First, the basic knowledge
1. Ancient ballads: Ancient folk songs and ballads are a kind of folk literature. In ancient China, music was regarded as songs and songs as ballads. Ancient ballads are an important tool for ancestors to express their thoughts, feelings and promote production. They came into being in primitive times with extremely low productivity, and they are the earliest literary styles. According to the theme, it can be divided into labor ballads, sacrifice ballads, totem ballads, marriage ballads, war ballads and so on. They are collective, comprehensive and direct in reproducing life, with concise words and smooth rhythm, and Fu is their main expression method.
2. Zhouyi: a divination book in the pre-Qin period. Its text is divided into two parts: classic and biography. Among them, the hexagram is the Book of Changes, which was written in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. They recorded some situations of ancient society and preserved some ancient ballads with simple colors. The Book of Changes is a classic work, most of which was written in the Warring States period, reflecting the philosophical thought at that time.
3. Myth: Myth is an image description and explanation of natural phenomena and social life made by ancient ancestors in an unconscious artistic way through fantasy, and expresses their strong desire to conquer nature and the spirit of optimism and heroism with illusory imagination. It is an unconscious and positive romantic artistic creation of early human beings. It is an important style of primitive literature and an important soil and arsenal for later literature and art.
4. Classic of Mountains and Seas: an ancient geographical work related to witchcraft, with unknown author. It was written in the Warring States and supplemented in the Qin and Han Dynasties. *** 18, which mainly records the legendary geographical knowledge, and also covers folk customs, products, medicine, witchcraft, sacrifices, etc. In particular, a large number of ancient myths and legends have been preserved, such as Jingwei's reclamation, Kuafu being killed by the Yellow Emperor every day, and Kunyu's water control. It is an ancient book with the most myths in the pre-Qin period in China, and it has important literary value.
Second, the main writers and works
1, intensive reading works
Playing songs, Yi Yi Wax Ci, Shen Beihang, Hourenge, Zhouyi. Guimei's last six poems, Goddess fills the sky, Jingwei fills the sea, and Yu controls the water.
Step 2 read the work
Zhouyi Fan, Zhouyi Zhongfu 62, Zhouyi Tun 62, Oracle Bone Inscriptions 375, Houyi shot at the sun, praised his father day by day, Huangdi killed Chiyou, Xingtian broke his head, * * *
Third, thinking and practice.
1. On the classification and content of ancient China ballads.
Reference answer: The existing ancient ballads in China can be roughly divided into the following five categories in terms of subject matter and content: 1. Labor ballads are the earliest ancient poems, and their reappearance of labor behavior and summary of production experience were consciously created by ancestors with obvious utilitarian purposes, among which "singing songs" is the most typical. Secondly, the sacrificial ballads show ancient ancestors' fantasy of praying for God's blessing or ordering nature to obey themselves, and they have a strong primitive religious consciousness, among which 375 Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Yi Yi Wax Ci poems are their representatives. The third is the totem ballad, which is a poem created by ancestors on the basis of totem worship, and its clue can be found in Swallow Fly. The fourth kind is love songs, which generally show rough and savage characteristics, such as Zhouyi. Tun, 62 years old. Fifth, battle songs, such as "Zhongfu 62" and "Zhouyi". Through his vivid description, Fan Ren seems to hear the sound of ancient wars, see the etiquette of ancient wars, see the figure of tribal members fighting bravely, and see the sadness of failure and the joy of victory.
1. Briefly describe the artistic features of ancient China ballads.
Reference answer: China ancient ballads have four artistic features: First, their collective and comprehensive artistic forms. Second, it reproduces the directness of life. Third, the sentence pattern is concise, the language is concise, and the rhythm is smooth. The fourth is the expression method based on fu.
2. What are the reasons for the myth?
Reference answer: the emergence of myth is first related to the low level of productivity and understanding in ancient times. The ancestors could not give a scientific explanation for the origin and changes of various natural phenomena, the world and social and cultural life, but only personified the natural forces and the objective world with the help of imagination and fantasy. Secondly, it is related to the strong desire of ancient ancestors to explain nature, resist nature and improve their own ability. This desire prompted our ancestors to think about various phenomena and problems in nature and society, and tried to make their own explanations and descriptions. Third, it has something to do with the primitive cosmology and primitive thinking of our ancestors. Primitive ancestors believed in animism, and their thinking took this as the core content, based on the principle of mutual infiltration between man and nature, and characterized by intuition, emotion and imagination. Therefore, in mythology, all natural phenomena and some social beings are considered to be alive and endowed with human characteristics and supernatural abilities.
3. How about the myth preservation in China?
Reference answer: The myth of China has not been completely and systematically recorded and preserved, only a few pieces remain. Generally speaking, myths mainly refer to ancient myths recorded in Han books before Tang and Song Dynasties. These ancient books mainly include The Book of Songs, Zhuangzi, Han Feizi, Shan Hai Jing, Chu Ci, Lv Chunqiu, Huai Nan Zi, Custom Yi Tong, March 5, Liezi and so on. Among them, Shan Hai Jing, Chu Ci and Huai Nan Zi are the best preserved, especially Shan Hai Jing, which is close to the original appearance of ancient myths. There are three reasons why China myths are rarely circulated and fragmented: First, Chinese characters are complicated and difficult to record; Second, Confucianism, represented by Confucius, advocates practicality and banishes metaphysical thinking, not talking about Machamp's chaotic gods and ancient absurdity; Thirdly, due to historical, literary and religious factors in the process of myth evolution.
4. What is the main content of China myth?
Reference answer: The existing myths in China mainly include the following aspects: 1. The pioneering myths that explore the mysteries of the creation of heaven and earth, the creation of all things and the origin of mankind, among which the most representative ones are the myths of Pangu and Nuwa. Second, natural myths with wind, thunder, birds, beasts, grass and wood as the description objects reflect the ancestors' awe and conquest of nature, such as "Raytheon", "Poseidon" and "Shui Bo", the most famous of which are Jingwei's reclamation and Kuafu's praise of Japan. The third is the hero myth, which shows the initial awakening of pre-democratic consciousness. They vaguely realize that man is the center of the world and the master of the universe, and his protagonist is a demigod or a "hero" supported by divine power. The more famous ones are Gun Yu's harnessing water and Hou Yi's shooting at the sun. The former eulogized the heroes of water control, Yu and his son, while the latter eulogized the heroes of drought, Hou Yi. Fourthly, the legends and myths about foreign countries and strange gods reflect the wishes and ideals of early people trying to break through the limitations of natural conditions and transform their living environment. These images are strange, full of curiosity, surrealism and supernatural, such as deer head, spinning girl, Republic of China, the country with long arms and the country of Tired Ofthe Fire.
5. What are the basic characteristics of China myth?
Reference answer: As far as ideological content is concerned, its characteristics are mainly as follows: First, it has a strong reality, from which we can see the situation of our ancestors' labor creation for survival at that time, the specific situation of our ancestors' struggle with nature, and the real face of social struggle at that time. Secondly, deifying human beings and attaching importance to human strength and sociality show the unremitting pursuit of truth and ardent longing for ideals, and show the Chinese nation's spirit of struggle and optimism based on real life. In terms of art, China's ancient myths first showed the primitive artistic spirit centered on life and human existence, and showed the artistic thinking characteristics of our nation in the future. Secondly, the description and expression of real life in ancient China myths are not direct and concrete, but deformed reality processed by their naive fantasies. On the basis of reflecting the Chinese nation's pursuit of truth, full of ideals, strong-willed, positive and enterprising, optimistic and heroic national character, the positive romantic spirit of myth has been formed. Thirdly, China ancient myths successfully used romantic techniques such as fantasy, imagination, exaggeration and personification. Fourthly, China ancient mythology embodies the unity of tragic beauty and sublime beauty.
Chapter II The Book of Songs
First, the basic knowledge
1, Poem 300: The Book of Songs. In the pre-Qin period, The Book of Songs was not called Jing, but called Shi or Shi San Bai. For example, The Analects quoted Shi to comment on Shi. There are 305 volumes in The Book of Songs, so it is called "Poetry 300". It became an official school in the early Western Han Dynasty and was honored as a classic. Originally called "The Book of Songs", later generations also called it "Poetry 300".
2. Ode to Songs: It is the three components of The Book of Songs, and it is also the classification of The Book of Songs according to different regions and music. Wind, also called national wind, is a kind of music song with local characteristics of vassal States. * * * Fifteen Kingdoms, 160 articles, mostly folk songs and a few noble works. Ya is a kind of music song in Kyoto area of Zhou Dynasty, which is divided into Ya and Ya. Elegance 3 1 article, enjoyed by many generations; Xiaoya has 74 articles, which are lyrical by many people. Yashi also has some folk songs. Ode is a musical song when the royal ancestral temple sacrifices or holds important ceremonies. It is divided into Zhou Song, Truffle and Ode to Shang, with 40 articles.
3. Four-character poems refer to the four poems of Qi, Lu, Han and Mao that appeared in the early Han Dynasty to teach the Book of Songs. The first three family members, Jin Wenshi, became a scholar in the Western Han Dynasty and died in the Three Kingdoms, the Western Jin Dynasty and the Song Dynasty respectively. Shi Mao is an ancient poem created by scholars in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Erya is widely used in exegetics, and there are many manuscripts of Zuo Zhuan that have been handed down to this day.
4. Mao Bamboo Slips: The annotations made by Mao Heng and Li Mao to The Book of Songs in Han Dynasty are called Biography of Shi Mao, or Shi Mao for short. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan annotated Mao Shi, which was called Biography of Mao Shi or Zheng Zhu for short.
5. Three artistic expressions commonly used in The Book of Songs. Fu refers to the method of arranging narrative objects. Comparison is metaphor or analogy. Xing is to pick up something and say something else first, so that the words can be sung.
Second, the main writers and works
1, intensive reading works
Guanluo, Stegosaurus, Mangzhong, July, Dongshan, Zaikuai, Sandalwood Scissors, Shuoshu
Step 2 read the work
Static girl, service gentleman, neutron general, naked, picking EU, worrying, living.
Third, thinking and practice.
1. Give an example to talk about the main contents of The Book of Songs.
Reference answer: The Book of Songs has a wide range of ideas, which mainly reflects the social life from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. Its main contents include the following aspects: first, love poems that express the theme of love and marriage. This kind of poetry accounts for one-third of the book, and it is also the most wonderful part of the book. Or write about the harmony and joy when a boy and a girl are in love, the pain and sadness when they are lovelorn, and praise the hero's loyalty and brave pursuit of love, such as Guan Ju, Jing Nv, Jia Jian and Bai Zhou. Or write about the misfortune of love and marriage, showing the pain of persecution, humiliation and abandonment of women in society at that time, such as Sun Moon, General Zhong Zi and Mang. Second, agricultural poems describing agricultural production. There are also many such poems, some of which praise the agricultural achievements and boast about the vast land, numerous farmers and bumper harvests, such as The Minister's Work, Hiding Hillbilly, Disguised Hillbilly, Good Hillbilly and Hillbilly of Zhou Song. Some describe cheerful labor scenes, such as Nan Zhou Miyi; Some describe the busyness of work and life, such as July. Third, poems about war and corvee. This kind of poems mainly show that the war and corvee have brought heavy disasters and sufferings to the people, or they are written with sincere feelings, sad style and tragic plots, such as Dongshan, unknown East, what grass is yellow, and gentlemen are in service. There are also a few works that show patriotism, such as Qin Feng Without Clothes, Yan Feng Eating, Xiaoya Cai Wei and so on. The fourth is Fu. Most of these poems were written by officials or officials, and most of them were preserved in Three Odes, and there were also many poems in Ya. Some eulogize the fate of the emperor and seek theological basis for the rationality of Zhou Wang's rule, such as The Destiny of Wei Tian and Wang Wen. Some praise the meritorious military service and preach majesty, such as Yanwu and Jianghan; Some people praise their guests with feasts, such as Luming Literature and Jiayu in the south. Fifth, reflect social contradictions and expose critical reality. This kind of poems mainly exist in "Ya" poems and "National Style", with a distinctive mark of troubled times. Most of the resentful poems in Erya are satirical exhortations from officials and scholars, and some of them satirize the present by borrowing ancient times, such as Dang and the First Month. More is to criticize the shortcomings of the times and point out that people's labor, boards, swings and other bad kings. Others take reprimanding the adulterer as the theme, such as Xiang Bo and The First Month. Most of the bitter poems in Guo Feng come from the people, which more directly reflect the thoughts, feelings and wishes of the lower class. Its content is deeper and wider, resentment is stronger, satire is sharper, and it has a stronger critical spirit, such as Storytelling, Cutting Tan, Xintai, Nanshan and Yellow Bird. Sixth, Zhou epic. Five Zhou epics, Daya, Gong Liu, Mian, Huang Yi and Daming, are preserved in Daya, and the glorious history of Zhou's birth, entrepreneurship, founding and prosperity is completely outlined with thick lines. There are few epics handed down from generation to generation, and this group of poems is especially precious.
2. Talk about the artistic achievements of The Book of Songs.
Reference answer: The artistic achievements of The Book of Songs are mainly reflected in the following four aspects: First, the strong spirit of realism. The Book of Songs mainly describes the social reality of China in the Western Zhou Dynasty from various aspects, which is true, profound, extensive and colorful, especially the folk song "Hungry people sing about their food, while laborers sing about their things", which directly and truly reflects the labor and life, love and hate, pain and hope of the lower classes. These poems are not only true and profound, but also grasp and reveal some essential contradictions in social life at that time with amazing artistic generalization. Secondly, the artistic expression of Fu, Bi and Xing. Fu refers to a method of telling the truth, such as July, which records the labor process of serfs from spring to winter for one year. Comparison means metaphor or analogy. In the Book of Songs, metaphors are used in many places and in various forms, such as simile, metaphor, metonymy and metaphor. These metaphors can be closely related to the feelings, events and scenes in the poem, which is very appropriate. Xing, that is, lifting things, starting with other things first, and then using them to associate, thus leading to the poet's thoughts and feelings. Sentences are mostly at the beginning of a poem, which can coordinate the rhythm, create artistic conception, set off the atmosphere, or play the role of symbol, association and contrast. The Book of Songs often combines these three techniques. Third, the repetition of rules and four-sentence patterns. The composition of repeated reduplication is also called repeated chapters and sentences, that is, the words and phrases in each chapter are basically the same, but the middle words are replaced and repeated. Its function is to deepen the theme, render the atmosphere, deepen the emotion, and enhance the musicality and rhythm. In the replacement of specific words, it is always wonderful to use increasing method or decreasing method, such as Feng Wang's talent case. Although The Book of Songs also contains two, three, five, six, seven and eight sentences, four words are used the most, accounting for 90% of the whole poem. Fourth, rich, vivid, concise and vivid language. The Book of Songs uses about 3,000 words, including nouns, verbs and adjectives, which vividly and accurately shows various things and their changing characteristics. For example, there are 373 nouns representing animals and plants, which can make people knowledgeable. In addition, verbs, adjectives, disyllabic words, reduplicated words and reduplicated words are widely used in The Book of Songs to describe mountains and rivers, which vividly convey sound, make poetry rich in image and rhyme, and enhance the artistic charm of poetry language.
3. Briefly describe the influence of The Book of Songs on later literature.
Reference answer: The Book of Songs has a far-reaching influence on later literature, mainly in the following three aspects: First, it created the fine tradition of China's poetic realism. His creative spirit of "Hungry people sing about their food, and laborers sing about their affairs" has inspired and promoted later writers to pay attention to reality, national destiny and people's livelihood. For example, the Yuefu works of Han Yuefu folk song writers, Jian 'an poets, Chen Ziang, Du Fu and the poets of the New Yuefu Movement are the direct inheritors of this creative spirit. Secondly, his artistic techniques of fu, bi and xing provided a successful artistic reference for later literary creation. Later, Qu Yuan expressed his love and hate with the beauty of vanilla, and the satirical poems in the folk songs of Han Yuefu, Ruan Ji's Ode to Love, Guo Pu's Wandering Immortals, Li Bai's Antique, Li Shangyin's Jinse, Lu You's Yongmei, and the satirical works of beautiful thorns in Yuan Zaju all competed with the Book of Songs. As for the technique of fu, it also had a far-reaching impact on later literature. Fu literature is directly developed from it. In addition, there are many works in poetry, ci, opera and novels that incorporate the technique of fu. Thirdly, the position of folk literature in the history of literature was established. Most of the poems in The Book of Songs are folk songs, which are simple, fresh, lively, harmonious and natural, opening up a broad road for later scholars to learn folk literature. Judging from the development of literary history, a new literary style is often conceived by the people first and then developed by the literati. Some successful writers in the past dynasties also enriched their creations by drawing lessons from folk literature. Learning from folk literature is a fine tradition in the history of China literature development.