Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the cultural product of Shang Dynasty (about17th century BC-1century BC), about 3600 years ago. Shang rulers are superstitious about ghosts and gods. Before they act, they often use tortoise shells and animal bones to predict good luck or bad luck. Later, they carved their possessions and later realized Oracle bones or related notes on the Oracle bones. Their writing is called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. It has been 65,438+000 years since Oracle Bone Inscriptions was discovered in Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan in the late Qing Dynasty. At present, the number of Oracle bones unearthed exceeds 150000, most of which are relics of Pan Geng royal family who moved to Yin and died. In order to go out to Yin Ruins, they are also called Yin Ruins. Because the inscriptions are mostly Oracle Bone Inscriptions, it is also called Zhenbu. At present, there are 4,500 * * characters unearthed in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and more than 2,000 characters have been identified, with orthography 1000 characters. It recorded the social, political, economic and cultural information of China more than 3,000 years ago. This is the earliest and most precious historical relic in existence.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions (Shang Dynasty)
Another name for Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Qitong tea is named after the strange way carved on tortoise shells and animal bones. In Qing Dynasty, Sun Yirang wrote the case of Wen Qi in two volumes, which was the beginning of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's textual research.
big seal character
Dazhuan is a widely used font in the Western Zhou Dynasty, which is said to be easy to create. According to the different writing media, there are differences between bronze inscriptions (or "Zhong Dingwen") and bronze inscriptions.
Jinwen appeared later than Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and Jinwen was also called Zhong Dingwen. Shang and Zhou Dynasties were the bronze age, with the tripod as the representative ritual vessel and the bell as the representative musical instrument. "Zhong Ding" was synonymous with bronze ware. Therefore, Zhong Dingwen or inscriptions on bronze refers to inscriptions cast or carved on bronzes.
The content of inscriptions on bronze is a record of activities or events such as offering sacrifices, giving orders, imperial edicts, campaigns, hunting and covenants. All these reflect the social life at that time. The inscriptions on bronze inscriptions are neat and elegant, simple and heavy. Compared with Oracle Bone Inscriptions, they are more colorful. Bronze inscriptions are basically printed. These characters were discovered in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, when someone sent a tripod excavated in Fenyang to the palace, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty named it Ding Yuan (formerly 1 16). Later, Jin Wen made one discovery after another. Ouyang Xiu and Zhao Mingcheng were scholars in Song Dynasty. They were both good at writing, studying and recording inscriptions on bronze.
The Mao inscription in the casting is very representative, with 32 lines and 497 words, which is the earliest bronze inscription unearthed. Mao's inscription is rigorous in structure, thin, smooth, even and neat, and it is a fine work in the bronze inscription. In addition, the inscription of Dahepan is also a masterpiece of bronze inscriptions.
Wen Shu is the script used by the ancient Qin State, and it is the predecessor of Xiao Zhuan. Shi Shuan Shu written by Qin people in the Spring and Autumn Period has 223 words, so it is called Wen Shu. It is said that "book" means "reading". According to textual research, Shi Guwen unearthed in the Tang Dynasty was carved by Qin Xianggong, which is the same as the text in Shi Shuo pian, and is the representative of Shuo Wen.
Small/small seal characters
It is said that the seal script carved by Qin Quan was written by Li Si. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he implemented the policy of "writing in the same language and cars on the same track". The policy of unified measurement has been taken care of by Prime Minister Reese. On the basis of the original seal script used by Qin, it was simplified, and the variant characters of other six countries were cancelled, creating a unified Chinese character writing form. It was popular in China until the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and was gradually replaced by official script. But because of its beautiful font, it has always been favored by calligraphers. Because of its complex strokes and simple form, it is possible to add twists and turns and seal cutting at will, especially the official seal that needs anti-counterfeiting. Seal script was always used until the collapse of feudal dynasty and the emergence of modern new anti-counterfeiting technology. All the words in Kangxi Dictionary are also marked with seal script writing.
Yujinyin
Also known as the "Jade Seal". A kind of seal script. Its writing strokes are round and moist, shaped like jade ribs (chopsticks), hence the name. Beginning in the Qin Dynasty, during the Tang Dynasty, Qi once wrote a poem "The Handwriting of Master Xie Tancheng's Jade Rib Seal", which said: "Jade Rib Seal is really not vulgar for a long time, and Li Si passed on Li." Later generations will use other round and vigorous fonts when writing books, also known as "jade tendons". For example, in the Ming Dynasty, Wang Shizhen commented on Yan Zhenqing's book: "The author is forbidden in the main book of Jiamiao and Maoshan Monument."
Iron thread seal
A small seal script. Jade books such as "Carving Stones on Mount Tai" and "Carving Stones on Langyatai" appeared in the Qin Dynasty. The pen is round, thin and hard as iron, and the head and tail are drawn into lines, hence the name. Later generations called Li's seal script in Tang Dynasty "Ganxian seal script".
official script
Also known as "auxiliary book" and "official book". Font name. Flat and square shape, easy to write. It began in the Qin Dynasty and was widely used in the Han and Wei Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Huaiguan's Shuduan quoted Emperor Zhang from Cai Yong in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Cheng Miao deleted the ancient official script." Wei Heng's four-body calligraphy in Jin Dynasty: "Since the Qin Dynasty used seal script, there are many things to play, but seal script is difficult to reach, that is, Li people (petty officials) can write and speak Li characters." Cheng Miao collected and sorted out this brushwork at that time, and later generations said that Cheng Miao created official script. Qin Li was born in Qin Zhuan, and there are still many traces of seal script in the glyph structure. After that, it was continuously developed and perfected in the Han Dynasty, and became a font with completely different strokes and structure from that of Qin Zhuan. The appearance of official script broke through the writing principle of six scripts, laid the foundation of regular script, and marked a turning point in the development history of Chinese characters and calligraphy. In Wei and Jin Dynasties, regular script was called official script, and it was called "Eight Points" because it was called official script with waves. Bamboo slips unearthed in Yunmeng, Hubei Province and Han bamboo slips unearthed in December of the first year of Wufeng are representative works of handwritten official script in Qin and Han Dynasties.
Caozhuan
Book title. Another name for flying white. Cai Yong in the Eastern Han Dynasty said: "He Cao's foot is not clear, and Sven is not clear." Jin Shilin said: "When it comes to flying white, printing is like bone, ancient and modern methods are mixed, grass printing is made, utensils are made, and they are made by themselves, but they have to be like this." Refers to the seal script written in cursive script. The Book History Society said: "(Zhao) Guan Guang devoted himself to history and literature, and created Cao Zhuan, with a slight change in the inscription of Tian Xi Bei, which made his character superior and his book intact." Fu Shan and others are good at cursive script.
Kodouwen
Also known as "the book of science and technology" and "the turn of science and technology". The common name of seal script (including ancient Chinese characters and brush) handwriting. Because the pen is dipped in ink or pigment to make a book, the pen path is thick at the beginning and thin at the end, which looks like a tadpole, hence the name. The name first appeared in the late Han Dynasty, and Lu Zhi wrote that "the struggle of ancient liberal arts was close to reality". Zheng Kangcheng said: "When the book first came out of the house wall, it was all hieroglyphics. Now it is called the book of science and technology." In the Yuan Dynasty, Wu argued that the shape of Kodou Shu was formed as follows: "In ancient times, there was no pen and ink, and bamboo was used to draw books on bamboo, which was hard and greasy and could not be painted, so the head was thick and the tail was thin, which looked like its ears."
Miao chuan
Seal script used to copy seals in Han Dynasty. One of Wang Mang's six books. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen recorded six books of Xin Mang in the Preface of Explaining Words, saying, "Five words are wonderful, so they are copied." The shape is even and square, full of the meaning of Li, and the rule of writing has evolved from the roundness of Xiao Zhuan to the twists and turns. It has the meaning of saving for a rainy day, hence the name. In the Qing Dynasty, Miao Zhuan Fenyun, your government, collectively referred to the multi-body seal characters used in Han and Wei Dynasties as "Miao Zhuan". Also known as "copying".
regular script
There are two problems with regular script: first, its name is confused with official script, official script, official script, official script, official script and articles of association; Second, there are different opinions about when it originated. Generally speaking, the standard of regular script is neat and square, which is different from long and vertical seal script and horizontal and flat official script. You don't have to fold at the turning point of the stroke. In addition, the style of running script is not fixed in Oracle bones and Zhong Ding, and the left and right lines are not limited. Since the Qin Dynasty, everything has gone from right to left, without exception. In Sun's "General Score", he said: "True pointillism is the shape of nature, which makes it affectionate." It can be said to be a generalization.
Wang Xizhi's regular script is one of the representatives from the appearance of strokes in Qin and Han Dynasties to the formation of regular script in the Three Kingdoms Period, and the development of regular script reached its peak in the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties. Represented by Wei Kai, the prosperity of calligraphy in the Northern Dynasties is a symbol of the prosperity of regular script. Its simple and powerful artistic style is in sharp contrast with the beauty and elegance of the South and Shuangfeng. The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of regular script, and calligraphers came forth in large numbers with different styles, so they were called "Tang Kai". The regular script in the early Tang Dynasty inherited the changes of Sui Kai style. Every calligrapher has his own personality, and Yan Zhenqing made great innovations in the middle Tang Dynasty. Liu Gongquan's Liu Gu in the late Tang Dynasty is comparable to Yan Jin. These three changes have formed the great face of Tang Kai. The Five Dynasties, Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty were the declining periods of regular script. Neither individual calligraphers nor groups can break through the existing pattern of regular script in Jin and Tang Dynasties. Other reasons for the decline of regular script are: the rise of printing culture, and the aesthetic expression and lyricism of regular script are not as good as cursive script.
Thin gold book
Also known as "thin golden body". A regular script. After learning from Chu Suiliang, Xue Ji and others, Zhao Jisong's Zong Zheng regular script has been innovated, with strong and sharp brushwork, simple brushwork and graceful and free and easy style, which became a family style, hence the name "Bo Jin Shu". In the Ming Dynasty, Tao Zongyi's Book History Society called it "learning for beginners, changing the statutes, and calling himself a thin book of gold." Ye, a close friend, called his book "Yu Shi": "When an ancient bronze book was published, Chu Dengshan and Xue Shaobao joined in, it was as thin as jade, and it was called a thin gold book in the world." Existing works include "Qian Zi Wen in Regular Script" and "Shen Xiaoyu's Qing Palace Monument". Today's imitation of the Song Dynasty also rose from it.
cursive script
Font name. Don't call it "Qiu Shu". Broadly speaking, it refers to people who scribble regardless of age, font and writing style; In a narrow sense, it refers to a font with continuous strokes and convenient writing. Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty said in the Preface of Explaining Words that "there are cursive scripts in Han Dynasty". The popular calligraphy in the early Han Dynasty was cursive script (that is, scribbled official script). Later, it gradually developed into "Cao Zhang". By the end of the Han Dynasty, it was said that Zhang Zhi's "Cao Zhang" contained traces of no connection between the strokes and characters of official script, which became a "modern cursive script" with continuous and convenient strokes, and was later called cursive script. It was perfected by Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Zhang Xu and Huai Su wrote "Today Grass" in a more indulgent and bizarre way, calling it "Crazy Grass" to distinguish it from "Today Grass".
Crazy Grass (China Calligraphy)
Also known as "big grass". One of the most indulgent cursive scripts. Get rid of Wang Xizhi's gentle cursive style all the way in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. His brushwork is continuous, rushing, and the font is changeable, which is very dance of dragons and snakes. Named after Zhang Xu and Huai Su in the Tang Dynasty. Zhang Xu's four poems handed down from ancient times and Huai Su's self-narrative posts are the representatives.
Semi-cursive/running/calligraphy (China's calligraphy)
Also known as "bank charge book". Book title. Legend has it that it was created by Liu Desheng at the end of Han Dynasty. Generally speaking, running script is written smoothly and conveniently on the basis of regular script, which is not as difficult to distinguish vertically as cursive script, but also more vivid and concise than regular script. It is a widely used handwritten character in society. Writing a running script without stopping, writing a paper without lettering, and turning over the pressure lightly, like flowing water, without any interruption, will be eternal for business. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiang Kui thought that the running script "takes the old pen as the most valuable, and the few mistakes can be reflected." . Your fibers are separated, your blood is connected, your bones and muscles are old and healthy, your spirit is scattered, and your posture is complete. "