Writing, structure and composition. Penmanship refers to the penmanship skills in the writing process, including holding the pen, handling the pen, using ink, etc. Structure refers to the structure of characters and the combination of strokes. Chapter structure refers to the layout and typesetting of the entire work, including the distance between words, the distance between lines, the overall density, virtuality and reality, etc. These three elements are interrelated and influence each other, and together constitute the artistic characteristics of Chinese calligraphy.