Jia Dao is in Hanmen, and often goes on outings from Zhang Ji and Meng. He is also a poetry friend with Ma Dai and Yao He, and has a close relationship with him. He is good at the five laws, and he is addicted to bitter songs. He calls himself "A day without writing poetry, the source of his heart is like a waste well" ("Play for Friends") and "Two sentences for three years, one song and two tears" ("After Writing Poems"). His poems are unique and impressive, and he often writes about desolate and cold scenes, expressing his sadness and loneliness. For example, "Walking alone at the bottom of the pool, counting the trees" ("No one can be sent here"); "Strange birds cry in the wilderness, and the setting sun fears pedestrians" ("Twilight over the Mountain Village"); In the sentence "Return the official to seal the night key, and walk the snake into the ancient tong" ("On the Yangtze River"), Mei Yaochen rated it as "a scene that is difficult to write. For example, at present, it contains endless meanings, which can be seen outside the words" (cited in Ouyang Xiu's "Poems on June 1"). This kind of bleak poems constitute Jia Dao's strange and clear style, giving people a sense of silence and gloom. There are also those who express the beautiful artistic conception in solitude, such as "People in the Yangtze River fish for the moon, and the wind burns in the wilderness" ("Send Zhu Xi □"); "The reeds sound like rain, and the lotus fragrance wraps around the lamp" ("Stay on the pool of Liu Sima after the rain") and so on. In addition, such as "Autumn wind gives birth to Wei River, and leaves are full of Chang 'an" ("Yi Jiang Shang Wu Chu Shi"), Xie Zhen rated it as "vigorous weather and prosperous Tang Dynasty" ("Four styles of poetry"). Another example is the quatrain "The swordsman": "After ten years of grinding a sword, the frost blade has never tried. "If you treat me like a gentleman today, who's to blame?" Quite heroic. Generation of frontier generals also has Zhuang language of "serving the country" and "pinglu". However, there are more than 3 poems, most of which are gifts for singing, and the subject matter is narrow; He also emphasized sentence refinement, ignoring the creation of a complete artistic realm, so Si Kongtu said, "Jia Langxian really has epigrams, and the whole article is extremely meaningful." (On Poetry with Li Sheng)
Some people think that the origin of Jia Dao's poetic style comes from one aspect of Du Fu's poems. For example, Sun□ said, "Gong Du Fu's poems are divided into six schools ... Jia Dao is unique." (Preface to the Collection of Du Gongbu) But it mainly depends on Jia Dao's life, so Hu Zai quoted Zhang Lei as saying: "In the later years of the Tang Dynasty, many poor people, such as Meng Dongye and Jia Langxian, wrote poems about poverty. Or is the suburban island poor? "Why do you want to visit the island?"
Jia Dao's poems formed a genre in the late Tang Dynasty, which had a great influence. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Wei's Poet's Picture of Subject and Object was listed as one of the seven people who were promoted to the church as "pure, strange and elegant". In the Qing Dynasty, Huaiming Li's "Poet's Subject and Object Map in the Middle and Late Tang Dynasty" called it "a lonely and lonely man", and listed many of his disciples as "entering the room" and "Jimen". In the late Tang Dynasty, Li Dong, Sun Sheng of the Five Dynasties and others respected Jia Dao very much, and even burned incense and worshiped his portraits and poetry collections, which was like a miracle (Biography of Talented Persons in Tang Dynasty and Reading Records in County Zhai).
Jia Dao is the author of 1 volumes of The Yangtze River Collection, and the four-part series is widely used. Li Jiayan's "A New School of Yangtze River Collection" uses Jia's poems collected in "The Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty" as the base, other books and related collections and anthologies, and the appendices, such as Chronicle of Jia Dao, An Examination of Jia Dao's Friends, and Jia Dao's poetry reviews, are relatively complete. See the biography of New Tang Book for deeds.
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Jia Dao, a poet, was a very important poet in the Tang Dynasty in China. He called it "Bitter". In the history of China's literary development, there have been many schools of poetry with him as the patriarch, which have great influence. Therefore, we should know him.
I
Jia Dao had a legendary life. There are many legends about him in history, but there are few deeds that can really be learned. Although he saw it in the "official history" and attached a story in the biography of Han Yu in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, there is no denying that this passage is very sketchy. I'm afraid this is because the author of the Book of the New Tang Dynasty didn't intend to make a biography of Jia Dao, but only to highlight Han Yu's position, so he was attached as a "Korean disciple".
Fortunately, there is still a valuable original material about Jia Dao's life, that is "Inscription of Tang Gu Si Cang Joining the Army in Jia Cemetery" written by Su Jiang, a native of Tang Dynasty (hereinafter referred to as "Tomb Inscription"). According to local chronicles, this Tomb Inscription was written by Feng Xian, and it was established in Puzhou (located in Anyue County, Sichuan Province) in the fourth year of Huichang, Tang Wuzong, with a high degree of reliability. Moreover, Su Jiang himself is a good friend of Jia Dao. He wrote Tomb Inscription at the request of Jia's wife Liu, which is more authoritative. According to this Tomb Inscription, we can get a general idea of Jia Dao's life:
Jia Dao, a native of Langxian and Fanyang (now Beijing), was born in the 14th year of Dali in Tang Daizong (779). We can know from the euphemism that "the ancestors' official titles have not been studied in detail" that Jia Dao really came from a family of "cloth clothes" with little fame.
He is very talented: "excellent talent is carefree, outstanding and lively", and he is also very knowledgeable. "He has learned all kinds of classics, and he can read all of them." His five-character poem was famous at that time and was read by people. Unfortunately, the luck was bad, and "I missed Yang, and I suddenly fell into slander". I arrived in Changjiang County, Suizhou (now Pengxi County, Sichuan Province) nearly 6 years ago and became a master book (the rank was "from the nine grades"). Three years later, I was promoted to Puzhou Treasurer and joined the army (before I saw it, the rank was "under the eight grades"). Soon, Huichang was three years old () "Tomb Inscription" said that he was "good at attacking calligraphy and winning the Olympic Games", which was not a flattering word.
in addition, he is also proficient in Buddhism, "realizing the unreal, believing that there is nothing to live for", and has a smooth personality, "never judging people's right and wrong".
That's what Tomb Inscription says. Of course, every tomb inscription is always suspected of promoting good and avoiding evil, but the basic deeds recorded here are credible, which provides a real basis for us to understand Jia Dao.
2
Jia Dao's works are currently published in the world with ten volumes of The Yangtze River Collection and more than 37 poems. There are many rewarding works between him and some contemporary poets, which are also valuable materials for understanding Jia Dao.
The works of Jia Dao and some contemporary poets tell us that at the beginning of Yuanhe (the year number of Xianzong), Jia Dao, who was nearly 3 years old, went to Luoyang with his new works to pay respects to Zhang Ji and Han Yu, the famous predecessors of poetry at that time. "There are new poems on his sleeve, and he wants to see Zhang Hanlao" ("On the way with a new essay, Zhang Ji and Han Yu made%). At that time, he was very nervous: "I lost the Nanshan Mountain and was full of sadness." But it is full of hope: "I have a northwest wind, and I am willing to become a grass!" Sure enough, his outstanding talent was greatly appreciated by two predecessors, especially Han Yu, who gave a high evaluation. Jia Dao was very grateful for the great writer's encouragement, threw himself at his door and followed him to Chang 'an. Later, he was taken care of by Han Yu in many ways: "clothes are frequently sent on his body, and things are also divided." ("The Book of Han Yu, who is rewarded by lying down and walking quickly") The two have always maintained a profound friendship.
Chang' an is the capital of the Tang Dynasty, and the annual imperial examination is held here, so it naturally becomes the place where "a group of talented people arrive at the best, but few are long and salty"; Jia Dao spent most of his life as a poet here. He once lived in Changshou Yanshou, Chang 'an, and lived next door to Zhang Ji, who was very close to each other and had many books to give answers to. At the same time, he had contacts with Li Yi, Meng Jiao, Wang Jian, Ling Huchu and other senior celebrities. What excites Jia Dao even more is that he has met a large number of young poets of his age, such as Yao He, Ma Dai, Shen Yazhi, Li Yu, Lu Tong, Zhu Qingyu, Gu Feixiong, Chen Shang and Yong Tao. Their scholar spirit, youth, full of the courage to fight in the fame field. "Attacking poetry day by day is also self-reliant, and it is supplied in the famous field every year" (Yao He's "Sending Jia Dao and Zhong Hun"). This period of time can be said to be the "golden age" in Jia Dao's life.
With the passage of time, most of my friends have succeeded in fame and fortune sooner or later. And waiting for Jia Dao, it is a series of failures. Gradually, his situation became very embarrassing: "How can I live in Dixiang with the first empty bag!" ("The Second") The mood becomes very melancholy: "Tears fall far away from the mountains, and spring grass grows when you are ill." (ditto) Poverty is threatening him more and more seriously, and sometimes it even falls to the point of "looking for wild vegetables with a stick and begging for rice while cooking in the morning" (Zhang Ji's "Gift to Jia Dao"). In this situation, his contacts with monks, Taoist priests and hermits increased, in an attempt to get a temporary relief from talking about Zen and classics and visiting Taoism and seeking immortality. At the same time, dissatisfaction with social reality is also growing slowly in Jia Dao's chest. In view of the unfairness in the imperial examination, he issued a strong hope that "it all depends on Si Ping". And boldly put forward the accusation that "the next person is not ashamed, and the talents are ashamed" ("Send Shen Xiucai to the East"). He also complained about his poverty situation everywhere without scruple: "After the winter, the ladle is empty; Tears flow on the cold pillow and trace the old mountains. " ("Winter Night") "There are firewood mountains in the city, and this house is smoke-free. And there are sweet springs at the bottom, but the kettle is empty. " ("Chao Hunger") Although there are no angry words, the expression of dissatisfaction is equally obvious. There are also a few poems that fully express their grievances by means of comparison, such as Sick Cicada, Judge and Swordsman, which are worthy of attention.
Jia Dao, with Chang 'an as the center, has lived a life of "clothing" for 3 years. During this period, he also visited Xiangyang, Jingzhou (both in Hubei Province), Fengxiang (in Shaanxi Province), Bianzhou, Gwangju (all in Henan Province), Hangzhou (in Zhejiang Province), Pu, Jiang (all in Shanxi Province) and many other places, or visited teachers and friends, or traveled the landscape, leaving many poems.
It was not until Tang Wenzong came of age that Jia Dao, who was over 6 years old, was given the title of "Master Book of Changjiang County" and began his official career. As for his official career, the Book of the New Tang Dynasty said that he was "slandering the main book of the Yangtze River" and "Tang Yi Yan" also said that he was "disgraced without an official". There is no way to know why. However, from some works of Jia Dao and others, we can see that this official career really has a derogatory meaning, such as Jia Dao calling himself "the guest", Zhang Kun calling him "the minister" and Xue Neng calling him "the left". Moreover, this official career also contains some grievance factors. Therefore, there will be a feeling that "who knows the crime of general abuse" in Yao He's poems. Li Pin also said in the poem: "Suddenly, I am far away from an official, and no one knows the innocence." As for the rumor that it is because it has offended Wu Zong, or that it has offended Xuanzong, there is even the so-called "Xuanzong Dazhong Ink System", which has been distinguished by famous scholars in previous dynasties and cannot be believed.
III
As mentioned earlier, Jia Dao had a legendary life, and there are many legends about him in history. If you want to have a more comprehensive understanding of Jia Dao, then those legends also have certain reference value.
all kinds of legends about Jia Dao are scattered in many works, such as Tang Yan, Jian Jie Lu, Liu Bin Jia Hua, and Tang Caizi Biography. Taken together, they are mainly as follows:
—— One day, Jia Dao immediately sang "Birds stay in trees by the pool, and monks push the moon down the door". When he was taken to an official's horse, Jia Dao woke up from a rude awakening. As it happens, this official turned out to be Han Yu. After listening to Jia Dao's story, he "immediately took a long time" and said, "Typing is good." So the two went hand in hand and formed a "cloth and clothes".
-Jia Dao "abruptly" Jing Zhaoyin (the actual chief executive of Beijing) and Liu Qichu in the same way when he was lamenting another time. As a result, he was locked up all night.
—— When he was a monk in Jia Dao, (According to the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Jia Dao was a monk for the first time, but he had no name. ) Luoyang once had a ban on monks leaving the temple in the afternoon. Jia Dao was indignant and wrote a poem: "It is better to have cows and sheep, and still have to return at sunset."
-Jia Dao tried again and again and refused to accept it. He wrote the poem "Sick Cicada", using the sick cicada as a metaphor, and compared those officials and nobles to "birds with yellow finches and kites" that harmed himself. As a result, he angered the dignitaries and was listed as one of the "ten evils" and was expelled.
-Pei Du (then prime minister) once built a luxurious residence in Xinghua, Chang 'an. When Jia Dao came back from the last place, he wrote a poem: "If you break through a thousand pools, you won't plant peaches, plums and roses. It will only be known when autumn comes in rosa multiflora and thorns fill the court!" Made a mockery of the luxurious life of the big officials.
-Tang Xuanzong once traveled in casual clothes, came to the temple where Jia Dao lived, and picked up Jia Dao's poems from the table. Jia Dao didn't know Xuanzong, but when he saw that the newcomer was well dressed, he was already unhappy. He grabbed the poem from Xuanzong and said contemptuously, "Lang Jun is fresh and natural, how can this be?" Xuanzong had to go downstairs. Later, when Jia Dao knew that the emperor had been offended, he was frightened and rushed to confessing. Soon, he was banished to Changjiang County.
These rumors are legendary, and many of them contradict the works of Tomb Inscription and Jia Dao. It's obvious that it's unfounded, but at the same time, it can't be said that these rumors are completely false. Because almost all of them came from the late Tang and Five Dynasties, not far from the Jia Dao era. For example, in the poem titled Jia Dao's Tomb written by An Kun in the late Tang Dynasty, there is a sentence of "Riding a donkey to rush to Da Yin and seize the volume to announce the Sect". This shows that the situation is not simple.
Besides, we know that the spirit of some historical rumors, even myths, is often consistent with the basic character of the characters described. For example, some books say that Li Bai swam the river by boat, "When he saw the moon shadow, he took it down and drowned." This statement is obviously not credible when it is proved by facts, but if it is proved by people, it is in line with the fundamentals of Li Bai's bold and unrestrained personality. Therefore, we can also consider these rumors of Jia Dao in combination with his life.
In these rumors, Jia Dao's dissatisfaction with the dignitaries was exaggerated. He mocked the prime minister, scolded the officials and officials, despised the emperor, and resisted the ban, thus becoming a rebellious man. ? There is a distance between the unruly image and the real Jia Dao. However, this image is essentially consistent with Jia Dao's real dissatisfaction. We can see that in Jia Dao's works, there is no praise for the "sacred dynasty", no pandering to the powerful, and there are only whispers about reality and moans about their own pain. It is this consistency that is reflected here.
Of course, we don't need to say that compared with Du Fu, Lu You and other people's poets, Jia Dao is more self-centered and rarely shows people's sufferings, which is his weakness. However, we should also see that as another typical example of intellectuals in feudal society, expressing their thoughts, interests and pains through their own works also reflects a side of society. Especially like him.