Xin Qiji is "the pride of my life." Conceited by integrity, confident by achievement "(Preface to Fan Kai Jiaxuan). Like Lu You, he was a representative figure who insisted on resuming the Northern Expedition after crossing the south. He can also treat the Northern Expedition with people-oriented thought. He said: "The restoration is only for the ancestors, for the country and for the people. This also shows that the Lord and the wise and brave people in the world are also private! " ("Nine Discussions") He can also put forward three principles of defending the enemy and saving the country from the perspective of a military strategist according to the actual situation of both sides: "One day, you should not rush, the second day should be judged first, and the third day can be defeated." ("Nine Discussions")
Although Xin Qiji did not leave a systematic and clear literary proposition, some of his literary tendencies can be seen from some words. He said, "There are thousands of hatreds today and in the past. Should we break up? Jiangtou is not a storm, and there is no place on earth where it is difficult to walk. " (Partridge Sky) shows that he not only attaches importance to the emotional function of literary works, but also emphasizes that literature should reflect meaningful social content. He also said: "Poetry is in a bleak business" ("Partridge Sky"), "Poetry has life, and Sun Moon has a new job." (Water turns around) shows that he advocates a serious writing attitude. He also said: "I am interested in beauty, but I have no intention of being smart." ("Linjiang Xian") shows that he especially respects the bold and unconstrained style. He also deeply admired Tao Yuanming's arrogance in silence. This aesthetic taste also directly influenced his ci style.
The ideological content of two-hearted words
The content of Xin Ci is broader than that of Su Ci, which really reaches the point of "nothing to say" (Liu Xizai's "A Brief Introduction to Art, Ci and Qu").
The most concentrated and progressive ideological content in Xin Ci is patriotic Ci. Xin Qiji has a military career that ordinary writers don't have. He is a patriotic fighter first, then a poet, so his patriotic words are the most natural and true. "The elegy is generous, gloomy and boring, a word connected with him." (Xu Hong's Ci Yuan Cong Tan, Volume 4)
Therefore, in patriotic terms, what deserves special attention are those works that express self-experience, self-image and self-feeling.
Those words that record their fighting life or express their feelings by remembering their fighting life are unique works in the history of ci, such as:
When I was young, I took 10,000 soldiers and elite cavalry and spent too much time with them. Yan Bing night Yin Hu? Han Jian generally flies towards the golden servant aunt.
Looking back, I sigh that today, the spring breeze has not dyed the white beard, but I won 10 thousand words for planting trees. (partridge festival)
This first word, Shang Kun, describes the experience of "Guangdong Xin was four years old, the southern bandits rebelled, and the people in the Central Plains swarmed". Two thousand pigeons were tasted, and Geng Jing was appointed as the secretary of the palm, which was recovered with the map, and * * * recruited 250,000 yuan and paid the money to enter the DPRK ("Preface to the Ten Theories of Meiqin"). Next, I will write about the sadness and feeling that my ideal failed because I recalled the past. But Xin Qiji is bitter and indignant, but not depressed. When he is depressed, he can still keep his high spirits and forge ahead. For example, in his duet with another patriot, Chen Jia, he not only expressed his grief and indignation that he was not reused, but also expressed his firm belief:
There is no difference in people's hearts. Ask Qu Nong, after all, how many times did China score? No one cares about the car of blood and salt, and it takes a long time to collect bones. If the eyes are cut off, the river will be closed. I pity you for dancing in the middle of the night and say, "People's hearts are as iron as death." Try your hand to mend the sky. (He Xinlang)
Xin Qiji also has many words to comment on the current situation, discuss the world, care about the fate of the country, state the great cause of recovery, and criticize the forces that surrendered to peace. In these words, he did not pour out and complain in an empty way, but poured out, cried, shouted and encouraged wholeheartedly. Such as "bodhisattva man":
How many pedestrians shed tears in the middle of Qingjiang River in Yugutai. Looking at Chang 'an in the northwest, there are countless poor mountains.
Castle peak can't cover up, after all, it flows east. In the evening, the river is gloomy and there are partridges in the mountains.
It is unstoppable to compare the numerous obstacles to the cause of resisting gold to "countless mountains" and to compare the power to resist the enemy and save the country to the east. It can really be described as loyalty and anger.
Xin Qiji's patriotic words are expressed through various themes, the most important of which is lyrics. Xin seldom writes about the suffering of lovesickness in his poems about nostalgia, but mostly encourages the restoration of the Northern Expedition, which makes the content of his poems about nostalgia new. Taking his birthday speech as an example, he wrote: "If you count Wan Li, your fame and fortune are all based on true Confucianism. Do you know publicly? " "Wait for him next year, rectify the matter of Gankun and live for your husband." ("Shui Longyin, Chen Jiashou, Hanshan Bamboo Slips")
The second is to write landscape poems. Many patriotic masterpieces in Xin Ci, such as Nian Nu Jiao, I've come to pay my respects, Shui Chu Dora, Bodhisattva Man Fish Valley Tai River, Ugly Slave Boys Don't Know the Taste of Sorrow, Forever Happiness, Nanxiangzi and Where to See China, are all these works. Such as "hidden Long Yin" yue:
In autumn, the south is empty and desolate, the river flows with the sky, and autumn is even more boundless. In the distance, Cenyuan's eyes are filled with sorrow and hatred, and his hair is tied in a bun. The sun in the west leans against this floor, and geese are barking in the distant sky. I am wandering in the south of the Yangtze River, homesick for a wanderer. I saw Wu Gou and made a column, but no one would attend.
The third is nostalgia. For example, the poem "Ode to Yu Le Jing Kou Gu Bei Ting Nostalgia", which was rated as the first symphonic poem by Yang Shen, is still dry "meaning to restore, so I remember Sun Liu" (Song Xiangfeng's Yuefu Yu Lun); Tracing back to Sun Liu is to criticize the arguments that "the situation of the Jin Dynasty in the Three Kingdoms is different from today", "Wu Chu is too fragile to fight for the Central Plains" and "there is nothing in the world, so it must be from south to north". The purpose of probing is to be cautious, so I regret Song Wendi; Sympathy for Song Wendi is to remind the authorities not to make the same mistake and use the army rashly. Finally, to be sentimental about Lian Po and Lian Po is to be sentimental about being born at an untimely time and not being reused. With the help of chanting ancient times, satire now has a deeper connotation.
Besides patriotic words, Xin Qiji has many other words. There are about thirty or forty poems describing the countryside directly or indirectly. For example, Qing Ping Yan Xiao and Xi Jiang Yue Bie Zhi Jing Que are rare pastoral words in the history of ci poetry. Xin Qiji once lived at home for nearly 20 years, so he wrote many leisurely words, but leisure was not what he wanted. Therefore, these words often contain resentful feelings and become a tone sandhi to express patriotic thoughts. Xin Qiji occasionally writes love stories, but Never Tit for Tit and Jia Postscript of Golden Retriever are more ambitious than others, such as:
One night, the east wind made up thousands of trees and flowers, blowing off the stars and rain. BMW carved cars filled with incense, the phoenix moved, the jade pot turned bright, and the fish dragon danced all night.
Moths, snow, willows, gold thread, laughter and incense are all gone. In the crowd, I searched for her again and again in vain. When I suddenly turned my head, I found her there, dimly lit. (Jade Case)
Rather than writing about the pursuit of lovers, it is better to say that "self-pity is lonely and sad people have no arms" (Liang Qichao was quoted in Selected Works of Yiheng Guan Wen).
Four stages of Xin Qiji's life
First, adolescence. It ended before Du Nan turned 23. This is the most prosperous period of his life.
1 16 1 year, the gold Lord Yan Liang invaded the south on a large scale. At the age of 22, Xin Qiji gathered 2000 people and raised the banner of resisting gold. Soon after, he led his troops to Gengjing to start a rebel army and urged Gengjing to return to the Song Dynasty to achieve great things. 1 162, Xin Qiji was ordered to cross the south to contact the rebel army to return to the Song Dynasty. Unexpectedly, the traitor Zhang Anguo killed Geng Jing and led the troops to invest in gold. Xin Qiji learned the news on his way back. Xin Qiji led more than 50 cavalry, raided Jin Ying and captured the traitor Zhang Anguo alive. This move is "strong voice, cowards rise for it, and the holy son of heaven sighs when he sees it." Since then, Xin Qiji defected to the Southern Song Dynasty, and the official signed Jiangyin.
Second, young people:
From 1 162 to 1 18 1 year, from Xin Qiji's age of 23 to 42, he was an official all his life. Xin Qiji in this period was ambitious and ambitious. He gave a series of lectures and urged the strategy of resisting gold and protecting the country. But his opinion was not adopted by those in power.
During this period, he went from signing a sentence to knowing the state, from prison promotion to comforting envoys. Although his official career is impermanent, he has made outstanding achievements. He served as a well-known Chuzhou for only half a year, and the local "barren gas" was washed away. He took command in Hunan and founded the Flying Tiger Army. "Cheng Jun on the edge of Xiongzhen is the highest army on the river." He is a good official with clear political mind and caring for the country and people.
Third, middle-aged and elderly people:
1 182 to 1202, aged 43 to 63. During this period, except for 53-55 years old, he worked as a Chinese and foreign official in Fujian, was impeached twice, and spent 18 years in his hometown in Jiangxi, which was the period when he was forced to retire all his life. In his long-term seclusion, he was attached to the countryside, mountains and rivers and admired Tao Yuanming. He wrote a lot of pastoral words and landscape words with strong local flavor. His patriotic passion was also strongly expressed in some singing and answering questions.
Fourth, in his later years:
From 1203 to 1207, Xin Qiji was 64 to 68 years old. When Xin Qiji was 64 years old, he was still appointed to take office regardless of his leisure and family affairs. But it was not completed and was rejected.
Since the autumn of 66, Xin Qiji stopped living in lead mountain. Although he was often called and even awarded the position of Assistant Minister of the Ministry of War and Privy Council of Jingshi, he always died at the age of 68 because of his old age and illness.
Xin Qiji left more than 620 poems. No matter the quantity is abundant or the quality is excellent, it is the first in the Song Dynasty. Ci critics say: those who marry Xuan are the best among people and the dragon in the word.
Xin Qiji's ci developed from Su Dongpo's bold style. Later generations called Su Xin, saying that Su Xin was not as brave as Xin; The gas is not as high as Su Gao.
Recovering my homeland and returning my mountains and rivers was the strongest voice of that era, which was also fully expressed in Xin Qiji's ci.
Because Xin Qiji has been forced to live in seclusion in the countryside for a long time, it is a major feature of Xin Qiji's ci works to make use of rural life and rural scenery to make his ci works full of fresh life and earth fragrance.
Xin Qiji, like other literati, likes drinking very much and often gets drunk. He made up his mind to stop drinking, but he gave up halfway. His drinking words are profound, humorous and full of life.
Li Qingzhao (1084- 1 155), an outstanding female writer in Nanning, was born in Zhangqiu Mingshui (now Jinan). He is famous for his ci poems, and he is also a poet and poet, enjoying a high reputation in the history of China literature.
Li Qingzhao was born in a family of doctors who loved literature and art. After she married her former student Zhao Mingcheng, she studied epigraphy and calligraphy together and lived a happy life. After the change of Jingkang, she and Zhao Mingcheng lost most of their treasures to avoid the chaos in the south of the Yangtze River. Later, Zhao Mingcheng died of illness, and she wandered alone in Hangzhou, Yuezhou and Jinhua, and spent her old age in misery and loneliness. She has made great achievements in poetry, ci, prose and fu, but ci is the most outstanding and famous one. In his early years, he wrote On Ci, which advocated that "Ci is not one". Pay attention to the characteristics of rhythm, narration and emotion, and criticize the shortcomings of ci writers from Liu Yong and Su Shi to Qin Guan and Huang Tingjian.
The most talented woman, born in a famous family, never forgets anything when she was young, speaks amazingly and reads widely. Qilu's magnificent mountains and rivers contain the creative spirituality of Qingzhao, and she became famous in her girlhood.
After marriage, Qingzhao and her husband fell in love and were inseparable. "A husband is like a good friend." However, the good times did not last long, and the struggle between the old and new parties in North Korea intensified. A pair of mandarin ducks are separated alive, and Zhao Li faces each other across the river, suffering from lovesickness.
Later, the Jin people moved south, and the Southern Song Dynasty was corrupt and incompetent, destroying the Great Wall. Zhao Mingcheng was full of love, but unfortunately he died before he could conquer it. Witnessing the country's ruin and death, Qing Zhao is "indomitable despite suffering and poverty." In her later years of "searching and looking on coldly", she made great efforts to compile "The Story of the Stone" and completed her husband's unfinished business.
Zhao Qing's words are wonderful, unique, unprecedented and unprecedented. He is honored as the natural and graceful founder and a monument in the history of spiritual civilization in China.
Li Qingzhao's ci can be divided into two periods, one before Du Nan and the other after. Early ci mainly described the theme of hurting spring resentment and boudoir life, which showed the sentimental personality of female ci writers. Such as "Like a Dream" describes the feelings of cherishing spring and loving flowers:
The rain last night dispelled the wind, and a deep sleep did not eliminate the residual wine.
I don't know if the shutter people know that begonia should be green, fat, red and thin.
Another song: Like a Dream
I always remember the sunset in Xiting. Shen Zui didn't know the way home and returned to the boat very late.
Mistaken into the depths of the lotus and started the beach of European herons.
The lyrics she wrote for Zhao Mingcheng's "Going Out" are even more affectionate and unique. For example, Drunken Flowers describes that the poetess feels lonely during the Double Ninth Festival, so she uses yellow flowers as a metaphor to say:
The fog is thick and the clouds are sad forever, the golden beast is sold in the festival, and the jade pillow gauze kitchen is cool in the middle of the night.
Dongli holds the dark fragrance sleeves of wine. After dusk, the roller blinds are not charming. Westerners are thinner than yellow flowers.
It is novel in conception and elegant in taste, which is not comparable to the first-person narrator of ordinary male writers. Another example is "Dried Plum", which expresses the poet's longing for a letter from her husband:
Flowers drift from one place to another, water flows from one place, a kind of acacia, and two leisure places.
I can't get rid of this situation, but I frown and go to my heart.
Her later poems are full of emotional feelings of "things are wrong", thus expressing her deep attachment to her old country and the past. For example, the first part of Slow Sound shows the poet's hopeless sense of loss and the sad expression of being alone in the "cold and lonely, miserable and miserable" environment. The next film is to move the scene and feel sorry for yourself: "Who can watch the window now?" How can the black phoenix tree grow alone? It rained in Mao Mao until dusk. What is the first sad word this time? " The whole word is clear in language, fast in rhythm and sad in tone. Another famous poem, Yong Yu Le, started from the Lantern Festival and missed the past "the heyday of Zhongzhou". The next piece reads:
In the prosperous days of Zhongzhou, I remember focusing on three or five shops and green crowns.
Twisting Jin Xue willow for Chu, today gaunt wind and frost.
It's better to listen to people laughing under the curtains when you go out at night.
The whole poem tells the deepest sorrow of the country's greatest change, remembering the past and learning from the future. Later, Liu Chenweng, a poet at the end of the Song Dynasty, couldn't help crying for it.
Li Qingzhao's ci has a unique style and is called "Yi 'an Style" by later generations. The main characteristics of Li Ci are: First, she created her own female identity and special experience, created an unprecedented female image with distinctive personality, and expanded the emotional depth and ideological connotation of traditional graceful ci. Second, he is good at extracting vivid and fluent language from written language and daily spoken language; Good at using painting and description techniques to form a seamless realm.