to learn classical Chinese. Therefore, effective preview before class is very important for a good class. How to improve students' preview ability and make students preview effectively, I think we should start from the following aspects:
First, understand the author and writing background. To get an article, we must first understand the author's situation. You can know the dynasty in which the author lived, the social development at that time, the author's style of writing and the background of writing this article according to reference books or online materials. These seemingly unrelated problems will directly affect students' study of the content of this article and their grasp of the author's thoughts and feelings. For example, Liu Zongyuan's Story of Little Stone Pond, in order to get rid of inner bitterness and depression, sent his feelings to mountains and rivers. In this paper, he wrote about the joy of listening to spring and swimming in fish, trying to be happy, but the quiet and deep environment in the small stone pond triggered his sad heart. "It's too clear to live in it for a long time, but remember." Therefore, the article expresses the author's tragic thoughts and feelings. Imagine if students don't know the background, can they make an accurate grasp? Some people may say that the teacher will talk about the background in class. So, is it better to be listened to or to acquire knowledge actively? The answer is self-evident. The new curriculum standard requires students to actively acquire knowledge and use it. Teachers should teach students learning methods and lifelong learning skills, not dead knowledge.
Second, read the text for the first time, clear the word barriers and grasp the main idea of the article. In classical Chinese, many new words are marked, and some can't. Students can look it up in the dictionary and solve it by themselves.
Third, read the text repeatedly and experience your thoughts and feelings. There is a saying: read a book a hundred times and you will understand its meaning. Classical Chinese especially needs to be read repeatedly, understood in reading, understood in reading, accumulated in reading, experienced the expressive characteristics of classical Chinese sentence patterns, understood the author's thoughts and feelings, and cultivated the language sense of classical Chinese.
Fourth, combine reference books and after-school notes to dredge the text. In the process of dredging the text, we should mark the words or sentences that we can't understand, and consciously grasp them in class.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) understands the content of the text. Through repeated reading and thinking, students have a certain understanding of the text. Teachers can ask some questions for students to preview with questions, such as: retelling the text in their own words; The thoughts and feelings expressed in the article, specifically what to write in each paragraph, how to write, underline your favorite sentences and extract them.
6. Deeply understand and read the text
Intensive reading should be carried out on the basis of understanding the general content of the text, and try to read out the intonation and rhythm. Through intensive reading, we can deeply comprehend and understand the work, feel the emotion of the article and grasp the characteristics of the article.
Through the six-step preview method of classical Chinese, I believe it will improve students' preview ability, lay a good foundation for text learning, and then improve classroom efficiency.
2. Ask for a few classical Chinese articles about Xiaoshitang, 120 steps from the hill to the west, smelling the sound of water through the bamboo forest, like singing a ring, and enjoying it.
Cut down the bamboo and walk along the road, and you will see a small pool and water in the quiet. The whole stone is at the bottom, close to the shore, and the bottom of the rolling stone comes out, which is a mountain, an island, a mountain and a rock.
Green trees and vines, covered and twisted, staggered and brushed. There are hundreds of fish in the pond. They are all swimming in the air.
In the sun, the shadow is on the stone, but it does not move; You are far away, and communication is sudden. It seems fun to be with tourists.
Looking from the southwest of the pool, you can see that it is zigzag. Their shore potentials are different from each other and their sources are unknown.
Sitting by the pool, surrounded by bamboo forests, lonely and empty, sad and cold, quiet and quiet. It is too clear to live for a long time, but remember.
Travelers: Wu Wuling, Gong Gu, Yu Dizong Xuan. The second son Cui Shi said, "Forgive yourself and serve me." .
Walking west from the mountain 120 steps, you can hear the sound of water passing through the bamboo forest, like the sound of Yu Pei colliding with Yuhuan, and you are very happy. So I cut bamboo, opened a path, followed the trend and saw a small pool, which was particularly clear.
The whole bottom of the pool is a stone, close to the shore, and the bottom part of the stone rolls out of the water, forming caves, islands, cliffs, rocks and other shapes. Lush trees, green vines, covered with twisted, swaying and falling, uneven, fluttering with the wind.
There are about a hundred fish in the middle of the pond. They all seem to swim in the air without any support. The sun shines directly on the bottom of the pool, reflecting the shadow of the fish on the stone surface at the bottom of the water, without moving; Suddenly he swam away again.
Come and go briskly, as if entertaining tourists. Looking southwest along the pool, the stream twists and turns like the Big Dipper, bends like a snake, and can be seen clearly.
The situation on the bank of the stream is jagged and you can't see the fresh water source. I sat by the pond, surrounded by bamboo and Woods. It's quiet and deserted here, which makes people feel sad and cold. It is so quiet and deep.
As this place is too deserted to stay long, I wrote down this scene and left. The people who traveled with me were Wu Wuling and Gong Gu, and my younger brother Zong Xuan.
As followers, we are followed by two young people, one is Cui, the other is Forgive yourself, and the other is Yi Feng. Han Hua buried Zhi (Ming) as a handmaiden in Gui Youguang.
Jiajing Ding You died on May 4th and was buried in Xu Qiu. I won't die, but my life is also my husband! When the maid first arrived, she was ten years old, wearing double-breasted clothes and dragging dark green cloth.
One day, it was cold and hot, the fire was boiling and the maid came to cut it. I enter from the outside and feed on it; The maid took it, but she didn't take it. Wei Ruren laughed it off.
Confucian people rely on several meals of each maid, that is, several meals, but their eyes are moving in Ran Ran. Confucian people are also mean to laugh.
In retrospect, it has been ten years since the election. Oh, how sad! Han Hua, the maid of my wife Wei Ruren, died in May 1537 and was buried on the barren hills.
Is it because we have no fate (bad fate) that she can't serve me forever? When Han Hua first came with him, he was only ten years old, wearing two round buns and dragging a dark green dress. One day, it was very cold. She made a fire to boil water chestnut and cut a pot full of clay.
I want to get water chestnut to eat when I come back from outside. She turned around with water chestnut in her hand and refused to give it to me. My wife Wei Ru made fun of us when she saw it.
My wife often lets her eat against a small table. When she eats, her eyes will move slowly. My wife just pointed at her and smiled at me.
Looking back on the scene at that time, it was ten years in a blink of an eye. Oh, what a pity! Visit Wulongtan again: Liu Zongyuan, Tan Yicheng, Lin Yingtan should be quiet, the raft should be stable, the pavilion should be long, the Qixi River should be smooth, and the guests on Qixi night should be quiet and comfortable.
However, the creator should not give it to those who are detained for this! Russian is more of a middleman, and children are good at it. To the middle reaches, the wind is jealous, and you are not allowed to swing to the Netherlands, near the fishing raft.
It's raining and the curtains are wet, but I still have no intention of going ashore. It's raining, seven guests and six women are standing in the curtain, and their clothes are soaked.
When the storm comes, the pool can't be cured. Ji did not dare to ask for it, and Luo socks had nothing to spare.
The guests moved to Xi Xinxuan and sat there hesitating. The rain came from the forest end and could not hover. It fell into the water, into the pool, but it was like hitting the pool. The thunder suddenly shook, and Ji people hid their ears in the depths.
After electricity and thunder, electricity is particularly fantastic, and light goes deep into the water. While absorbing its waves above the rain, it has long been the shadow of gold, silver, pearls and shellfish, and the danger has not been released in the house of Tanlong Cave.
At that time, the scenery was sudden, and it was better to talk and laugh than to be gloomy and chaotic. But those who have good guests feel very smooth, but they are just drinking, and they are a little angry with the wind, rain, thunder and lightning. Suddenly, they came and went in the dark, only to know that the vast calendar was chaotic. Is owned by the pool or born by the pool; Asking the girl's route again, it's not all right, isn't it strange? The recruiter is Fu of Dongting, while Maozi Bolin, Wunian, Songzi Xianru, Hongzi and Gi Duanshou are six guests, so they are seven.
The water in the pool should be crystal clear, the trees reflected in the pool should be quiet, the bamboo rafts rowed in the pool should be steady, the pavilions beside the pool should be bright and comfortable, the Milky Way on Tanabata should be brilliant, and the guests on Tanabata night should be quiet and carefree. However, the creator will give me this beautiful scenery, who is obsessed with the world of mortals! Sheng Mao is a Vietnamese, and he is very good at rowing.
We rowed to the center of the swimming pool. Perhaps the wind is jealous of our leisure and elegance, so that we can't go to the river swing, and soon we will be near the Diaoyutai. We tied the bamboo raft under the weeping poplar, and the drizzle blurred the curtains. We're not going ashore yet. Soon it rained heavily, and seven men and six women stood in the curtain with umbrellas, and their clothes were wet by the rain.
Suddenly, there was a storm and the bamboo raft was tottering in the pool. The ladies were frightened. They wanted to go ashore as soon as possible, but they forgot their exquisite shoes and socks.
3. How to write classical Chinese well and learn classical Chinese well
Classical Chinese is a written language based on ancient Chinese and an article written in classical Chinese. Learn classical Chinese well and give some suggestions:
First, read aloud.
When learning classical Chinese, you must read more to form a sense of language. Reading should do three things:
1, accurate pronunciation. Generally speaking, the pronunciation should be based on modern Putonghua, and some words with different pronunciations (a word has more than two pronunciations) should be treated according to the specific context.
2. Read the sentence correctly (dü u). Reading sentences refers to where words stop. Usually, we should accumulate more rules of pause, and we can refer to pause in modern Chinese for unfamiliar sentences.
3. Read the correct tone. Read the text according to the author's life and writing background, perceive the emotional tone of the article and correctly handle the reading tone.
Without reading aloud, learning the words and sentence patterns of classical Chinese independently often gets half the result with half the effort, and can't solve the problems that should be solved.
Second, translation.
To improve the translation level of classical Chinese, we can't beg for it overnight. It is necessary to be steady and steady, persevere, pay attention to more practice, and rely on the usual accumulation to have an effect.
"Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance" is a long-standing criterion for translating classical Chinese. "Faithfulness" means that translation should be faithful to the original text, and the original intention should not be distorted and polished at will; "Da" means fluency and fluency, which conforms to the customary requirements of modern Chinese. "Elegance" is the translation of classical Chinese sentences, which should be vivid, beautiful and full of emotion. Among them, letter is the most important and basic. Specifically, we should pay attention to the following points when translating.
1, and strive to implement every word, mainly literal translation. Literal translation is word-for-word translation, supplemented by free translation, according to the part of speech, word order and sentence pattern of the original text.
2. All proper nouns such as names, place names, dynasties, year numbers, official systems and titles. You can record it without translation.
3. Some special sentence patterns in classical Chinese, such as inverted sentences and prepositions, must be translated according to the grammatical habits of modern Chinese.
4. Ellipsis in classical Chinese is also common. In order to make the translated sentences clear and fluent, the omitted sentence elements should be supplemented during translation.
Some words (especially function words in classical Chinese) only play a grammatical role in sentences and have no real meaning, so they cannot be translated. For example, the word "Fu" in "Fu's War is Brave" is a phrase and cannot be translated. Cao Gui replied, "It takes courage to fight".
Third, recite.
Students should be able to recite a certain number of famous classical Chinese texts, at least the items specified in Chinese textbooks, and be proficient in reciting them. Reciting can deepen students' overall perception and understanding of classical Chinese, and it is also a kind of language ability training. Middle school students should attach importance to the ability of reciting ancient poems, actively train in learning and effectively improve the level of reciting ability. When reciting, you can copy and recite. Just copy the text to be memorized several times. In the process of copying, strengthen memory and achieve the purpose of reciting. The advantage is that you not only recite the text, but also master the more difficult fonts, and at the same time you can remember it. You can also use the method of listening, reading and reciting, that is, a method of listening to others read aloud repeatedly, strengthening memory and achieving reciting. You can also use the hierarchical understanding and recitation method, that is, according to the understanding of the text, recite the text layer by layer, and finally connect them to complete the whole recitation task.
After the text meeting, we should consolidate and strengthen the effect of reciting in time. There are many ways to recite, and the one that suits you is good.
Fourth, understanding
When learning notional words in classical Chinese, you don't have to remember some terms, but you should focus on mastering the meaning of notional words. What causes students' different meanings is mainly the phenomenon of different meanings in ancient and modern times and polysemy, which requires some real effort to remember. The most taboo is to read the meaning of literature. Also pay attention to the common words and remember the common words appearing in the teaching materials, otherwise you will not be able to understand the content of the article accurately. Among the function words in classical Chinese, some function words that may lead to sentence misunderstanding and mistranslation should be summarized, their usage should be distinguished, and their meanings should be clarified. The most important sentence patterns commonly used in classical Chinese are judgment sentence, inversion sentence and ellipsis sentence. We should know these phenomena and understand them correctly.
Knowing some basic knowledge of classical Chinese grammar will not hinder the understanding of the text content. Understand the content of the text,
First of all, we should know what is the central idea reflected in this paper, what materials the author has chosen, and how to arrange the order and level of materials;
Second, we should know the advantages of selecting materials and arranging the order of texts. You can compare it with other articles and talk about its characteristics.
Third, we should know what measures the author has taken, including rhetoric, flashback and other special methods, to make the article vivid and literary; What are the advantages of the author doing this?
Fourth, we should know what contents and skills we should learn in order to enrich our knowledge and improve our ability.
Don't just pay attention to form, stay on the surface and meaning of the article. Only by exploring the essential things can we learn classical Chinese well, improve our learning ability and enrich our knowledge.
Welcome to adopt, I hope it will help you.