1. What does classical Chinese mean?
Original publisher: Hang Bin
What is classical Chinese? (1) Classical Chinese is very exciting. This is certainly true. The main body of Chinese traditional culture is classical Chinese. It can be seen that the history of China's modern civilization is still very short, and it is still necessary to deconstruct or interpret traditional culture for modernization, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese. (2) Classical Chinese is knowledge. This is right, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is purely words. But classical Chinese is knowledge, and Oracle is also knowledge, so why not learn Oracle? By the way, it is precisely because oracle bone inscriptions are more primitive writing, so classical Chinese is the basis for further learning of traditional advanced writing (study) such as oracle bone inscriptions. (3) Classical Chinese is also a skill. Chinese expressions, descriptions, combinations, transformations, metaphors, metaphors, deductions... fully bear the style of Chinese civilization in the expression of ideas. Master the physical structure of classical Chinese and have a deeper understanding of modern Chinese, and you will have "laws" to follow for the construction of new Chinese. (4) "Classical Chinese" is the opposite of "vernacular Chinese". The structure of the word is this: classical Chinese-文. The first "wen" is "writing" and "yan" is language. "Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". It illustrates two meanings: first, it indicates that the classical Chinese text is a kind of language; second, this language was later literalized. "Literalized" language also has two meanings: first, a culture that can have language but no writing, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language but no writing; second, the language function withdraws from life and becomes history in the form of writing. The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: a literary style of language that has been written down. The "wen" at the back refers to the style of writing. (5) So apart from archaeological research, does classical Chinese have any “future”? In other words, what other application value does it have in life? I think there is. In the fading of traditional forms of life, 2. What is the specific meaning or meaning of classical Chinese?
"Classical Chinese" is relative to "vernacular Chinese".
The first "wen" is The meaning of written articles. "Yan" means writing, expressing, recording, etc.
"Classical Chinese" means written language. "Classical Chinese" means "oral language" as opposed to "oral language". "Also called "vernacular". The last "wen" means works, articles, etc., indicating the type of literature.
"Classical Chinese" means "using "Articles written in written language". And "Vernacular" means: "Articles written in commonly used straightforward spoken language".
In ancient my country, to express the same thing, oral language and using The expression in written language is different. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, the expression in spoken language is "Have you eaten?" ", and to express it in books and language, it is "Fan? ". "Fan Fou" means classical Chinese.
In ancient my country, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese." Classical Chinese is the treasure of Chinese culture. The ancients left us a lot of classical Chinese.
In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a very important role. 1. Classical Chinese is very exciting. >
This is certainly true. The main body of Chinese traditional culture is classical Chinese.
This shows that China’s modern civilization has a very short history, and it is still necessary to deconstruct or interpret traditional culture. Because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese.
This is right, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is purely text, but classical Chinese is knowledge. It is also knowledge, so why not learn Oracle? By the way, it is precisely because Oracle is a more primitive writing, so classical Chinese is the basis for further learning of traditional advanced writing (study) such as Oracle.
3. Classical Chinese is also a skill.
Chinese expressions, descriptions, combinations, transformations, metaphors, metaphors, deductions... fully bear the style of Chinese civilization in the expression of ideas.
Master the physical structure of classical Chinese, have a deeper understanding of modern Chinese, and have "laws" to follow in the construction of new Chinese. 4. "Classical Chinese" is the opposite of "vernacular Chinese".
The structure of this word is like this: classical Chinese-文. The first "wen" is "writing" and "yan" is language.
"Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". It illustrates two meanings: first, it indicates that the classical Chinese text is a kind of language; second, this language was later literalized.
The language that has been "written" also has two meanings: first, a culture that can have language but no writing, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language but no writing; second, the language function has withdrawn from life, Become history in the form of words. The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: a literary style of language that has been written down.
The "wen" at the end refers to the style of writing. So apart from archaeological research, does classical Chinese have any "future"? In other words, what other application value does it have in life? I think there is.
When the traditional form of life fades into modern society, it is only that people ignore the social life in some marginal areas, which causes modern applications to doubt or ignore classical Chinese. For example, in religious construction, some inscriptions are still written in classical Chinese, written in calligraphy, and engraved using tools.
Most of the applications of seal script are like this. The term "classical Chinese" can also encompass the cultural and historical relationship between language and writing.
In a certain form, once a certain language - including dialects - is "wen" or literalized, that is, written, the charm of its language is suddenly reduced, while the function of writing is doubled. Because language is usually passed down orally and is closely related to life, language has not yet entered a cultural state. It is a preservation of life experience and does not have the extended performance of words.
In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: Did people in ancient times also say this? I think this can be "feeled" by the difference in expression between written language and spoken language in the present tense. There is no big difference in structure and rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech was just more casual and more popular than classical Chinese. The "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference.
As for when we read classical Chinese today, of course it does not mean that we are repeating what the ancients said, but that we are reciting or silently reading a literary style. When reading classical Chinese, you feel a very clear line of thought, just like occasionally reading the works of Western philosophers, which has the solemnity it deserves.
3. What does 人 mean in classical Chinese?
Common meanings [2] Note: The bold example sentences are pronouns in the example sentences in Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools [3] 1. Same as modern Chinese explanatory particles 1 Example: ① near The people on the fortress are those who have good skills. - "A blessing in disguise" ②Who is the king who plans this? ——"Hongmen Banquet" ③No one showed any interest after that. ——"Peach Blossom Spring" ④The person who looks bright but profound is Langya. ——"The Drunkard Pavilion" ⑤There is a further statement that the person who asked Chang'an Lord to be a hostage is Lao Women will spit on his face! ——" Touching the Dragon and Talking about the Queen Mother of Zhao" 2. Used after a noun, equivalent to ".this person" Example: ① The Foolish Old Man of Beishan, who is ninety years old, lives facing the mountain. ——"The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain" ② The city has become famous Those who are engaged in the business of being a child.——Pu Songling of the Qing Dynasty, "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio·Promoting Weaving" 3. Used after the word time to mean "when." Example: ①In ancient times, the world was the main subject, and the king was the guest.——" "Ming Yi Waiting for Interviews" ② Today, Xiang Zhuang draws his sword and dances, the meaning is always Peigong. - "Hongmen Banquet" 4. Place it after the numeral. Example: ① Maybe it is different from the two, why? ——"Yueyang Tower" ②This number is also a danger for soldiers. Particle 1. Used in hypothetical complex sentences or causal complex sentences to indicate a pause to prompt the following. Example: ①The reason why ministers leave relatives to serve the emperor is to admire the emperor's high status. Righteousness. - "Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" ② Those generals and officials who dare to say that they should welcome Cao Cao are the same as this case! ——"Zizhi Tongjian" 2. Placed at the end of an interrogative sentence to express a question. Example: Who? It can also be divided into upper and lower. 3. To form some kind of phrase with words like "ruo", or used alone to express comparison, which is equivalent to ".like" or ".like". Example: ①Looking at it, I feel nothing. A person with extraordinary abilities.——Liu Zongyuan of the Tang Dynasty, "The Donkey of Guizhou" ②In other words, the appearance seems to be very similar.——Pu Songling of the Qing Dynasty, "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" 4. Put it after the subject to draw out the judgment. It forms "the person" .
The structure of "ye". Example: Chen Shengzhe, a native of Yangcheng. - "Historical Records·Chen She Family" Unusual/uncertain meaning 1. (Unsure, although many versions have different translations. The meaning, but cannot be found in the "Common Dictionary of Ancient Chinese", may be the same as the meaning in the particle 1) is placed after the subject to elicit the reason. Example: ① Ran Cao Sui can defeat Shao, and the weak is the strong, not only the timing , but it is also a human plan. ② And those who live in Anling for fifty miles are just because Mr. You is here. ③ My wife is beautiful to me, and I am private. ④ Crabs kneel with two claws, which is not the hole of a snake and eel. The word sustenance is used to express impatience. 2. The (uncertain) particle is placed in a hypothetical complex sentence to express a hypothesis, which is equivalent to "if." The patient, the country will be permanently destroyed. ②Those who fail to reach the goal despite their ambitions can have no regrets. ③ Those who do not, if they belong to everyone, they will be captured. 3. (Uncertain) is placed at the end of the statement to indicate the end of the statement. Example: ① Send him to the mouth of the lake, because he can watch the so-called stone bell. ② When the first minister untied the ox, he saw nothing but the ox. 4. (Uncommon meaning) "Ye":----"Han Feizi·Eight Classics" : "There is no seriousness in taking up tasks... and selflessness in being an official." [4] "Shuo Yuan·Zheng Ye Li": "There are no gentlemen in Lu, how can we choose this." They all use the meaning of "Zhe", and see In ancient books, "Zhe" and "Ye" can be used interchangeably. 4. What does classical Chinese mean?
The first "wen" means written articles.
"Yan" means writing, expressing, recording, etc. "Classical Chinese" refers to written language. "Classical Chinese" is relative to "oral language", and "oral language" is also called "vernacular".
The last "wen" means works, articles, etc., and represents the type of literature. "Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language".
"Vernacular" means: "articles written in commonly used straightforward spoken language." In ancient my country, there were differences between expressing the same thing in spoken language and written language. For example, if you wanted to ask someone if they had eaten, you would express it in spoken language as "Have you eaten?", but in written language, it would be "Have you eaten?" To express it, it is "Do you want to eat?"
"Fanfou" is classical Chinese. In ancient my country, all articles were written in written language.
Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese". Classical Chinese is the treasure of Chinese culture, and the ancients left us a large number of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a large role in middle school Chinese courses. 5. What does classical Chinese mean?
Classical Chinese is a written language in ancient China, which mainly includes written language based on the spoken language of the pre-Qin period. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the objects used to record writing had not yet been It was discovered that bamboo slips, silk and other materials were used to record text. However, silk was expensive, bamboo slips were bulky and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more things on "one roll" of bamboo slips, unimportant words needed to be deleted. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the ruling class's habit of using "official documents" for correspondence had been finalized, and the use of "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy. Classical Chinese is relative to the vernacular, and its characteristic is that it is written Based on the writing, it pays attention to allusions, parallel antithesis, neat rhythm and no punctuation, including strategies, poems, lyrics, songs, eight-legged essay, parallel prose and other classical prose.
Famous language and literature writer, educator Mr. Wang Li, a scholar, pointed out in "Ancient Chinese": "Classical Chinese refers to the ancient Chinese written language based on the spoken language of the Pre-Qin Dynasty and the language in the works of later generations of writers who imitated the ancient times." Classical Chinese essays, that is, articles written in classical Chinese, That is, the ancient classical Chinese works and the works that imitated them in the past dynasties. As a stereotyped written language, classical Chinese has been used for two to three thousand years, from the pre-Qin scholars, the poems and poems of the two Han Dynasties, historical prose, to the ancient prose of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the eight-part essay of the Ming and Qing Dynasties... It belongs to the scope of classical Chinese. In other words, classical Chinese is the written language of ancient China and the source of modern Chinese.
The first "wen" means beautiful. "Yan" means writing and expressing , records, etc. "Classical Chinese" means written language. "Classical Chinese" is relative to "oral language", which is also called "vernacular". The last "wen" means works, articles, etc. , indicating the type of literature.
"Classical Chinese" means "beautiful language articles", also called stylistic articles. And "vernacular Chinese" means: "written in commonly used straightforward spoken language" "Article". For example, "Have you eaten?".
In ancient my country, to express the same thing, we used "oral language" (spoken language) and "written language" to express it. , are different. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken language, "Have you eaten?" ”, but to express it in written language, it is “Fan?” ". "Fanfou" refers to classical Chinese. Here, the noun "fan" is used as a verb, meaning to eat.
Before 1919, all articles in China were written in classical Chinese. Now we Generally speaking, "ancient Chinese" is called "classical Chinese".
In the thousands of years of Chinese history, the spoken language has changed greatly, but classical Chinese has maintained a similar format. Classical Chinese allows users of different languages ????to "talk in writing" " is a communication method that has a fixed format but is not very difficult. 6. Why is it called classical Chinese?
"Classical Chinese" is relative to "vernacular Chinese".
"Classical Chinese": The first "wen" means written articles. "Word" means writing, expressing, recording, etc.
"Classical Chinese" means written language, "classical Chinese". " is relative to "oral language", which is also called "vernacular". The last "wen" means works, articles, etc., indicating the type of literature.
"Classical Chinese" " means "articles written in written language". And "vernacular" means: "articles written in commonly used straightforward spoken language".
In ancient my country, it was necessary to express the same Things are expressed differently in spoken language and in written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, expressing it in spoken language is "Have you eaten?" ", and to express it in books and language, it is "Fan? "The poet ridiculed Bai Ke Zhi Jiu Xun Bao Mo. "Fan Fou" is a classical Chinese text.
In ancient my country, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as classical Chinese. 7. How are classical Chinese texts interpreted?
Six methods of classical Chinese translation. Classical Chinese translation should strive to be accurate and fluent. Therefore, classical Chinese translation must pay attention to certain methods.
To sum up, there are roughly the following types. One is literal translation.
Literal translation is a direct translation based on the word meaning and word order of the original text. Such as: completely (completely) silent.
The second is free translation. Free translation means translating according to the meaning of the original words and sentences, rather than translating word for word.
For example: A general will die in a hundred battles, and a strong man will return in ten years. This sentence uses the rhetoric of "intertextuality". When translating, the words in the context must penetrate each other, explain each other, and combine to express a complete meaning.
The third is the supplementary method. This method is suitable for omitted sentence patterns in the text. When translating this sentence pattern, only by filling in the omitted components can the sentence be smooth and the meaning clear.
For example: People don’t know (me) but (I) am not stunned (people). With this addition, the semantics becomes smoother.
The fourth is the word order shifting method. Since the token sequence of classical Chinese inverted sentences does not conform to the grammatical habits of modern Chinese, the positions of the inverted words must be reversed during translation to make them conform to the grammatical habits of modern Chinese.
For example: Why do you rely on it? When translating, the verb "depend" should be moved in front of the object "he". The fifth is the method of retaining the original word.
Words such as personal names, place names, official names, units of weights and measures, year names, emperor names, dynasties, etc. in ancient Chinese can be kept in their original form and do not need to be translated. For example: In the Qing calendar, there is a commoner who is promoted.
The words "Qingli" (year name) and "Bisheng" (name) in the sentence are special nouns and can be directly retained in the original sentence during translation. Sixth is the deletion method.
Some classical Chinese function words only have a certain grammatical function but have no real meaning and can be deleted during translation. For example: Nanyang Liu Ziji, a noble scholar.
The function word "ye" in the sentence can be deleted and not translated. 8. What does it mean in classical Chinese?
◎ It is shì〈shape〉 (1) (Knowing.
Small seal character shape, from day to day. Original meaning: straight, not skewed) (2) The same original meaning [right] is, straight.
——"Shuowen". According to it, if the ten eyes of the candle are hidden, it means straight, and if the sun is straight, it means yes.
But it is suspected that it is a subtle and gross body. ——"Book of Rites Tamamo".
Shu: "It is called righteousness." On the ninth level, moisten the head, which means that there is good and wrong.
——"Yi Weiji" (3) Right, correct [correct] Wang Fu is. ——"Mandarin·Chu Language".
Note: "Principle." It makes the eyes not see what is right, and there is no desire to see.
——"Xunzi Encouraging Learning". Note: "It is called the right way."
Establish right and abolish wrong. ——"Huainanzi Xiuwu".
Note: "Good." That's what he is.
——"Poetry·Wei Feng·There are Peach in the Garden" Although it does not mean that what I said is correct, there are no words to answer it. ——Lin Juemin, Qing Dynasty, "A Letter to His Wife" It is true that he has not strayed far, and he feels that what he is today is not what he was yesterday.
——Jin Dynasty Tao Yuanming's "Return and Come Back" (4) Another example: Right and wrong pile (people who cause disputes); Right and wrong Gai (right and wrong nest); Right and wrong vortex (the center of conflicts and disputes); The field of right and wrong (the place of conflicts and disputes) (5) A general word. Whatever, any [every; any].
Such as: it’s a person (Jewish people, anyone); it’s a thing (everything; everything); it’s a thing (everything); it’s everywhere (everywhere; everywhere) ◎ It’s shì〈代〉 ( 1) This, this [this; that] is called vade. ——"Poetry·Xiaoya·Bin's First Banquet" When heaven is about to assign a great responsibility to a person, he must first suffer from his will.
——"Mencius·Gaozi Xia" If you are safe and the world is in danger, you will not be surprised if you go up.
——Han Jia Yi's "On Accumulation and Storage" (2) Another example: It's the day (this day, this day); it's the evening (this night); it's the place (here; here); it's long or short (like this) so long; so short; so and so); it is the month (this month); it is the year (this year); it is tolerable, which is intolerable◎ is shì〈动〉 (1) agree; think it is correct; affirm [praise; justify] plate Geng did not change his attitude for the sake of resentment. He measured righteousness and then acted. This is why he did not see any regrets.
——Wang Anshi, Song Dynasty, "Reply to Sima's Remonstrance" is about oneself rather than people, and the common disease is the same. ——Qing Dynasty·Liu Kai's "Wen Shuo" (2) Another example: It is ancient and not modern (advocating the ancient and devaluing the modern); right and wrong (affirming what is correct and denying what is wrong.
Refers to Assessing right and wrong); each is his own; deep is what he says (3) Correction [correct]. Such as: is correct (correction; correction) (4) obey, think of the law [follow] The lawless king is not etiquette.
——"Xunzi". Yangliuqiao Execution: "Erya: 'Yes, then it is.
'" (5) Relative words. The word that expresses positive judgment [be] is Shikoku.
——"Poetry·Cao Feng·鸸鸸" When I wrote this book, I was still only one person in the world. ——Lin Juemin, Qing Dynasty, "A Letter to His Wife" You are the son of a wealthy family, serving as an official in Tai Pavilion.
—— "New Odes of Yutai·Ancient Poetry Written by Jiao Zhongqing's Wife" (6) Another example: Today is the Dragon Boat Festival; it can only be him calling (7) It means that the two things are the same, or the latter means that the two things are the same. According to the theory of the former, it should be caused by the strong water in the valley. The sand and soil are gone, but the huge rocks stand erect. ——Song Dynasty Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Bi Tan" (8) Another example: He is not a student (9) It means that the object of the statement belongs to the situation mentioned after "is".
For example: It is winter in the yard and summer outside the house (10) It means that the mentioned things are unrelated to each other. For example: right is right, wrong is wrong, they cannot be lumped together (11) means existence [be; exist].
For example: In front of the house is a threshing floor (12), which means concession [be..., but] After so many years, it should be a beautiful place for good times. ——Liu Yong of the Song Dynasty, "Yulin Ling" (13) Another example: The material is good, but a bit expensive (14) It means [be suit].
For example: Put it in the right place (15) Try. Use the same as "try".
Such as: Guess (try guessing) (16) Like; like [like; resemble]. For example: it is words but not words (seems to be said but not said; insinuating) ◎ YES shì (vice) (1) Expresses affirmation [certainly; really].
Such as: yes must (must; must); yes must (must, must); yes (so that; therefore); I [is] the ticket I bought yesterday; his craftsmanship is superb, and he made it (2) When "is" is not stressed, it can be omitted, and it only means a general affirmation [just]. For example: I [is] asking, there is no other meaning (3) Used as a function word to express agreement [yes] when answering questions, orders or requests.
For example: Yes, I am happy to have lunch with you (4) Very, very [very]. For example: Shishi (extremely tense place; everywhere) ◎ is shì (1) means to give in, with the meaning of [although].
For example: yes is (although, although); yes is (yes is yes. Although it is) (2) The second clause often contains words such as "but, but, even".
For example: He is thin, but he never gets sick (3) It means although. Used for transitional sentences.
For example: He left early, and he couldn’t catch up in time (4) Expressing the reason and purpose. After "is", you can add "because, because, for" [because (of)].
For example: He made mistakes [because] he was too proud at ordinary times (5) Choose the format of the question: "Or...or...?" "Is...or...?" "...or...?" "Is...is...?" [(whether)...or]. For example: Who is on duty today? Or are you still Xiao Wang? (6) or [or] (7) To answer a multiple-choice question, repeat part of the question, usually without the word "yes".
For example: Does your watch run fast or slow? ——Quick (8) Sometimes I answer with a complete “yes” sentence. Are you from Shanghai or Beijing? ——I am from Beijing (9) The answer may also exceed the scope of the question. For example: Does your watch run fast or slow? ——Neither fast nor slow ◎ is shì〈name〉 (1) Business, professional or political affairs, business or state affairs [affairs] If the monarch and his ministers are not in harmony, the country (the country's correct policy and plan) cannot be determined.
——Fan Ye's "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" (2) Another example: Shishi (everything, all things); Guoshi (3) Surname ◎ is shì〈help〉 Help object in advance to study diligently Wei is Urgency is rare. ——Liu Kai, Qing Dynasty, "Wen Shuo" The Lord bends the law to express his kindness, swallowing the boat is a leak.
——Liang Qiu Chi's "Book with Chen Bo" of the Southern Dynasties. 9. What does this classical Chinese sentence mean?
Once, the King of Qi sent Yan Zi, an official, as an envoy to the State of Chu. Knowing that Yan Zi was short in stature, the kings and ministers of Chu State opened a small door next to the main gate and invited Yan Zi to enter. Yanzi refused to go in and said, "I went in through the Dog Cave when I was visiting the Dog Kingdom. Now that I'm on an envoy to the Chu Kingdom, I shouldn't enter through this hole." The people who greeted the guests led Yanzi in through the gate instead.
Yanzi paid homage to the King of Chu. The King of Chu said: "Is there no one in Qi? Why did I send you here?" Yanzi replied: "The capital of Qi, Linzi, has 7,500 households. When people open their sleeves together, the sky becomes dark; together they open their sleeves. Sweat will turn into heavy rain; pedestrians on the street are leaning on their shoulders and their toes are touching their heels. How can it be said that there is no one there? "The king of Chu said, "If this is the case, then why did you come?" Yanzi replied: "The State of Qi sends envoys according to different objects. The capable people are sent to the capable king, and the incompetent people are sent to the incompetent king. I, Yan Ying, am the least talented. People, so I can only go to Chu as an envoy."
Yan Zi is about to go as an envoy to Chu. When the King of Chu heard the news, he said to his men: "Yan Ying is a man of Qi who is good at rhetoric. He is coming now. I want to humiliate him. How can I do it?" His men replied: "When he comes. When it arrives, please allow the minister to tie up a person and pass in front of the king. The king asked: "Who is he?" He replied: "He is from Qi." "The king of Chu asked again: 'What crime was committed?' He replied: 'It was the crime of theft. "
When Yanzi arrived in Chu State, the King of Chu invited Yanzi to drink. When he was drinking happily, two warriors escorted a man to the King of Chu. The King of Chu asked: "Who is that person being escorted? ? The warrior replied: "He is from Qi State and has committed the crime of stealing." The king of Chu said to Yanzi: "Are the people of Qi good at stealing?" "Yanzi left his seat and solemnly replied: "I have heard of such a thing. Oranges growing in Huainan are oranges, and growing in Huaibei become tangerines. However, the shapes of the leaves are similar, and the taste of their fruits is completely different. What is the reason for this? It's because of the difference in water and soil. Now people do not steal when they live in Qi, but steal when they come to Chu. Could it be that the water and soil of Chu make people good at stealing? The King of Chu smiled and said: "A saint cannot joke with him, but I am asking for trouble." ”
Yan Zi: Reasonable and polite, smart, witty, eloquent, neither humble nor arrogant, patriotic.