The reason is an important reason. The phenomenon is as follows:
1. Do not use the original meaning and borrowing meaning of interchangeable words. In the written language of ancient Chinese, it often happens that some words are used instead of being used.
Another word substitution leads to different readers. For example, the original meaning of the word "letter" means "honesty", "trust", "certainty" and "arbitrariness"
, "messenger" and other meanings, read xing n.
Example △ Believe and see doubt, be loyal and be slandered, can you not complain? (Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng)
△ Letters that can be interrupted by themselves are relatively slow. ("Yutai's new poem is Jiao Zhongqing's wife")
But sometimes it also means "stretching" and "stretching", which is synonymous with "stretching" and pronounced sh ē n.
The wolf readily followed, Mr. Shinjin. (Ma's Biography of Zhongshan Wolf)
Delta so don't dispute the turn of the world, don't give the right of the world, believe in your own private, added to the enemy, so its city can be pulled out, its country can be Wei Qiao ("grandson nine nights".
》)
Another example is the word "return", the original meaning of which is "return", "return", "marry a woman" and "attachment".
Example △ Hold the news and get chǒu@①. ("The Book of Songs Xiaoya Get Off")
△ dedicated to this. In the next five years, my wife returned to the porch and asked Yu about ancient things or learned a few books. (Gui Youguang's Selected Records of Ji Xiang)
△ Jiang Biao's heroic spirit is attached to it. It is reported that there are more soldiers and more food in six counties, which is enough to accomplish things. ("Purple Tongzhi Sword Battle of Red Cliffs")
But under the guise of "hello", which means giving, read kuì.
Yang Huo wanted to see Confucius, but Confucius didn't. This dolphin belongs to Confucius. ("The Analects of Confucius Yang Huo")
2. Ancient and modern characters have different pronunciations due to different division of labor. In ancient times, especially in the pre-Qin period, the number of Chinese characters was less than that of later generations.
Too many, one word often means several different meanings, which leads to the phenomenon that some words are "part-time". For example, the word "say" doubles as "solution"
Say, say, say, persuade, and be happy. When it expresses the meaning of "explanation", "lecture" and "speech",
Read a book.
Please say it. I learned from the north that I would attack the Song Dynasty. ("Mozi Gong Decline") When expressing the meaning of "persuasion", read shuì √.
Example △ The son suffered from it, so he invited Wang Wei, and the guest debater said that Wang Wanduan. ("Historical Records Biography of Wei Gongzi")
When expressing the meaning of "happiness", it is called "yue" and pronounced as yué.
Example △ Learn from time to time, don't you? (Learning the Analects of Confucius)
In order to avoid too many part-time jobs, the word "Yue" was later coined and shared the meaning of "joy".
Another example is the word "responsibility", which is originally the word "debt". Read zhà i.
For example, the public said that the company should be lenient, eliminate customs, eliminate prohibitions, collect thinly and take responsibility. (Twenty Years of Zuo Gong)
△ Who will learn to plan, can you blame Xue Duiwen? ("Warring States Policy, Feng Xuan Guest Meng Changjun")
Read zè when it means "demand", "demand", "condemnation" and "punishment".
Example △ Xu Li is a fool, assuming that this subject will be closed, each responsibility will be spent on several products. (Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio)
△ Suppressing the smell, the gift of the ancients to regain the crown, the way to teach people, is also the intention of the saints. (Liu Zongyuan answers Wei Zhongli's book "On Teacher's Way")
△ Is Liang Kexin Yan 'an there? I ask you to come back and take your responsibility! ("Warring States Policy, Lv Zhonglian Ibdiqin")
Later, the meaning of this article was distinguished because of the word "debt".
Another example is the word "Jia", which means "business", "businessman", "price" and Jia's surname. When expressing the meaning of "buying and selling" and "businessman"
Read the incarnation of g.
Business, agriculture and industry are invincible. ("Twelve Years of Zuo Zhuan Gong Xuan")
△ Decline in old age, committed to being a good woman. (Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip)
Meaning "price", read jià.
Example △Si has beautiful jade, you hide it @ ②? Look for the good ones and sell them? ("The Analects of Confucius Zi Han")
Say last name, read Ji m:.
Later, because of the word "price" (jià@③), the meaning of "price" was shared by everyone.
3. Many names of people, places and things retain the ancient sound, which is different from today's sound. Such as "Shi" and "Qi", when used for names, "Shi"
"easy to read", its "read j: and.
For example, Darxin led troops to the east, instead of crossing the plain. It was said that Hanwang once said that the State of Qi was under control, and Han Xin wanted to stop it. ("Historical Records Biography of Huaiyin Hou")
When "she" is used for the name of an ancient clock, read y √.
For example, those △ Diu @ ④, Zhou's No Beat, ǐ n @ ⑤ Kan Tang @⑤and Wei Zhuangzi's Song Bell. (Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan Ji)
When used as a grass name, read yè.
There is a kind of wood in the west called Belamcanda. Its stem is four inches long, born in the mountains, near the abyss. ("Xunzi, Encourage Learning")
When "Fang" was used as the name of an ancient palace, it was pronounced as páng.
Example △ Six kings finish, the four seas are one, Shushan is upright, and Afang is out. (Du Mu's Epang Palace Fu)
Some country names, first names and surnames from foreign languages have special pronunciations. For example, "Dawan" is the name of the ancient western regions, "Wan"
Pronunciation is Yu ā n.
Example △ Dawan heard about the wealth of the Han Dynasty, but he couldn't get through. He was glad to see the money and asked him what he wanted. (The Biography of Hanshu Zhang Qian)
"Khan" is the title of ancient Xianbei, Turkic, Uighur and other minority monarchs. Read kèHN.
Example △ Khan asked him what he wanted, and Mulan didn't need Shang Shulang; I am willing to send my son back to his hometown. (Mulan Poetry, a Collection of Yuefu Poems)
"History", the history of Da Yue and abortion in the Western Regions in Han Dynasty. "Yes" is pronounced zh: and.
Example △ (Zhang) The money was recruited by Lang, which made the fathers of Yue family and Tang Yi Hu Nu go out of Longxi. (Biography of Historical Records in Dawan)
For another example, Attila was called "E Shi" in the Han Dynasty, and "stone" was pronounced zh: and.
Example △ Hewei Law Firm blamed the mother for surrendering, cheating and robbery and returned it to Korea. (Biography of Li Hanguang)
Another important reason why some words in ancient Chinese don't read normally is "broken reading". The so-called "broken reading" (also known as "broken reading") is
Change the pronunciation of a word to express different meanings or different parts of speech. This is actually the result of the extension and development of word meaning. One of the languages
When a word has a new meaning or a new grammatical function, in order to make it different in pronunciation and make it clearer, put this
One word is pronounced in another way to show the difference. This phenomenon can be summarized into the following two categories:
1. The different meanings of some words are distinguished by different pronunciations. For example, the word "Yin" means "numerous", "rich" and "
Profound "and so on, read y and n.
Example △ Liu Zhang @ ⑩ Weak, Zhang Lu is in the north, and the rich people don't know how to keep their shirts. (Chen Shou's "Longzhong Pair")
△ The book is very affectionate, that is, the elders do not forget the father's love and know the depth of the father's love. (Zong Chen's "Liu Yi Zhang Shu")
When it means "vibration", it is pronounced as yì n.
Example △ bear, dragon, mountains and rivers are stormy, and Li @ ⑦ is at the top of the forest. (Li Bai's "Climbing Mount Tianmu in Dreams")
When it means "dark red", read y ā n.
From the beginning, the arrow penetrated the hand and elbow, and the rest turned to the royal family. Athena Chu, the revolver, dared to speak ill of it! ("Zuo Zhuan Cheng Gong Two Years")
Another example is the word "evil", which means "sin", "evil" and "bad guy".
It's a pity that Lu Shimeng, the former, was evil and fawned on the latter, but he was not allowed to return it, and the state affairs were out of control. (Wen Tianxiang's "South Guide"
Preface)
△ Lost without rain, people are worried about wolves. When you are old, you can't get in. Please sell the viscount. Now that you have heard it, what if you are in danger of the world and you are not surprised? (Jia Yi
About accumulation and storage)
△ hey! There is no responsibility for a bad official to endure imprisonment. (Miscellaneous Notes in Fang Bao's Prison)
When expressing the meaning of "hate" and "hate", read W u.
Example △ Love leisure and hate work is also the love of a lady. (Huang Zongxi, "Yuan Jun")
△ Death is also what I hate, more terrible than the dead, so I can't avoid it. ("Mencius Gaozi Shang")
When it means "how", "how" and so on, read W u.
Example △ Small is easy to be big, and all other evils are known? ("Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang")
2. Different parts of speech of some words are also distinguished by different pronunciations. There are several situations here: one is when a noun becomes a verb.
The resulting pronunciation is different. For example:
When the word "king" acts as a noun, it means "emperor" and "vassal king".
Example △ The law of Shanghai illegal king? ("Lv Chunqiu Cha Jin")
When it is used as a verb, it means "realizing Wang Ye" and "prospering", and it is pronounced as wàng.
Example △ False benevolence and false righteousness bully the weak and fear the hard, and there will be a big country; He who is benevolent is king, but the king is not big. ("Mencius Gongsun Chou")
△ Don't be the livestock in the fans-God is king, but he is not good. ("Zhuangzi Health Master")
For example, the word "degree", as a noun, means "standard of quantity", "limit", "legal system", "tolerance" and "pass".
When you are serious, read Du.
I kept my promise, but I said, "I forgot my perseverance." Instead, it is. ("Everything is wrong, and the foreign reserves say left")
△ The degree of death at birth, material resources are bent. (Jia Yi's "On Accumulation")
△ Get off the bus, rule majestically, improve statutes, know the names of treacherous court officials, and collect poultry later. This is called politics. ("It's Zhang Hengchuan.
》)
Read duó when you are a verb, meaning "measure" or "guess and consider".
Try to make Lu and Chen She bigger and bigger, so that they will not be in the same year. (Jia Yi's Qin Lun)
△ Shi Yun: "Others have a heart, think about it." -the master is also called. ("Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang")
Second, adjectives have different pronunciations when they become verbs and nouns. For example:
When the word "good" is used as an adjective, meaning "beautiful" and "friendly", read H m 40.
Example △ Not as good as uncle, but beautiful and good. ("The Book of Songs Zheng Feng Shu Tian Yu")
△ If you are ready to live in harmony with each other, you should be calm and make a good alliance. ("Purple Tongzhi Sword Battle of Red Cliffs")
When acting as a verb to mean "like", read Hao.
Example △ Wang is very happy, so the uniformity is almost average? ("Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang")
Another example is the word "smelly". When it is used as an adjective to express the antonym of "Xiang", it is pronounced as C H U.
Example △ once fumigated @ ⑧, it still stinks after ten years. ("Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong Four Years")
When you use it as a noun to mean "smell", read Xi.
The so-called sincere people don't deceive themselves, such as bad smell, such as lewdness. (Book of Rites University)
Third, the pronunciation difference caused by the active words becoming passive verbs. For example, the word "see" is a subject verb, meaning "see" and "call".
When you are serious, read Jian.
Example △ Not seeing for a day, such as Sanqiu Xi. ("The Book of Songs, Feng Wang Picking Songs")
When expressing passivity, introducing meaning, or expressing meaning, read xi à n.
At first, Qibao saw Zonglu riding a horse in Meng Gong. (Twenty Years of Zuo Gong)
△ Suddenly, Pang Juan was afraid of being smart, so he cut off his own feet with legal punishment to make himself invisible. (Historical Records, The Art of War, Biography of Wuqi)
)
Generally speaking, there are four types of different pronunciations of ancient Chinese words.
One is that the vowels are the same, but the initials are different. For example, when the word "ride" means "drive", "sit" and "advantage", please read chéng.
Example △ The second son took a boat and the scenery was in the flood season. ("The Book of Songs, Peak, Two Sons Rowing")
When it stands for "vehicle" and acts as an agent for "four", please read shèng.
Example △ So I took the car as Chang 'an, and the quality was the same. ("Warring States Policy, Touching the Dragon and Showing the Queen Zhao")
△ Zheng Shang's string is high to the city of Zhou, welcoming it and taking Wei Xianniu's 12 th Division. ("Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong 32 Years")
Another example is the word "loss". When it means "reduction" and "destruction", read ku and.
For example △ no loss, no collapse, no shaking, no soaring. (The Book of Songs Truffle Bi @ ⑨ Palace ")
△ Fang Heze hangs out among them, but still does not lose its true color. (Qu Yuan's Li Sao)
When expressing the meaning of "different", it is the same as "paradox" and pronounced guǐ.
Example △ At that time, the former king's method was used to lose money. It is said that the former king's method was also the law. ("Lv Chunqiu Cha Jin")
The second category is that the initials are the same and the finals are different. For example, when the word "read" means "read aloud", read dú.
For example, I am still talking about the ancients, praising their poems and reading their books. I wonder if they can. ("Mencius Zhang Wan")
When it means "sentence reading" (that is, less than one sentence, there must be a pause when reading), read dü u.
For example, the teacher of the boy who teaches and learns the sentences of books is not the person I said to tell his story and solve his confusion. (Han Yu, Shi Shuo)
Another example is "pan", which means "floating" and "pan". Read fà n.
I felt awkward and was overwhelmed by Du Jun's words, and they were all the same, so I wrote a book. (Miscellaneous Notes in Fang Bao's Prison)
When it means "finished, finished", read fěng.
Example △ The great life will be wide, and Mo Zhizhen will save it. (Jia Yi's "On Accumulation")
The third category is different tones. For example, the word "Chuang" is pronounced as "Chuang" when it means "originality" and "initiative".
Example △ Before the first emperor started his business, the middle road collapsed. ("Zhuge Liang's Model")
When expressing the meaning of "trauma", read chuāng.
Example △ My husband has achieved more than ten merits and has a panacea, so he is not dead. (Biography of Historical Records Wei Wuqi Anhou)
The fourth category is that sounds and vowels are different. For example, when the word "ba" means "stop" or "recall", please read bà.
Example △ The master followed the principle of seduction, broke me out with articles, and asked me politely. I couldn't stop, which not only exhausted my talent. (The Analects of Confucius Zi Han).
△ Please ask us again, we have no physiology, and the people in charge will go away. (Miscellaneous Notes in Fang Bao's Prison)
When it means "sleepy", pass "tired" and send pí.
Example △ Shu Ren stops, and the palace is extravagant. ("Zuo Zhuan Zhao Zhuan Gong for three years")
Another example is the word "female". When expressing the meaning of women, read nǐ.
I can't hear my parents calling for a female voice, but I can hear Yanshan Hu riding a horse. (Mulan Poetry, a Collection of Yuefu Poems)
Read women when expressing the meaning of "marrying women"
Example △ Yao is Shun, making his son nine men and two women. ) "Mencius Zhang Wan")
When used as a personal pronoun, "Ru" is used and pronounced as rǔ.
I am willing to care about a three-year-old woman. ("The Book of Songs, Feng Wei, Vatan")
Some common words with different pronunciations are widely used because of their long history, some of which have entered the written or spoken language of modern Chinese.
Mass base; At the same time, its pronunciation is also indicated in the notes of many reference books and ancient books, so it should be read according to traditional habits. Those more people
If it's an unusual word that hasn't been preserved in modern Chinese, or if it's changed into a word with general pronunciation by the people, it's according to the current habit.
Read it. We don't have to spend energy to study its old pronunciation today, so as not to bring unnecessary trouble to learners. For example, the "fee" in Feixian County, Shandong Province,
The previous pronunciation was bi, but now it is changed to fè i; The leaves of "Ye Gong Long Hao" were originally pronounced as shè, but now they are generally pronounced as yè. Another example is "exposed" violence and tradition.
The pronunciation of ""should have been pù, but it has been established now. If you pronounce it "Ao", you don't have to insist on it.