You ask: What does classical Chinese mean? The usage of "er" in ancient Chinese (classical Chinese) is complicated, with two pronunciations of ér and néng; ; It can be a real word in some sentences and a function word in another sentence; Content words can be nouns, verbs or pronouns; Function words can be conjunctions or auxiliary words. There are about a dozen meanings and usages.
Next, I will supplement some sentences in classical Chinese in middle school textbooks as examples based on the explanations in the preferred ancient Chinese reference book "Ci Yuan". I'll call you together.
And a, a cheek hair, like the shape of hair. The drooping of scales and hair is also called.
Such as "Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji Zi Ren": "Anyone who robs, kills, helps, eats, etc. Will dig deep into his claws, expose his eyes and make a scale. " Two pronouns.
Send "er" to you, which means to call the second person. It can be translated as "you" and "you".
Such as "Xuanzhi of the Ridge": "Somewhere, but my mother is here." Three conjunctions
⒈ indicates a coordinate relationship, in which two connected items are parallel and equally important, and can be translated as "he", "he", "you" and "he" or not. For example, Two Children Debate Day: "This is not small for people who are far away, but big for people who are near" 1. It means that two items are related in time, action or reason, which can be translated as "JIU", "Then", "Lai", "Convenience" or "Inconvenience".
For example, The Analects of Confucius for Politics shows a progressive relationship, and the meaning of the latter item is closer to that of the former item, which can be translated as "and" and "and so on. For example, the phrase "learning while learning" in The Analects of Confucius indicates a modifying relationship, and the modifying item in the previous paragraph connects the adverbial and the head language, so translation is not needed.
For example, Yishan: He Sou Zhi Xiao ⒌ indicates a turning point, and the two conjunctions have opposite or opposite meanings, which can be translated as Que, Dan and Ke. For example, wolves: "The last wolf stopped and the previous wolf came again" 6 indicates a hypothetical relationship, which often connects the subject and predicate in clauses and can be translated as "if", "if" and "if".
For example, "Young China said": "Let all the teenagers in the country become teenagers" 7. Therefore, therefore. For example, Xunzi's exhortation to learn: "Jade is moist in the mountains, pearls are born in the deep, and cliffs are not withered."
⒏ If. For example, "The Analects of Confucius Eight Books": "Who knows etiquette when you are in charge?" Four auxiliary words, which are used with locative words such as "Shang", "Xia", "Lai" and "Wang", indicate time or range and can be translated as "one".
For example, "Painting": "China's ancient paintings, from portraits to the outside, are mostly constructed with meaning." 1. is equivalent to "knowledge".
For example, The Analects of Confucius asks, "A gentleman is ashamed of his words and transcends his deeds." 4. Express your tone.
A little closer to "Xi" For example: The Analects of Confucius: It's over! Already! Today's politicians are in danger! " Five "Rus", like, like.
For example, The Book of Songs Xiaoya Du Ren: "Du Ren, great efforts have been made. He is a gentleman and a woman with curly hair. "
Second, néng ㄋㄥ six-way "energy". I can.
For example, Mozi's unluckily: "I am stubborn and quiet, ... but I don't want to correct my eyes and ears." 2. ability.
For example, "Zhuangzi Leyou": "Therefore, if a husband knows how to be an official, he can compare himself with a country, and he can be a king with virtue, but he can levy a country. It's the same! " .
2. Classical Chinese 1 How to distinguish the usage of the word "he"?
Generally, it is not translated, and sometimes it can be translated as "you". (1) The crab kneels six times and pinches twice, but no one is sent to the cave where the eel is not a snake ("Persuade") (2) Although the steeple pass is firm and severe, one person can't defend it, but ten thousand people can't force it ("It's difficult to get through the Shu Road") (3) Save Zhao in the north, save Qin in the west, and attack the five tyrants ("Xinlingjun steals symbols to save Zhao") (2)
It can be translated as "and" or "and". This gentleman learned to save himself with Japanese ginseng.
(Persuade to learn) ② Chu Huaiwang was greedy for Zhang Yi, so he was completely out of order (Biography of Qu Yuan) ③ Looking back at the scenery of the sun, no matter whether it was the Xifeng peak or the daytime, it was all blushing and refuting, but it was all compassionate (the story of climbing Mount Tai) ④ It was all in the depths of his mind (the story of traveling to the treasure toad) 3. It can be translated as "just" and "joining the group".
(1) therefore, I leave you to eat the capital, in order to win the reward of welcoming guests ("Chen Qingbiao") (2), I drew my sword and cut it. ("The Hongmen Banquet") 3 If you are born without knowing, who can be puzzled ("Teacher's Theory") 4. Represents a turning point.
It can be translated into "but" and "indeed". (1) green, take it from blue, and green is blue ("Encourage Learning") (2) There is such a tendency, but it was robbed by the power accumulated by the Qin people ("Six Kingdoms") (3) The letter, my brother is strong, and his children die ("Chen Qingbiao") 5. Express a hypothetical relationship.
It can be translated as "if" and "hypothesis". (1) If you are interested, you can also expect horses.
("Feng Wanzhen") (2) Death is known, and its geometric points ("Sacrifice to Twelve Lang Wen") (6). Represents a modified relationship, that is, a cohesive adverbial. There is no translation.
After tasting and expecting, you might as well learn from it ("exhortation"), fill it up, leave your armor behind and go ("I am in the country"). King Xiang pressed his sword and said, "Who is the guest?" ("Hongmen Banquet") 7. I'm sorry that I can't enjoy the trip with my husband (to Baochan Mountain). I show that I hate my ability not to use it (Battle of Red Cliffs). On behalf of the purpose, ① from a distance, I hope to be lucky (Epang Palace Fu) ② To serve the officials and the people, seal the state treasury and wait for the generals.
3. What is classical Chinese?
Open classification: culture, language, style, national language
Classical Chinese is relative to vernacular Chinese.
The first "article" refers to a written article. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording. "Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular". The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". And "vernacular" means: "articles written in plain spoken language".
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in spoken and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And using books and language to express it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. In ancient China, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"
Classical Chinese is a treasure of China culture, and the ancients left us a lot of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a very important role in the Chinese curriculum in middle schools.
What is classical Chinese?
1. Classical Chinese is wonderful. There is no doubt about it. Classical Chinese is an important part of China traditional culture. This shows that the history of modern civilization in China is still very short, and it is necessary to deconstruct or interpret the traditional culture, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese.
2. Classical Chinese is knowledge. This is right, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is purely a kind of writing. But classical Chinese is knowledge, and so is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Why not learn from Oracle Bone Inscriptions? By the way, it is precisely because Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively primitive writing, so classical Chinese is the basis for further study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and other traditional advanced writing (learning).
3. Classical Chinese is also a skill. The expression, description, combination, transformation, metaphor, comparison and deduction of Chinese fully bear the style of Chinese civilization in ideological expression. Mastering the physical structure of classical Chinese has a profound understanding of modern Chinese, and there are "laws" to follow in the construction of new Chinese.
4. "Classical Chinese" is the antonym of "vernacular Chinese". The structure of this word is as follows: classical Chinese-Chinese. The first "text" is "writing" and "speech" is language. "Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". It shows two meanings: first, it shows that classical Chinese is a language; Secondly, the language was written later. "Written" language also has two meanings: one is a culture that can have language without words, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language without words; Secondly, the function of language quits life and becomes history in the form of words.
The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: the written language style. The latter's "text" refers to style.
So does classical Chinese have a "future" besides archaeological research? In other words, what life application value will it have? I think there is. When the traditional life style fades out of modern society, people just ignore the social life in some marginal fields, which leads to the suspicion or neglect of classical Chinese in modern application. For example, in religious buildings, some inscriptions will still be written in classical Chinese, or in calligraphy and engraved with tools. The application of seal script is also mostly the same.
The word "classical Chinese" can also include the relationship between language and writing in cultural history. In a certain form, once a language, including dialects, is "literate" and written, its language charm will be reduced and its writing function will be doubled. Because language is usually passed down orally and closely related to life, language has not yet entered the cultural state. It is the retention of life experience, without the expansion of words.
In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: did the ancients say so? I think this can be "felt" through the differences in the expression of written and spoken languages in the present tense, and there is not much difference in the structural rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech is just more casual, albino and popular than classical Chinese, and "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference. As for reading classical Chinese now, of course, it does not mean repeating the words of the ancients, but reciting or silently reading a style.
Reading classical Chinese is a very clear way of thinking, just like reading the works of western philosophers occasionally, it is very solemn.
The Value of Revival of Contemporary Classical Chinese
The revival of classical Chinese is one of the hot spots in the cultural revival movement in contemporary China. Its appearance has the same profound historical background as the China Cultural Renaissance Movement, and it is an integral part of the Chinese National Renaissance Movement. On the surface, the revival of classical Chinese is a denial of vernacular Chinese advocated by Hu Shi and others, but in essence it is an extension of vernacular Chinese movement. The popularity of vernacular Chinese has greatly increased the audience of generalized culture, but made the direct audience of China traditional culture less and less-thus posing an unprecedented threat to the inheritance of China culture. It is precisely because of the need to inherit China culture completely and accurately that the revival of classical Chinese has become a historical necessity. The revival of classical Chinese can not deny the existence and value of vernacular Chinese.
4. It's just classical Chinese. Go down the river leisurely and go up the river.
Good taste, leisure, and wandering around. An old father, dressed in brown, went to a good place until he fell off his shoes. Gu said to Liang, "You are a boy, take off your shoes!" " Youliang got a fright and wanted to beat all landowners. Old, endure, take your shoes away. Father said, "Come with me!" Good karma is to take shoes, because kneeling is to take shoes. Father was fed up and just laughed. Liang Shu was startled. He obeyed his orders (12), and his father went to Li suo (13) and said, "My son can teach. In the next five days, Pingming (14) will meet me. " Shan Yinqi (15), kneeling: "Promise." The fifth day, quiet and bright, my father was already there. He said angrily, "What is the future with Lao Ji (16)?" Go and say, "There will be an early meeting in five days." On the fifth day, the rooster crowed. Well, my father was here first. He said angrily, "What happened after that?" Go and say, "Come back early in the next five days." On the 5th, it was a wonderful night and a half. There was a tilt (17), and my father came and said, "It's true." A book (18) was published, saying, "After reading this, you are the teacher of kings." So I left and never saw him again. On the day I died, I read his book, The Art of War (19).
Word annotation
① Selected from historical records. (2) Liang: Later, he became the main counselor of Liu Bang's victory over Xiang Yu to establish the Han Dynasty. Idle: idle. ③ Xiapi (pρ): place name, in the south of Pixian County, Jiangsu Province. Yí: Bridge. 4 Brown clothes: Wear linen jacket. Clothing: wear as a verb. ⑤ Location: Location. 6 straight: intentional, deliberate. ⑦ Fight: Fight. Come with me: put on your shoes for me. Shoes: As a verb. Pet-name ruby already. Attending long kneeling: Kneel straight. (1 1) Special: Very. (12) Purpose: Keep an eye on him. (13) Li Suo: About a mile. So: it is equivalent to "Xu". Ping Ming: It's just dawn. (15) Strange: I think it is very strange. (16): Appointment. (17) Tilt: Not for the time being. (18) One book: one book, one book. Sun Tzu's Art of War: According to legend, it was written by Jiang Taigong.
Poetry translation
Sean once took a leisurely walk on Xiapi Bridge. An old man in a linen jacket walked up to Sean and deliberately threw his shoes under the bridge. He turned to Sean and said, "Young man, go down and get your shoes!" "Sean was surprised and wanted to give him a beating. Because of his age, he managed to hold back his anger and picked up his shoes under the bridge. The old man said, "put your shoes on for me!" " "Sean has picked up his shoes, so he put them on his knees. The old man stretched out his foot and endured it, then left with a smile. Sean was surprised and watched the old man walk about a mile. The old man came back and said, "Young people are worth teaching. Five days later, meet me here at dawn. " Sean was very surprised. He knelt down and replied, "OK." Five days later, at first light, Sean went to the bridge. The old man has arrived first. (The old man) got angry and said, "I dated the old man, but I came late. Why? " You said, "Go away! You said, "Gather in five days." Five days later, when the rooster crowed for the first time, Sean went. The old man arrived first and said angrily, "Late again, why?" He left and said, Come back early in five days. Five days later, Sean left before midnight. After a while, the old man came and said happily, "It should be like this." So he took out a book and said, "After reading this book, I can be the emperor's teacher" (finished) and left, without saying anything, and met again. After dawn, (Sean) read this book, which turned out to be The Art of War.
Yuan Gu's young ancestor (1) is old, and Gu's parents hate it and want to donate it. Ten years and five years in the valley, my father said, "The ancestors raised children and worked hard all their lives. Does anyone donate when they are old? " It is also negative. "My father was disobedient, made a map and donated his ancestors to the wild. With the valley, the land was returned. Father said, "Why did you accept this weapon?" Gu said, "When my parents are old, there is no need to make this tool, so I will take it with me. "If the father is ashamed and repents, it is to support the ancestors. Note: ① Original mouth: name. 2 donate: abandon. 3 exhortation: convince each other with good words. 4 Yu: Pushing the car by hand 5 Meng: The hapless grandfather of Haraguchi is old, and Haraguchi's parents hate him and want to abandon him. At this time, the original mouth was fifteen years old. He advised his father: Grandpa has children and will live frugally all his life. How can you abandon him just because he is old? This is ingratitude. My father didn't listen to the advice, so he made a cart and threw it into the wild with my grandfather. Haraguchi followed, so he brought the cart back alone. The father asked, "why did you bring this weapon back?" "? As I said, when you come, I won't have to make another one. Put it away now. Father was ashamed and regretted his behavior, so he went to take grandpa back to support him.
5. How to say "but" in ancient Chinese? Means a turning point: just, but.
For example, there is escape from business trips, but it is not embarrassing; His five-character poems are well written and unique.
From: Cao Pi's Book with Wu in Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Meaning: Serina Liu's writing is free and unrestrained, but (but) not strong enough. His five-character poems are perfect and outstanding among his contemporaries.
Extended data:
But other uses:
1, as long as-represents a hypothesis or condition.
If Wei Qing, who attacked Longcheng, and Li Guang, the flying general, were alive today, the Huns would not be allowed to go south to spend their horses in Yinshan.
From: Wang Changling's "Out of the Plug" in the Tang Dynasty.
Meaning: If Li Guang, the flying general of Dragon City, is still there, Huns will never be allowed to go south to herd horses and cross Yinshan Mountain.
2. Represents the range, which is equivalent to "only" and "only".
But I heard the Yellow River splashing.
Said by Guo Maoqian, a Song Dynasty poet, Poems of Mulan in Yuefu.
I can only hear the rushing sound of the Yellow River.