What is the writing background of Treatise on Febrile Diseases? (short answer)

Treatise on Febrile Diseases has high scientific value, but it also has some shortcomings. Because any science develops with the development of society and is closely related to the background of the times at that time. Treatise on Febrile Diseases was produced more than 700 years ago at/kloc-0. Due to the limitation of social conditions and the influence of the background of the times, it is impossible to be perfect. Only by affirming the practical value of Treatise on Febrile Diseases can we learn and use it better. Only by acknowledging the shortcomings of Treatise on Febrile Diseases can we understand it more comprehensively and then sort it out and improve it. ? This book was written by Zhang Ji (word Zhongjing), a Han nationality, from A.D.196 to 204. Zhang Zhongjing, a native of Nieyang, Nanjun, was born around 150 ~ 2 19. His deeds were not handed down in the Han Dynasty. According to the records of famous doctors in the Tang Dynasty, "Nanyang people take the machine name and Zhongjing as the word. Ju Xiaolian, the official to Changsha Taishou, began in Zhangbozu, the same county. When people used his words, the words were subtle. The theory is refined and abstruse, and its method is simple and detailed, which is beyond the reach of superficial knowledge. " ? At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, years of war and displacement led to an epidemic of diseases and many deaths. Zhang Zhongjing's family is a big family in Nanyang, with more than 200 people. Under the harm of the epidemic, two-thirds of the population died in less than ten years, of which seven-tenths died of typhoid fever. In the preface, Zhang Zhongjing lamented that "feeling the loss of the past is irreparable", which inspired his willingness to write a book. In order to write a book and benefit the world, he assiduously sought the ancient method, borrowed from many sources, widely absorbed the medical achievements before the Han Dynasty, combined with his own experience, and made innovations on the basis of predecessors. After hard work and repeated verification, I finally wrote sixteen volumes of Treatise on Febrile Diseases. ? According to Zhongjing's preface, he wrote nine volumes of Su Wen and eighty-one difficult books ... It can be seen that Treatise on Febrile Diseases has a certain relationship with Neijing and Difficult Classics. For example, Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Six Classics, Yin and Yang, Wei Ying and Qi and Blood are all quoted from Neijing and Difficult Classics. Because Neijing itself (because Neijing is the main purpose of expounding Neijing, the tracing should start from Neijing) is basically simple materialism, but it is also mixed with some idealistic factors. Some of these idealistic parts are influenced by Taoist theory (but Taoist theory is not all idealistic), and some Neijing itself has not completely got rid of the shortcomings of academic circles at that time-the limitations of intuition and speculation. For some complex phenomena that could not be explained at that time, it is inevitable that there will be subjective far-fetched explanations. On the one hand, Treatise on Febrile Diseases inherits the traditional theory of Neijing, on the other hand, it is based on the clinical experience of the author Zhang Zhongjing. Therefore, many viewpoints in the book, some follow the Neijing, while others are different from the Neijing. For example, the original meanings of Zhongjing's basic terms such as "Yin and Yang" and "Six Classics" are somewhat different from those in Neijing. For example, the saying that typhoid fever spread once a day and spread all the time in six days was recorded by Zhongjing in Neijing, but it was not practical after his clinical practice. On this issue, Zhongjing neither subverts nor sticks to it. Therefore, there are some sayings in the discussion, such as "typhoid fever for one day, the sun suffers from it", "typhoid fever for three days, the sun gets sick for eight or nine days", "typhoid fever can't be solved for seven or eight days" and so on. The former is limited by days, and the latter is not limited by days. It seems contradictory, but it is not. If we don't cut off history and look at things, this doubt can be dispelled. ? As we know, there are two schools of doctors in Han dynasty: medical classics and classical prescriptions. The medical classics school is relatively ancient and pays attention to theory; Classic prescriptions are close to innovation and pay attention to clinical practice. Zhang Zhongjing is a representative of the classical school. Although he is one step ahead of the medical experts, he can't fully explain all the complicated problems with one person's knowledge. Therefore, in Treatise on Febrile Diseases, most of them are clinical, but some of them are close to speculation, such as "when the six meridians are to be solved" and "the number of yang is six and the number of yin is seven". In addition, acupuncture theory was also mixed with Treatise on Febrile Diseases. In the Han Dynasty, there was no obvious separation between decoction and acupuncture. Zhongjing mainly summarizes decoction therapy, but also involves acupuncture technology. Regarding acupuncture, some of them are his own practical experience, and some are just quoting the theory of acupuncturists, and dare not draw conclusions easily, such as "Yangming Foot Acupuncture", "Shaoyin Moxibustion" and "Jueyin Moxibustion". ? The development of medicine (especially traditional Chinese medicine) is closely related to literature, and Treatise on Febrile Diseases is no exception. Prose in Han dynasty is the continuation of historical prose and philosophical prose in pre-Qin dynasty, and its writing is concise and clear. Therefore, Treatise on Febrile Diseases inherits the tradition of the previous generation in sentence structure, and follows the previous generation's brushwork of "keeping the text", "guest brief", "inserting narrative" and "flashback". After Jian 'an, the trend of parallel couples became more and more popular, and some scholars paid attention to rhetoric in their writing. Treatise on Febrile Diseases is an academic work, which is different from literary prose, but its words and expressions are also influenced by the trend of parallel couples. For example, the antithetical sentences such as "Yang floating, weak yin sweating", "Yang exuberance, yin deficiency is unfavorable for urination, both yin and yang are exhausted, and the body is stuffy" are all deformations of parallel prose. Therefore, some people think that these provisions are not like Zhongjing's words, and there is a certain basis for suspecting that they are not Zhongjing's original text. But we can look at it this way: when Zhongjing wrote this book, the trend of parallel couples had begun to sprout, and individual words and expressions seemed likely to be influenced by it. As long as you have such an understanding in your mind, you can understand several formal provisions in Treatise on Febrile Diseases, and you only need to understand its general idea, so as not to haggle over words. ? Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the society has been in a turbulent situation, with warlord regimes and frequent wars. Zhong Jing wrote a book in this era, not only without the support of the feudal government at that time, but because he was a person with a certain status in society at that time (whether he had been a magistrate in Changsha or not, he was certainly a knowledgeable intellectual), it seemed impossible for him to devote himself to medical research in that war-torn era. Therefore, it is not true to regard every article in Treatise on Febrile Diseases as the actual experience of Zhongjing, and every party in 1 13 as the creation of Zhongjing in practice. When Zhong Jing wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases, he started from three aspects: first, he summarized the ancient medical theory-"diligently seeking ancient education"; The first is to summarize the experience of doctors at that time-"multi-prescription"; The first is to sum up your own experience. Therefore, Treatise on Febrile Diseases contains some practical experience of Zhongjing (this is the main and basic), some ancient medical theories and some experiences of physicians at that time. Zhongjing is a native of Nanyang County, and the official is the prefect of Changsha (? )。 At that time, these two places were towns with relatively concentrated population and prosperous culture and commerce, which were favorable conditions for Zhongjing to write books. But at that time, the traffic was far less convenient than today, there were fewer kinds of diseases and there were not as many drug discoveries as now. Zhong Jing can only write Treatise on Febrile Diseases on the basis of the conditions and available knowledge at that time, and established the rule of "syndrome differentiation and treatment", which is indeed a great scientific achievement. This is also the place where Zhongjing is respected by later generations. However, the society is constantly developing, and it is wrong for us to deny the great achievements of Treatise on Febrile Diseases from the perspective of the twentieth century. If we think Treatise on Febrile Diseases is perfect and everything is true, it is also inconsistent with the law of historical development. In addition, such as the lack of cultural tools (there was no printing before the Tang and Jin dynasties, all because of copying) and the conservatism of medical thoughts (the secret books refused to be made public), so that there are many differences in each treatise on febrile diseases, which left some difficulties for future generations to learn. ?