Finger defect
Author: Liu Xie
Guan Yu said, "Those who fly without wings are also vocal; Those who are rootless and solid are also in love. " However, the sound is true and it is easy to fly; Love is not rooted, but it is hard to be solid. You can't be careless! Ancient literati, different worlds compete for driving. Or escape is refreshing, or thinking is dense, but thinking is hard to be round, fresh and flawless. Chen Sizhi's article is also a talented person, but in The Prayer of Emperor Wu and Ode to Ming Di, it is said that the Eucharist floats lightly, like a butterfly, and it is suspicious of insects through the ages. Is it worth it? Zuo Si's "Seven Musts" said that filial piety is disobedient, contrary to Tao, and the rest is insufficient. He is a talented person who is good at eulogizing, but he is sad for his brother-in-law. Then the cloud "feels bitter" and hurts the weak son, and then the cloud "feels suspicious", while "Li" is highly respected but obscene. Although words are full of sorrow, righteousness is replaced.
If a husband personifies a gentleman, he must be virtuous, and Cui Yuan's Gong Li is better than Topaz and Xiang Embroidery's A Floating Life, which is attributed to Li Si. Pride goes before a fall, and lofty poems are not very good.
If you are smart, change the label; if you are clumsy, it will be difficult to hide; if you are stupid, it will be ruined. It is really deep in Bai Gui. Numerous examples are difficult to carry, so I will give four short examples.
Ruofu is written with only words and meanings. Speech is corrected through training, and justice is declared through reason. At the end of the Jin dynasty, according to its purpose, there was a saying of "enjoying the wonders of the world" and a saying of "entertaining", each holding a word to show affection. If you reward Tianyun, do you care about the solution? There is no reason to worry about training and mastery. "Elegance" and "ode" are unheard of, but they are no longer used in Han and Wei Dynasties. Hanging the collar seems to be debatable, and the words are meaningless. The truth is changed and the words are inverted. When Song came to England, it was either changed or changed, and the old one was dyed vulgar, not once.
It is more difficult for modern people to quit their jobs with suspicion than with words, so as to oppose taking defects by voice. Although they despised the past, they chose today. He also made the same article, and it is reasonable to delete the leather. If he plunders other people's kind words and thinks he has strength, Baoyu's big bow is not his own. When you have written it all, you will uncover it, and when you pick it, you will explore it. However, people who are far away from the world are too light, and people who are with you are particularly good.
If my husband's annotation is a book, then he understands and makes sense, but he is absurd. Study it and ask it, or it will be broken. "Xijing Fu" refers to the domain of "middle yellow, raised and obtained", and General Xue mistakenly refers to "castrating yin", which is unknown to the tiger carver. "Zhou Li" Jing Fu, the old "horse"; And welcome Shao to release your horse, or measure the first few hooves. Is it important to argue about things? The original name of Fugu is two cars and two horses, and the horse has two eyes, which is used for parallel coupling. Build a car, two assistants, and Mary will take it, and it will take more than one journey. Therefore, the name number must be double, and the name is positive. An ordinary woman is also worthy of righteousness. The husband and the horse are righteous, but the past dynasties are ignorant; Ci fu is close to things, but far away; It is not absurd to drill the classics and burn them. It is unreasonable for a husband to argue with a horse and choose courage to drive away Yin, so take a warning. Dan Qing went to Chongqing after his first appearance, and his article was long and bright. If we can hide in the past, it will be a shame for thousands of years.
Like:
Easy to shoot, Dongye loses. Although there are talents, thank you for your mistake.
A word becomes a prophecy, which will remain unchanged through the ages. It is also good to make Zhang guilty.
Classical Chinese translation:
Pointing at defects is the forty-first article of Wen Xin Diao Long, which discusses various mistakes that should be avoided in writing.
This paper is divided into three parts. The first part first discusses the necessity of avoiding defects and thinks that literary works can be widely circulated and deeply rooted in people's hearts. It is difficult for ancient and modern authors to consider comprehensiveness and thoughtfulness in their writing. The article is slightly stained and can't be washed away for thousands of years, so it can be "careless" to say that avoiding the important and neglecting the important. Secondly, four important problems in the content are illustrated by examples: first, improper use of words; second, violation of filial piety; third, the distinction between respect and inferiority; and fourth, comparison.
The second part puts forward three problems in the creation at that time from the aspects of words and intentions: first, the word "according to one's wishes and its purpose" is used, which is ambiguous. There are two examples of "appreciating the wonders of the world" and "paying for it". Because their original text is gone today, and it is a typical example with unclear meaning, it is difficult to understand these words now. However, vague intention was one of the ills at that time, and Liu Xie's criticism of this tendency was generally correct. The second is the doubt of pronunciation, which is related to the scholars' understanding of pronunciation at that time, and has no universal significance. The third is to copy others' words. Liu Xie mocked this behavior with stealing, pointing out that the stolen words were "not what they were"; But there are differences between ancient and modern times, so we can't generalize.
The third part discusses the problems existing in the annotation, mainly taking the annotation of General Xue's "Xijing Fu" and Ying Shao's explanation of the word "Pi" as a lesson. Liu Xie's explanation of the word "π" is quite reasonable, which is mostly taken by later theorists. (Liu compares various theories of quantifier research in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and thinks that "I'm afraid Liu and Duan's statements are more reliable")
Some of the defects mentioned in this paper are based on feudal moral concepts, especially Zuo Si's case, which denied all his works because of "disobedience to filial piety", which not only showed the importance of Liu Xie's concept of Confucianism and Taoism, but also reflected his important mistakes in critical methods. However, some shortcomings put forward in this paper, such as improper words, inappropriate metaphors, "relying on one's own wishes" and "robbing others of their kind words", are universal in literary creation and need to be taken as a warning by critics. I hope the author will pay attention to them and try to avoid them.
( 1)
Guan Zhong once said: "What can fly around without wings is sound, and what can be deeply rooted is emotion." However, voice can fly easily without wings, and it is not difficult to strengthen emotions without roots. It is not prudent to write according to this truth! From ancient times to the present, authors of different times are racing: some are brilliant, bold and one step ahead, while others are meticulous and meticulous, but they are often difficult to consider comprehensively and rarely flawless. In writing, Cao Zhi is more handsome among many literati, but he said in Emperor Wu: "The noble spirit will always be dormant." In Winter Solstice, he said: "The body of the holy king flies frivolous." Saying "frivolous" is like Hu Die, saying "eternal thorn" is easily suspected to be a bug; How can this description be applied to the most distinguished emperor? Another example is Zuo Si's "Four Wonders", which is about filial piety and disobedience. Since it violates the main street, other contents are not worth seeing. Pan Yue's literary talent is good at writing sad works, but when he wrote about his brother-in-law's pain, he said that he left a "mouth"; When you write a letter of sympathy to your youngest son, you will say that his thoughts are "suspicious". "Mouth Ze" and "Seemingly Doubtful" are both used to address respected parents in the Book of Rites, but Pan Yue is used to address the younger generation. Although the wording is sad, it is undignified and has other important meanings. As for the comparison of characters, it must be consistent with homotopy. However, Cui Yuan compared Gong Li's obituary to Huangdi and Yu Shun. Xiang embroidery misses Ji Kang in "Thinking of the Old", but compares Li Si's sin with Ji Kang. If you have to use inappropriate comparisons, you would rather overdo the good than the bad; But it is still wrong to compare a poem like Gao Hou to be too neither fish nor fowl. Generally, subtle words are easy to reveal, and clumsy faults are hard to cover up. As long as there are shortcomings, it is more difficult to wear off than those on white jade. There are many defects in the article, so it is impossible to list them one by one, so I only put forward the above four points roughly.
(2)
The basic method of writing an article is to establish meaning without using foreign words: determine the meaning of words according to the correct explanation and clarify the meaning through the correct reasons. Since the end of Jin Dynasty, some works have vague meanings, including the strange words of "appreciating international wonders" and later the strange words of "entertaining". Usually a word is marked to express feelings. The word "reward" means reward, which has nothing to do with whether the heart understands it or not; The word "fu" means to hold on, which has nothing to do with reason: it is not in the Book of Songs, nor in the Han and Wei Dynasties. The general and vague understanding seems to be recognizable, and textual research is completely meaningless. These are the changes caused by abnormal emotions and the disadvantages caused by the decline of writing style. After the Liu and Song Dynasties, the author did not change, and old habits became a common practice, which did not happen overnight. Most modern writers like to be suspicious, and even find faults from words with the same pronunciation and words with reversed pronunciation: although this is not important in ancient times, it will be criticized today. Besides, it is similar to other people's articles and should be deleted. If you take other people's good words as your own creation, it's just like the ancient Yanghu stole Lu's Baoyu bow and finally returned it when he didn't deserve it. Copying all other people's works is like stealing a whole box of property; Some people use other people's words like thieves touching other people's pockets; But it is shallow to copy the arguments of predecessors, and it is wrong to steal contemporary works.
(3)
As for the annotation as a book, it is used to identify things, but because of the incorrect research, some people make a rash judgment. Zhang Heng talked about "Zhong, Wu Huo and other warriors" in Xijing Fu. Xue always thinks Zhong is the head of eunuch, because he doesn't know Zhong is a warrior who can carve tigers. Another example is the "ritual ceremony", which is taxed according to the mine field. In the past, there were 30 households who said "riding a horse". Ying Shao explained the word "horse" in "General Meaning of Customs" and said that the horse's head was a horseshoe. Is this the essence of distinguishing things? Investigating the original intention of Zhengding name in ancient times, it is found that the name "two" is used to refer to cars, and "horse", "horse" and "two" are used to refer to union. Accompanied by the imperial court and the sacrificial ceremony, the two chariots, the military department and the hunting assistant, the two uniforms in the middle and the two horses outside were both double horses. Since these are not single, their names must be in pairs; Once the name is determined, even if it is singular, it should be called "horse". The so-called "ordinary woman" means bringing a spouse. The meaning of the name of chariots and horses is relatively simple, which many people in the past dynasties did not understand; Cifu is a common practice of literati, and some people pay attention to it for thousands of miles, not to mention how to study the profound Confucian classics without making mistakes. In order to distinguish the word "horse", calculate the horse's head and horseshoe, and choose the warrior but introduce the eunuch leader, which are all examples of excessive mistakes and take a warning. The painting is bright first and then changes color, but the article can become more and more brilliant with the years; If we can correct the shortcomings in our works when writing, they will be circulated for thousands of years and will never be forgotten.
(4)
In a word, Hou Yi, who is good at archery, made a mistake, and Dong Yeji, who is good at riding, also made a mistake. Although you are talented, you are ashamed to make mistakes. A small stain in a work can't be changed in a thousand years. Being able to write a good work without shortcomings is not far from becoming a master of writing.
Chinese Translation and Translation of Classical Chinese