Comprehensive geography works have had a far-reaching impact on China's long-term historical development. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many scholars have studied from various schools.
In this paper, it has been studied in depth and carefully, and a wide range of "Sydney" has been formed.
Li Daoyuan, Zi Ziliang, was born in Xiaoting, Zhuozhou, Northern Wei Dynasty (now south of Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province). There are different opinions about his date of birth, and it is still difficult to determine.
Historical records only record that he was killed in Yinpan Post Office (now East Lintong County, Shaanxi Province) in the third year of Xiaochang (527). He comes from an official family.
Home, when I was a teenager, I lived in Shandong with my father. I like traveling, love the beautiful rivers and mountains of the motherland, and cultivate the interest of "visiting blasphemies to find canals"
Fun. In adulthood, he inherited his father's title and was named Yongningbo. He successively served as the assistant to Shu, and the chief minister of Jizhou Town East House.
Yingchuan Taishou, Luyang Taishou, East Jingzhou Secretariat, Henan Yin, Huangmen Assistant, Assistant and Photographer, Shangshu, and Imperial Assistant.
Grade. Taking advantage of his position, he traveled to the vast areas of the Huanghuai River Basin in the north, covering Hebei, Henan, Shanxi,
Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui and other provinces. Wherever you go, pay attention to the situation of waterways, trace the source and swim.
Visiting places of interest in the field trip, collecting a wide range of information, making up for the lack of literature, thus completing an unparalleled.
Geographical masterpiece "Notes on Water Classics". Li Daoyuan was eager to learn since he was a child, and all he read were wonderful books. In addition to the water classics, he also wrote local chronicles.
Volume 13 and seven entries were lost, but only the notes about the water mirror survived.
China's ancient monograph on rivers is called Water Mirror, and its authors have always had different opinions. Second, it was written by Kim and Guo Pu, while the other was written by Kim and Guo Pu.
It is said that there were articles in Qin Sang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Qin Sang's Notes on Water Classics was written by Guo Pu. Chen Qiaoyi, a contemporary philosopher, believes that even if it was written by Han Sangqin,
There is also the Notes on Shui Jing, which was indeed noted in Jin Guo Pu, but the Notes on Shui Jing and Shui Jing have been lost. today，
Li Ben Daoyuan's Annotation of Water Classics is another one, and the author is anonymous. There are different opinions about its completion date.
All of them are considered to be works in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dai Zhen thinks that they are works in the Three Kingdoms period, and now Zhong Fengnian thinks that they are works in the Xinmang period.
It is still difficult to confirm, but generally speaking, the works of the Han and Wei Dynasties are not a problem.
The water mirror annotation is named after the water mirror annotation.
Why did Li Daoyuan annotate the water mirror? He wrote in his preface: First of all, ancient geography books,
Shan Hai Jing is too wild and miscellaneous, and Yu Gong and Li Zhouzhifang only have an outline, and the records in Hanshu Geography also
I don't know, but some of them are limited to genres. Although the book Water Mirror is dedicated to rivers and has a systematic program,
However, the geographical situation outside the waterway is not recorded. He saw and heard a lot when he visited great rivers and mountains, in order to make these rich
Geographical knowledge was passed on to later generations, so he chose water mirror as the key link to describe the geographical situation of the country. As Wang Xianqian said.
It is said that Li Daoyuan's annotation on Water Classics aims to "prove the land with water, that is, to preserve its rights" ("Wang Xianqian United School")
Preface). Secondly, he realized that geographical phenomena were constantly changing, and the situation in ancient times was very slim, and then tribes migrated.
The rise and fall of cities, the changes of rivers and the alternation of names are all very complicated, so he decided to take the waterway as the key link and can enter.
And describe the changing geographical situation. More importantly, he is in an era of political division, and he yearns for the motherland.
Unification focuses on Gong Yu's description of the vast motherland that once appeared in history, and he uses it to indicate that it belongs to the whole country.
Natural factors with water system as the key link can break the restriction of artificial political boundaries at that time, thus fully embodying
He is determined to realize the reunification of the motherland. This shows that Li Daoyuan is a patriot, and his Notes on Water Classics is
A patriotic book.
Notes on Water Mirror is based on the waterways recorded in Water Mirror, and Notes on Six Classics of Tang Dynasty says that water mirrors have waterways 137.
Article, and the water classic note supplements the development of tributaries to 1252. Today, Zhao Yongfu describes water bodies as lakes, lakes,
Vicious, ze, spring, canal, pond, old blasphemy, etc. Forget it, the actual record is 2596, which is twice as much as the six codes of the Tang Dynasty.
Notes total 300,000 words. The geographical scope involved, besides basically taking the territory of the Western Han Dynasty as the writing object,
It also involved many foreign regions at that time, including India, Indochina Peninsula and parts of the Korean Peninsula, covering a real region.
This is unprecedented.
The time range of the record is from the pre-Qin period to the contemporary Southern and Northern Dynasties, which lasted about 2000 years. The geographical information it contains
The content is very extensive, including physical geography, human geography, mountains and rivers, historical evolution, customs and habits, character stories,
Myths and stories, etc. It is really an encyclopedia of geography in China in the 6th century. What is commendable is that
Rich and diverse content is not a simple list of phenomena, but a systematic and comprehensive account. Professor Hou Renzhi.
It can be best summed up as: "He endowed the geographical description with the depth of time and many historical events with concrete space.
Realism. "("Selected Prefaces of Notes on Water Classics ")
Notes on Water Mirror is a masterpiece of ancient geography in China, covering all aspects of natural geography and human geography.
In terms of physical geography, there are more than 1000 rivers, from the source of the river to the ocean, including the main stream and tributaries.
Valley width, river bed depth, water quantity and water level, sediment concentration, ice age and undercurrent, waterfalls,
Rapids, beaches, lakes and so on are widely collected and recorded in detail. More than 500 lakes and swamps, springs and wells were recorded.
There are nearly 300 underground waters, more than 30 undercurrents and more than 60 waterfalls. All kinds of landforms are recorded, and there are mountains, mountains, peaks and mountains in the highlands.
Sakamoto, Gangshan, Gu, Obstacle, Peak, Los Angeles, Yuan, etc. The lowlands include Sichuan, Wild, Woye, Pingchuan, Plain, Yuan and so on.
There are nearly 2,000 place names in mountains and mounds alone, and there are more than 70 caves recorded in karst landforms and phytogeography.
There are more than 140 species of plants and more than 100 species of animals recorded in Animal Geography. Various natural disasters include
Flood, drought, storm, locust, earthquake, etc. More than 30 floods and nearly 20 earthquakes were recorded.
In terms of human geography, the records of some administrative divisions can often supplement the shortcomings of official geographical records. Remember this county?
There are 2,800 first-class cities and other cities, with 0/80 ancient capitals/kloc. In addition, settlements smaller than cities include towns, townships, pavilions,
Li, ju, village, city, garrison, dock, fort, etc. 10, about 1000. These cities include some foreign cities,
For example, in today's India, Polonaise City, Barenfuy City, King Snake New City, Champo National City, etc. The military stronghold of Linyi Prefecture is Sioux City.
And Guodian Chengchong have detailed records. Traffic geography includes water transport and land transport, of which only bridges have 100.
There are about 30 seats, and Jindu is also close 100. There are a large number of farmland water conservancy data in economic geography, which record the names of farmland water conservancy projects.
There are lakes, dikes, ponds, weirs, dikes, ditches, ditches, ditches, sluices and rocks. There are also a lot of wasteland reclamation and cultivation.
System and other information. Handicraft production includes mining, metallurgy, machinery, textiles, coins, food and so on. commemorate
Minerals include gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, mercury and other metal minerals. Non-metallic minerals include realgar, sulfur, salt, graphite,
Mica, timely, jade, stone, etc. Energy minerals include coal, oil and natural gas. In addition, there are soldiers who want geography and people who want people.
Oral geography, ethnic geography and other information.
In addition to rich geographical content, there are many subject matter materials. For example, there are about 2 place names recorded in the book.
Ten thousand places, including more than 2,400 explained place names. There are more than 30 ancient pagodas and 20 palaces at home and abroad.
There are more than 260 tombs, 26 monasteries and many gardens. It can be seen that this book is of great significance to history, archaeology, toponymy and water conservancy.
History, ethnology, religion, art and other aspects have certain reference value. These contents are not only in quantity
Awesome, and more importantly, it is vividly described by the author with literary and artistic techniques, so it is still ancient in China.
Classical literary masterpieces occupy a certain position in the history of literature. It "writes water from a dynamic point of view" and "writes mountains from a quiet point of view"
Zhou is a collection of landscape essays, myths and legends, and a guide map of places of interest in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Interview local customs. "Zhu is also outstanding in the use of language. As far as waterfalls are concerned,
The words it uses are: long, flood, suspended current, suspended water, suspended waves, suspended springs, suspended streams, suspended waves, ebbing waves, flying clear and so on.
Really changed. Therefore, we say that Zhu is not only a scientific masterpiece, but also a literary and artistic treasure.
The value of such rich content is self-evident. As far as historical geography is concerned, there are inexhaustible things here.
Professor Hou Renzhi used it to repair ancient water conservancy projects in the suburbs of Beijing, and studied the historical changes of the Mu Us Desert.
Move it. We can use it to study ancient waterway changes, lake annihilation, groundwater development, coastal changes and urban planning.
Planning, historical climate change and many other topics.
Zhu Dui's profound influence is inseparable from Li Daoyuan's serious attitude towards scholarship. In order to write this
In terms of books, he collected a large number of documents, cited as many as 437 kinds of books, compiled as many as 350 kinds of Han and Wei inscriptions, and also
Many folk songs, proverbs and dialects, legends and stories have been collected and recorded. , and made a careful analysis and research on all kinds of information obtained.
Personally on-the-spot investigation, visit historical sites, trace the source, and adopt a scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts. This book is actually our country.
Many precious materials in the Ancient Geography Summary before the Northern Wei Dynasty have long been lost, and many people can compile or revise them.
Some ancient books.
Of course, limited by the times and conditions at that time, such a great masterpiece inevitably has many mistakes. Du in Tang dynasty
You clearly pointed out his "misunderstanding" about the source of the Yellow River in Tongdian. Besides, because he can't go to remote areas.
There are also many mistakes in conducting field investigations in the region and the south. Quotations in some places are not credible and so on. , but
None of this will damage the value of the book.
The original "Water Mirror Zhu" has 40 volumes, and the early Song Dynasty lost 5 volumes. Later generations revised the remaining 35 volumes to 40 volumes. because
Repeated copying is very serious, and some chapters are even difficult to read. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many scholars studied this.
Zhu has done a lot of work, and some have corrected more than 500 errors and basically restored the original appearance.
Some have done a lot of compilation work, and more have done collation and annotation work. Yang Shoujing, a famous scholar in the late Qing Dynasty, and his disciple Xiong.
Hui Zhen wrote "Notes on Water Mirror" and "Notes on Water Mirror" all his life, comparing ancient and modern times, and Zhu Mo overprinted them.
Recently, Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House published Notes on Shui Jing, which was proofread by Duan Xizhong and reprinted by Chen Qiaoyi for future research.
It is convenient to use Zhu.