Answer: Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty;
---Since ancient times, China has always been valued and barbarians despised. I only love them the same way---
This sentence expresses Tang Taizong's orientation and thoughts on ethnic policies - a relatively open mind. This sentence is translated as "Rulers since ancient times have valued the Han people in the Central Plains and despised the ethnic minorities, but I (I) treat them equally." ;
Due to the long period of national integration during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the traditional border governance ideas in Chinese history were impacted to a certain extent, which led to the emergence of more enlightened border governance policies in the Sui and Tang dynasties. .
After Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty came to the throne, he pursued "ordering China and keeping the barbarians in submission", and declared that "since ancient times, China has been valued and barbarians despised, and I only love Ruyi." Under the guidance of this idea, although the Tang Dynasty also adopted policies such as military conquest, the outstanding features of its border policy were that it was gentle and restrained.
---Li Shimin ---
Tang Taizong Li Shimin was the second emperor of the Tang Dynasty. His name means "helping the world and peace of the people". A native of Chengji, Longxi, his ancestral home was Longqing, Zhaojun. He was a politician, military strategist, calligrapher and poet. After ascending to the throne as the emperor, he actively listened to the opinions of his ministers and worked hard to learn civility and govern the world. There is an idiom called "listening to both will make you enlightened, but believing in others will make you dark." In other words, he successfully transformed into one of the most famous politicians and wise kings in Chinese history.
Taizong of the Tang Dynasty initiated the "Government of Zhenguan" in history. By actively eliminating the separatist forces in various places, humbly accepting advice, practicing strict economy at home, and allowing the people to recuperate and recuperate, the society finally achieved a situation of national peace and security. It laid an important foundation for the later prosperous Kaiyuan era and pushed China's traditional agricultural society to its heyday.
---About supplements---
(1) A relatively complete border management system characterized by the Duhufu and the Dudufu has been established. In view of the numerous border ethnic groups, the Tang Dynasty established the system of Jifu and prefectures. The distribution range of each border ethnic tribe was used as the basis for the administrative division of Jifu and prefectures, and the governors, prefectures, and counties were widely established; the leaders of the border ethnic groups were designated as governors, governors, and prefectures. The governor manages the specific affairs of the prefecture and can be hereditary; the people of the frontier ethnic groups under the jurisdiction of Jisu Prefecture do not pay taxes to the Tang Dynasty, and their household registrations are not reported to the Ministry of Household Affairs, but the tribal leaders of the border ethnic groups must pay tribute to the Tang Dynasty , the Duhufu was established on the basis of numerous Jisi prefectures, which were directly managed by the Duhufu and then unified under the central government of the Tang Dynasty. The Jifu prefectures established by the Tang Dynasty were spread across the border ethnic areas in the east, west, south and north, mainly in Guannai Road (including the vast area from the north of Lake Baikal in the north to Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province in the south) and Hebei Road (including the vast northeastern border area to the south). So far, the northern part of Henan Province), Longyou Road (from the Aral Sea in the west to the vast area of ??Gansu Province in the east), Jiannan Road (from southern Shaanxi in the north to southern Yunnan Province in the south), Lingnan Road (from the eastern part of Yunnan Province in the west) , extending from Fujian Province in the east to central and southern Vietnam in the south), the border ethnic groups involved are mainly Turks, Uighurs, Dangxiang, Tuyuhun, Xi, Khitan, Mohe, Goguryeo, ethnic groups in the Western Regions, Qiang, ethnic groups in the southwest, ethnic groups in Lingnan, etc. , there are 856 recorded Jisi prefectures. These Jisu Prefectures are mainly under the jurisdiction of the six major Protectorate Prefectures of Chanyu, Anbei, Anxi, Beiting, Andong, and Annan. Among them, the Anxi and Beiting Protectorate Prefectures govern the Jisu Prefectures in the Western Region; Anbei and Shanyu Protectorate Prefectures It governs the Jisi prefectures in northern Xinjiang; the Andong Protectorate governs the Jisi prefectures in the northeastern border; the Annan Protectorate governs the Jisi prefectures in southern Xinjiang. The Protectorate usually has official positions such as Grand Protector and Deputy Grand Protector. Their responsibilities are to manage the border ethnic groups under their jurisdiction, and they have the power to appease, conquer, narrate merits, and punish demerits.
(2) Establish a complete border defense system. Facing the vast border areas, although the rulers of the Tang Dynasty claimed to "promote peace and calm the people" and "be kind to people far away, justice lies in restraint", in order to maintain the stability of the border areas, the Tang Dynasty established military towns and villages. garrison system. "The soldiers who guard the border are called the army in the big one, the guards in the small town, the city, the town, and the general one is the road." (Note: "New Tang Book·Bing Zhi".) The army, city, town, etc. all have envoys The position is dedicated to leadership, and there is also a garrison under the town. Due to the uncertain rise and fall of these defense institutions set up by the Tang Dynasty in border areas, it is difficult to accurately count the number. There are 204 towns and 393 garrisons in clear records. Troops are deployed in the army, the city, the town, and the garrison. The large military towns have tens of thousands of troops, and the small ones have thousands. The troops of the border ethnic groups can be deployed at any time as supplements.
(3) Borderland ethnic policies that focus on gentleness and appeasement. In order to consolidate its rule, the Tang Dynasty also adopted a policy of forceful crusade against the border ethnic groups. For example, the crusade against Goguryeo started in the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty and lasted for several generations. However, generally speaking, the Tang Dynasty's border ethnic policies were based on gentleness. , Mainly appeasement. The number of times and the duration of the Tang Dynasty's pacification policies towards border ethnic groups are unmatched by previous dynasties. It successively implemented pacification policies towards Tuyuhun, Tubo, Khitan, Uighur, Turk, Xi, Tuqishi, Nanzhao, etc. , the purpose of marrying the princess to the leaders of these border ethnic groups is to improve or strengthen the relationship with these border ethnic groups. On the other hand, as a policy of embracing and appeasing the border ethnic groups, it regulates the vassal relationship with the border ethnic groups through canonization. Canonization was a policy often adopted by the Tang Dynasty towards the more powerful frontier ethnic groups. On the one hand, canonization was an important means to determine the "position of monarchs and ministers" of the Tang Dynasty and the border peoples. On the other hand, due to the strong national power of the Tang Dynasty, the border peoples gained the support of the Tang Dynasty. Canonization can improve one's prestige in border areas, so the Tang Dynasty often used canonization to weaken the power of border ethnic groups or adjust the relationship between border ethnic groups. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty canonized the son of Xueyantuo Khan as the Little Khan, which had a significant impact on the decline of his power. Another important part of the Tang Dynasty’s borderland ethnic policy was inward migration. The establishment of Jifu prefectures for management in the residences of border ethnic groups is a measure adopted for most border ethnic groups. However, there are also many border ethnic groups who have migrated inland due to wars, conquered by force, or to avoid natural disasters, and have left their own country. traditional residence. The Tang Dynasty often properly resettled these ethnic groups, or moved them inland to the Central Plains. For example, after the fall of Goguryeo, many tribes were resettled in the Jianghuai area; Wait.
(4) Actively develop the policy of border areas. In order to consolidate its rule over the border areas, the Tang Dynasty also adopted an active development policy, the main content of which was the development of farmland and the opening up of mutual trade. The garrison was implemented based on the needs of garrison, and the main purpose was to solve the supply problem of the army. "Whenever the border guard is guarding and the transshipment is not available, the garrison will be set up to benefit the army." (Note: "Old Tang Book: Officials II" . ) The number of military villages is clearly recorded in historical records as 992. Of course, the actual number of villages is much higher than this number. Mutual trading is a policy adopted in response to the needs of border national production and society for exchange. There are two types of official and private. The Tang Dynasty also set up mutual market supervision in order to effectively manage mutual trade. In the Tang Dynasty, trading places were widely distributed not only in border areas, but also in the capital. The scale of trade was very considerable. For example, the silk horse trade between the Tang Dynasty and Uighur was so large that the Tang Dynasty had to pay millions of silk horses. These policies adopted by the Tang Dynasty towards border areas played a very important role in promoting the economic development of border areas.
(5) Loose cultural communication policy. The developed culture of the Central Plains had a strong attraction for the border peoples. Records of the border peoples sending their children to study in the Tang Dynasty and requesting for books to be awarded are frequently seen in historical records. For example, Tubo, Bohai, Goguryeo, Silla, etc. continued to send their children. Entered the Tang Dynasty to study. The Tang Dynasty generally met these requirements of the border peoples. It not only made proper arrangements for the children of the border peoples to study, but also awarded many Chinese classics to the border peoples. This was a policy that had not been adopted by previous dynasties and was not only beneficial to the Han culture. spread, and also promoted the cultural development of border areas. Generally speaking, during the Sui and Tang dynasties, my country's territory developed further than during the Qin and Han dynasties. Although its rule of extremely remote border areas was relatively loose, it was mostly effective, and It has been recognized by many border ethnic groups, as shown by the fact that Emperor Taizong Li Shimin of the Tang Dynasty was regarded as the "Khan of Heaven".