Huizhou dialect, also known as Hui language, is a newly classified Chinese dialect in the "Chinese Language Atlas". Some scholars tend to classify Hui language as Wu dialect. The Huizhou dialect is Wu dialect in a broad sense and can be classified as the Huiyan dialect of Wu dialect.
It is the old Huizhou Prefecture in southern Anhui Province located in the Xin'an River Basin (including Tunxi District, Xiuning County, Yi County, Qimen County, She County, Huizhou District, and Huangshan District of Huangshan City today). (only Tangkou Town and Tanjiaqiao Town in the south) and Jixi County, and Wuyuan County), the old Yanzhou Prefecture in northwest Zhejiang Province (including today's Chun'an, Sui'an, and Jiande, but excluding Qiantan Town and Qintang Township, Wuyu District of Daciyan Town) and the old Raozhou Prefecture (Dexing County, Fuliang County) in northern Jiangxi Province. Huizhou is spoken in Shexian, Jixi, Jingde, Tunxi, Xiuning, Yixian, Qimen, Ningguo (limited to Hongmen Township in the south), Dongzhi (limited to Southeast Langmuta area), Shitai (limited to large areas) and other cities and counties.
Classification of Hui dialects
Jishepian Hui dialects (Shexian dialect, Jixi dialect, etc.)
Jingzhanpian Hui dialects (Jingde Xixiang dialect, Jingde Xixiang dialect, etc.) Zhanda dialect, etc.)
Xiuyi Pian Hui dialect (Tunxi dialect, Xiuning dialect, Yixian dialect, etc.)
Qiwu Pian Hui dialect (Qimen dialect, Wuyuan dialect, etc.) ; and including Fuliang and Dexing)
Yanzhou Pianhui dialect (the Hui dialect of the former Yanzhou Prefecture in Zhejiang Province, including Jiande dialect, Chun'an dialect, Sui'an dialect, etc.)
Features of Hui dialect
Hui dialect retains many grammatical rules and pronunciation of ancient Chinese. It is characterized by gentleness, soothing and cadence. Since ancient times, because Huizhou is located in a mountainous area and has inconvenient transportation, communication between people in various districts and counties is limited and the pronunciation cannot be unified. The pronunciation of Anhui dialect in southern Anhui can be said to vary greatly. Even within a county, people often cannot communicate normally in their respective Anhui dialects.
The Huizhou dialect has some connections with the Wu dialect, and the dialects of various counties in the Huizhou region are different from each other. Jiajing's "Huizhou Prefecture Chronicles" of the Ming Dynasty records: "The languages ??of the six towns are incompatible, except for the Wu people, and their dialects are mostly similar." The terrain of Huizhou is mainly hilly and mountainous, which is an extremely important reason for the "mountain-separated" dialect. factor. In addition, Huizhou is located on the border of Anhui, Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces, so various dialects and dialects are easy to penetrate, especially the frequent exchanges of Huizhou merchants, which has had a complex impact on the formation of Huizhou dialects. But after all, Huizhou dialect is a single system of dialects as a whole. It has its own rules and unique characteristics in terms of pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. In terms of phonetics, most of them have sharp sounds; the nasal initial consonant g, along with k and In Ning dialect, "cat" is pronounced as "min"; in Qimen dialect, "cat" is pronounced as "cotton"; in Yixian dialect, "cat" is pronounced as "ming". These words with an n-suffix are similar to those in Mandarin in terms of nature and function. The difference in Erhua words is the non-retroflex sound; Huizhou dialect has a rudimentary tone, and except for Xiuning dialect, it does not distinguish between yinrui and yangrui. The ruiduo tone is similar to the throat stop in Wu dialect, but it is not a true throat stop. Huizhou dialect has many unique dialect words, but they vary from county to county and come from different sources. Some words still use their ancient meanings, such as "Xian" meaning "Mr."; "Zanzai" meaning "short and messy beard"; "Cai Xian" meaning "lucky", etc. The Huizhou dialect has some unique morphemes with grammatical functions, among which the plural ones include "人" and "Everyone". Some have a structural combination function, indicating a certain aspect of people, such as "仂". Some express ownership relationships, such as "ge". Some unique prepositions (verbs) have many meanings, but are not ambiguous in the sentence. For example, "di" has meanings such as "to", "in", "being", "to handle", etc. It is clear at a glance how to use it in a sentence. To express repeated actions, in addition to adding the adverb "zai" in front of the predicate as an adverbial, sometimes "ti" is added at the end of the sentence to express it, such as: "Eat another bowl of ti".
Historically, Huizhou was governed by six counties. Huizhou dialect actually refers to Shexian dialect, Jixi dialect, Xiuning dialect, Yixian dialect, Qimen dialect and Wuyuan dialect. As for Jingde County, Taiping County, and Shitai County that were once included in the Huizhou area after liberation, their languages ????mostly belong to Xiajiang Mandarin and are generally not included in Huizhou dialects. Since Shexian County has been governed by a state or a county for a long time in history, governing Xiuning, Jixi and other places, the so-called Huizhou dialect should be represented by Shexian dialect. However, during the Anti-Japanese War, people from the coast and from other places moved into Tunxi one after another, so the population of Tunxi increased sharply, and it was once known as "Little Shanghai". After liberation, Tunxi has been the seat of the region for a long time. To a certain extent, Tunxi dialect is also a representative of Huizhou dialect. Nuo opera (Pinyin: nuó xì), also known as Nuo dance, is a traditional dance popular in the Yangtze River Basin of my country. The dancers wear various simple and exaggerated masks with a distinct witchcraft color. The earliest is a Ceremony of blessings and prayers. It is recorded in books such as The Analects of Confucius, The Complete Collection of Ancient and Modern Affairs, and The Book of Etiquette of the Later Han Dynasty. On May 20, 2006, Nuo dance was approved by the State Council and included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists.
Huizhou is one of the areas rich in Nuo culture. The names of "Fang Xiang Dance" and "Twelve God Dances" began to appear in the Han Dynasty. Wuyuan Nuo Dance and Qimen Nuo Dance are the most famous.
Wuyuan Nuo dance, commonly known as "Ghost Dance" or "Dancing Ghost", has a long history, numerous programs and unique style. It is a living fossil in the study of the history of ancient Chinese dance art and has attracted the attention of experts and scholars at home and abroad. Nuo dance is quite popular in Qingyuan Village, Xin Township, Wuyuan Township, Changjing Village and Likeng Village, Qiukou Township.
There are forty or fifty kinds of masks in Nuo dance. They are usually wood carvings with vivid facial makeup. The themes of loyalty, traitor, virtue, foolishness, joy, anger, sorrow, and joy are all expressed. The traditional programs of Nuo dance include "Creation of the World", "Bangs Playing with the Golden Toad", "Two Monkeys Catching Lice", "Hou Yi Shoots the Sun", "Zhang Fei Sacrifice the Spear", "The Judge Drunk", "The Monkey King Conquers the Mouse Demon" 》 and dozens more, the dance movements are rough and simple. There are more than 100 Nuo dance programs and more than 200 Nuo noodles in Wuyuan. The existing exorcism troupe in Changjing Village, Qiukou Town has 19 actors and more than 30 masks, including 4 original wooden masks, which can perform 24 programs. The performance is very simple, rough, exaggerated and concise. For example, in "The Creation of Heaven and Earth", the dancers wear Pangu masks on their heads, hold big axes, and chop in all directions, showing the courageous and invincible heroic spirit of Pangu who created the world. "The Judge is Drunk" shows the drunken state of a judge playing and fighting with a kid. The characters have distinct personalities and are full of interest in life. "Dancing Flowers" is a large-scale dance drama that tells the historical story of Hu Hai, the second emperor of Qin Dynasty, who usurped the throne. It is magnificent. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the group of painters in the Huizhou area and the main Huizhou painters living in other places at that time were good at using pen and ink to describe their homes and mountains, express their feelings through scenery, and express their own soul. In painting theory, they advocated the painter's character and Due to the factors of moral integrity, the painting style tends to be dry and cold, with a distinct scholarly style, which made him unique in the Chinese painting world in the 17th century. Because the geographical relationship, life beliefs and painting style of this group of painters all have the same nature, people at the time called them the "Xin'an School".
Xin'an Painting School has many members and strong strength. There are nearly 80 people with impressive painting skills, among whom about 20 are outstanding and unique, divided into four levels: pioneers Cheng Jiasui, Li Yongchang, and Li Liufang; leader of the painting school Seng Jianjiang; main members in the heyday such as Feng Yu, Wang Xuansu, and Wu Shantao , Cheng Sui, Wang Jiazhen, Dai Benxiao, Wu Long, Shun Tiansheng, Cheng Zhengkui, Zheng Min, Wang Zhirui, Sun Yi, Zha Shibiao, Wang Hongdu, Xuezhuang; the modern successor Huang Binhong. It is a printmaking school that emerged in Huizhou in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. Huizhou printmaking originated from book engraving, started in the Southern Song Dynasty, flourished in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and gradually declined in the early Qing Dynasty. Huizhou printmaking was at its peak during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, and the heyday of Huizhou printmaking was from the Wanli period to the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty. From its rise, prosperity, innovation and spread, it gradually formed a complete system of Huizhou printmaking.
The period from the 1930s to the 1980s was the preparatory period for the birth and development of "New Huizhou Printmaking". The leaders of this group are undoubtedly Mr. Lai Shaoqi, Zheng Zhen, and Shi Songling. After the mid-1980s, the creation of New Hui School printmaking in Anhui entered a diversified period, and a group of young printmakers stood out, among whom Zhang Guolin was the representative. The new generation of printmakers marches forward bravely along the path of the "New Hui School" pioneered by the older generation of printmakers. Laba Festival: The eighth day of the twelfth lunar month is the Laba Festival. It is named because the twelfth lunar month is called the "twelfth lunar month". As soon as "Laba" is over and the Spring Festival is approaching, every household must clean the dust in the house starting from Laba. We have Laba porridge that day. After Laba, every family starts to slaughter the New Year pig, treat each other to pig-killing wine, wrap glutinous rice dumplings, make rice dumplings, fry tofu, stir-fry peanuts and broad beans, and make sesame candy, frozen rice candy, etc. People also want to arrange weddings and weddings on this day, so there is a folk saying: "Laba is a good day, so many aunts become sisters-in-law."
Little New Year’s Eve: the 24th day of the twelfth lunar month, commonly known as “Little New Year’s Eve”. Late the night before, every household offered sacrifices to the stove and sent "Jiutian East Chef Ming Zao Lord" to heaven to perform a mission, which is commonly known as "sending the stove". Pray that the Kitchen Lord will speak more kind words in front of the Jade Emperor and bless the family and animals in safety. On this day of the Lunar New Year, ancestor paintings are hung in front of every family hall. The names of ancestors in the past dynasties are recorded on the paintings, or portraits of ancestors are drawn. Set up a candlestick and incense table, place tributes, and welcome ancestors to your home for the New Year. From this day on, every household cleans furniture, unpacks bedding, sweeps away dust, and welcomes the new year cleanly.
February 2: February 2 of the lunar calendar is the birthday of the Land God. In ancient Huizhou, it was called "Dragon Heads Up". This is probably due to the fact that in midsummer, the rain is getting heavier and thunder can be heard. In rural areas, farmers are not allowed to go to the fields on this day, and women are not allowed to spend the day leisurely with needlework. According to the rules of Jixi County, on this day, rice dumplings wrapped with one liter of glutinous rice are cooked to worship the earth god. February 2 is also the birthday of flowers, so it is also called the "Flower Festival". On this day, literati display flowers, hold cultural gatherings, and compete in poetry.
Chongyang Temple Fair: a traditional temple fair in Linxi Town, a suburb of Jixi. It is held for three days, with the ninth day of the ninth lunar month being the official day. Devotees from four villages and eight towns came in groups to pay homage to the King of Zhou Bodhisattva, and they set up stages and sang operas from sunset to sunrise, all night long, making it really lively. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, temple fairs became authentic agricultural and sideline products and handicrafts trade fairs. In the old days, various production industries in Huizhou, such as farming, doing business, and doing business, had their own rules and customs. In rural areas, people must offer sacrifices to the "Five Grain God" to pray for the prosperity of crops; when droughts occur, they must pray for rain, fast, and make dojos to worship the Dragon Girl Bodhisattva; when the farm cattle are transferred, the buyer should bring a cow rope to replace the old cow rope, which is called "Break the rope" means that neither the buyer nor the buyer has any regrets. When a bricklayer comes to build a house, he will kill a rooster and sprinkle the chicken's blood on the door, which is called "Sacrifice to the Door God". He also recites the sacrificial words: "If the chicken's blood is dripping to the east, I congratulate the owner on the addition of children and grandchildren; if the chicken's blood is dripping on the west, I congratulate the owner on having more children." ." Everyone echoed each other for good luck. Woodworking enshrines "Master Lu Ban", and it is most taboo for someone to sit on his tool bench early in the morning, which means sitting on the bench, which means there is no business to be done. Shop owners set up a "God of Wealth Seat" and worship the "Generalissimo" all year round in order to prosper business, make money and so on.
Receive the God of Wealth: Huizhou regards the fifth day of the fifth lunar month as the God of Wealth Day. Most industrial and commercial people receive the God of Wealth on this day.
Opening Ceremony: On the opening day of a new store in Huizhou, red ribbons are draped at the entrance of the store, gold-lettered signboards are hung, firecrackers are set off, and some even play music to celebrate. Huizhou weddings: In the old days, Huizhou marriages were based on the orders of parents and the words of matchmakers. Generally, there are nine procedures: matchmaking, appointment, request for date, moving to the wedding, making love, welcoming the bride, paying homage to the bride, making the bridal chamber, and returning home. The matchmaker is usually an older woman, called a "matchmaker". The marriage ceremony is commonly known as "giving away the burden". After the woman receives the gift, she returns the gift on the same day, and the marriage is confirmed. After the engagement, the man selects the date of marriage and informs the woman, which is called the "please date". Please move and get married later. On the wedding day, the aunt or uncle will use two silk threads to twist off the hair on the bride's forehead, which is called "face-opening", also known as "ramen". Then comes the wedding ceremony, the wedding ceremony, and the bridal chamber. On the third day after the wedding, Xin Lang accompanied the bride to pay homage to her parents, which is called "returning to the door". This is "the clear matchmaker's true marriage". There are also special forms of marriage such as child marriage, concubinage, bride-in-law, bride-in-law, marriage before death, etc. After the 1950s, marriages arranged by parents were gradually replaced by free love, and marriages were simplified. After the 1980s, some took the form of travel marriages and collective weddings.
Shangjiu Temple Fair: The ninth day of the first lunar month is the martyrdom day of the Tang Dynasty martyrs Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan. A temple fair is held every year in Yansi Town, Huizhou District to commemorate this day, commonly known as "Shangjiu Fair". The meeting lasts for three days, starting on the eighth day of the lunar month and ending on the tenth day of the lunar month. During the temple fair, activities to visit and worship the gods were held, and stages were set up to perform operas. Vendors from all over the country also came to attend the fair and set up stalls, selling all kinds of agricultural and sideline products, agricultural tools, and daily necessities. Nowadays, "Shangjiuhui" has lost its original significance of commemorating Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan. The wandering gods activity has been cancelled, and it has become an annual material exchange meeting.
Hydrangea throwing: a folk tourism activity held in Xidi Village, Yixian County. The village's Qing Dynasty folk residence "Da Fu Di" has a small, exquisite, simple and elegant "embroidery building" suspended in the air on the side facing the street. This book was originally used by Hu Wenzhao, the original landlord and Dr. Chaolie, for his ladies and ladies to rest and enjoy the scenery. Nowadays, people use it as an embroidered building for throwing colorful balls, which has a special interest.
Mulian Opera: An ancient opera in Huizhou, spread throughout Huangshan City and neighboring counties, especially in the Qimen and Shitai areas. The play "Mulian Saves Her Mother and Encourages Kindness" was compiled by Zheng Zhizhen, a Qimen native in the Ming Dynasty. It is divided into three volumes (100 folds), namely the upper, middle and lower volumes. The story mainly tells about Liu Qingti, the wife of Prime Minister Fu, who committed blasphemy and was imprisoned. In hell, his son Fu Luobu was eager to save his mother, and traveled through the ten halls of hell, and finally reunited mother and son. In the old days, during the leap month of the lunar calendar, people in Huizhou often performed this play to ward off evil spirits and avoid disasters. Raising the pavilion is a folk entertainment popular in Xiuning and Tunxi, also known as "raising the horn". The lifting pavilion is divided into three floors: upper, middle and lower. Handsome children are dressed up as drama stories and placed on the three-story lifting pavilion. The chassis is carried by four to eight sturdy men. Colored lanterns such as dragons, phoenixes, cranes, auspicious clouds, and water flowers are tied with paper around the pavilion. During the parade, candles are lit in the lanterns, reflecting the children in brightly colored clothes. From a distance, they look like gods descending to earth.
Stacking Arhat: a folk entertainment popular in Ye Village, She County. During the performance, the actors wore red pants, were shirtless, and had facial makeup painted on their faces. The actors are all male, and their performances are simple and rough. Before the performance, an altar ceremony is held, in which paper is burned and incense is burned, and the hall is swept by Arhats. Then all the actors perform on the stage or in the square one after another. The actors did not speak or sing, but performed to the simple rhythm of the drum beating, the children worshiping Guanyin, the diagonal flag, the Immortal Bridge, the stone monkey coming out of the mountain, the six-column archway, the Liangxin Water Pavilion, the Water Curtain Cave, the bangs playing with the golden toad, etc. modeling.
Zhangu: A folk dance popular in the Wucheng, Yucun and Tunxi Liyang areas of Xiuning, also known as "Desheng Drum". Legend has it that the drums were played to commemorate the victory of the Tang Dynasty generals Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan against the Anlu Chongshan rebels. This dance is performed by dozens of people. The drummer is dressed as a warrior, wearing a tight-fitting short and wearing a red cross. He carries a war drum (flat round leather drum) on his neck, holds a short and thick drumstick in his right hand, and holds a bell in his left hand. The marching steps made a crisp sound. There is a pair of red lanterns in front of the queue. One person is holding a banner with the words "Victory Drum" written on it, followed by a team of centipede flags and streamers.
Dance Zhongkui: a folk dance, also known as "Xi Zhongkui", popular in Yansi Town, Huizhou District and Zhujia Village, She County. It is said that this custom existed during the Wanli period. Every year during the Dragon Boat Festival, these areas perform the "Zhongkui Play", which involves playing with puppets on their shoulders. Later, it evolved to people playing the role of Zhongkui, parading around the village. This activity is held every Dragon Boat Festival in Wetian Village, Zhengcun Town, She County, and it is really lively.