Freehand brushwork is gradually formed in long-term artistic practice. Among them, the participation of literati in painting has played a positive role in the formation and development of freehand brushwork. According to legend, in the Tang Dynasty, Wang Wei was later called "poetry in painting, painting in poetry" because of his excellent poetry and painting. He changed his style and created a broken ink landscape painting with light ink and clean brushwork. In the Five Dynasties, flowers and branches were written in ink first, and then painted in light color, which created the method of Xu's falling ink. Later, Wen Tong promoted the painting style of the four gentlemen in the Song Dynasty, and Lin Liang opened a new style of "courtyard style" in the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, Shen Zhou made good use of thick ink and light color, Chen Bai Yang emphasized realistic ink and light color, and Xu Qingteng was even more unconstrained in the rhyme of existence. After a long period of artistic practice, freehand brushwork has entered its heyday. Developed by Badashanren, Shi Tao, Shan Li, Wu Changshuo, Qi Baishi, Zhang Daqian, Pan Tianshou, Wang Yachen disciple Wang Dezu, Anping Yijun, Li Kuchan, Zhu Xuanxian, Li Keran and Fan Ceng, freehand brushwork is the most influential and widely spread painting method.
Freehand brushwork advocates spirit likeness. Dong Qichang said: "Freehand brushwork is the best way to draw landscapes. What is this? When the shape and quality are perfect, there is no charm; If there are different colors, there is no brushwork. " Xu Wei's Poems on Paintings in the Ming Dynasty also said, "We don't want to look like a rhyme of survival, but we should cut it with our five fingers."
The meaning of freehand brushwork comes first. Contemporary painter Nanshan Leshan thinks: "Li Taibai has a poem: A goose brings a sad heart, and a mountain brings a good moon. Wonderful artistic conception. A lead with a title is extremely full of meaning. The picture tension is enough. Therefore, because there is no heart of Wan Li, there is no painting of Wan Li. It is for this purpose. What did a freehand brushwork inadvertently write? Therefore, intention comes first. Therefore, the pen is unexpected. The pen breaks the meaning, and the meaning breaks the god. Taste the pen of Minangong on all sides; Octupole boxing says that punches are far away in all directions. There's only one reason. Therefore, the connotation of his paintings pays more attention to the expression of Tao and spirit, and his form pays more attention to the personality of the pen and the cooperation of poetry and calligraphy. " The freehand brushwork is painted in cursive script, which embodies the unique modeling concept and realm of China people. Freehand brushwork is not only the art of higher self, but also the art of high selflessness. Having me and forgetting me seem to be contradictory, but in fact they are unified. Only by consciously pursuing the unique realm of freehand brushwork painting can we truly carry forward this magnificent stripping art.
As early as the Tang Dynasty, Wang Qia, a painter famous for splashing ink, appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty, which initiated the freehand figure painting in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Northern Song Dynasty, a small landscape scene of Mi Fei/Mi Youren appeared in Yunshan, Mishi, which was full of poetic and literati interest, enriched the pen and ink of China's landscape painting and opened the prelude of freehand brushwork landscape painting. Xu Wei's creative contribution to freehand brushwork in flower-and-bird painting is particularly outstanding. After the Ming Dynasty, this aesthetic thought of freehand brushwork gradually developed into a great freehand brushwork school handed down from generation to generation in the history of painting. paper
The paper used for painting Chinese painting is mainly Xuan paper, which has three types: ① Shengxuan. It's gummed paper and alum. High permeability, high draft, easy to dry, suitable for freehand brushwork. It is best to use clean sheets in health promotion. Reprocessing on the clean sheet is called extra clean sheet, which is dense, soft, smooth and easy to use, and easy to draw, looking at both lines and ink color.
2 cooked publicity. Brush a layer of alum water on raw rice paper to make cooked rice. Alum is fixed, and the ink color does not fade on paper, which is suitable for meticulous painting.
③ Semi-cooked rice paper. It is made by adding a small amount of alum to raw rice paper. Such as cooking, it is suitable for painting semi-meticulous and semi-freehand.
In addition to rice paper, there are Korean paper, leather paper and hemp paper. Leather paper is produced in Zhejiang and other places, which is cheap, easy to produce good lines and easy to smudge. If it is used to draw clouds, it is easy to create a layer-by-layer blooming atmosphere, leaving no traces, exquisite and beautiful. When choosing coated paper, you can hold a corner of drawing paper and gently shake the paper. No noise is better.
High-quality rice paper should have the following characteristics: loose but not loose, tight but not solid, slippery but not slippery, moist but not dry. The depth of the wet and dry layer is easy to see, and it is not damaged after rubbing.
The most obvious tool difference between freehand brushwork and meticulous painting is paper, and painting with raw rice paper is the key factor for freehand brushwork to play its artistic characteristics, so the quality of paper itself directly affects the painting effect. The identification of the advantages and disadvantages of students' propaganda is the first problem encountered by freehand brushwork. Nowadays, Shengxuan's production base is in Anhui, and Hongxing brand Shengxuan paper is a famous product of Anhui Xuan. The quality of Hongqi and Anhui propaganda is unstable, and there are many counterfeit products. Anhui Xuan is characterized by white, pure quality, good permeability, clear pen marks and bright ink color, so it is the main paper for most freehand painters. The difference between the advantages and disadvantages of health propaganda can be judged by listening, touching, watching and trying. Listen first. You can shake the corner of the paper. If the sound is crisp, it means that the paper is hard and the processing is too tight. This kind of paper tends to be dull and unattractive. If the sound is dull, generally speaking, the paper is soft, treated loosely or moderately. If it is too loose, the brushwork is perishable, and if it is moderate, it should be intact. Touch is to touch the paper back and forth with your hands to feel astringent and moist. Just look, the paper is uneven, the fiber is cloud-like, too uniform or the curtain pattern is too clear and cloud-like. Cloudy paper is generally more and more rich in ink. Now some raw materials are processed by machines, so that the pulp will be beaten too evenly, and the machine-made paper will be too tight and uniform, which is generally not as comfortable as handmade paper. Therefore, Red Star Paper Factory still insists on manual operation to maintain the reputation of traditional famous paper. However, the final identification of paper quality still depends on testing, such as the size of permeability, whether the test marks can be retained, whether the test ink color scale is rich, whether the ink color is bright, whether the test pen is smooth and not astringent, and so on.
At present, there are papers that belong to the scope of health promotion, including Sichuan bamboo promotion, Korean leather promotion, Fuyang promotion, Quzhou leather paper and so on. But many varieties in the past are no longer produced, such as ribbed paper, which is rare. Some Xuan paper is not ideal, but because of its own characteristics, it is often used by some painters. For example, leather propaganda paper has the characteristics of high permeability, strong resistance to alteration, unclear but moist pen marks, and is very popular with some landscape painters and others who want to take advantage of its characteristics. Sichuan Xuan and Fuyang Xuan are not good papers, but they sell well because of their low prices and their own characteristics.
pen
There are big, medium, small, long, short, fat and thin pens. Freehand figure painting mostly uses large and medium pens, and rarely uses small pens. Because freehand brushwork is rough and loose, large and medium-sized pens are easy to play this feature. Of course, everyone can choose the appropriate pen type according to their own painting style and habits.
There are three kinds of brushes: soft brush, hard brush and combined brush. Soft wool is rich in water, soft and round, its ink color is easy to change from shade to dryness, and it can be expressed freely. It is suitable for expressing round lines with flexible and rigid surfaces. Not suitable for drawing squares and hard lines. This kind of pen is mainly made of wool. Some painters use long peaks, barrel pens and wool brushes when painting. The picture is soft and firm, the lines are equally vigorous, the ink is dripping, the clouds are lingering, the water and the sky are the same, the reflection is blurred, the ink is rich, soft and wonderful, showing a strong interest. Soft hair is mainly wool and beard, followed by fetal hair and chicken feathers. Wool is mainly produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, and is famous for its good skills in making lake pens, which is favored by painters at home and abroad. Huzhou Yang Hao has a long history and excellent pen-making technology, so the pens produced are pure in materials, moderate in thickness, and have good cohesion and dispersion. Freehand brushwork is often used in painting and rendering color ink. If it is used for sketching, the lines will dry up and change, and the charm of ink and wash will be natural and rich. Sheep whiskers are longer and more elastic than sheep bristles, so it is very convenient to draw, outline and smear with their strokes, especially sheep whiskers. Fetal hair is extracted from the baby's fetal hair, which is soft and cohesive, and feels particularly good when written. Unfortunately, fetal hair is not easy to collect, the output is not high, and folk fetal hair is not allowed to grow too long, so it is difficult to make large and medium-sized fetal brushes. Chicken brush is very soft, and it is not widely used except for drawing special lines. Bristle has less water content, is tall and strong, angular and elastic, and is suitable for drawing square hard lines. Some painters like to paint with wolf hair because it is easy to draw good lines. When painting, painting with calligraphy, twists and turns, pens and pens sent home, one tree and one stone, all written out, all depends on skill. Strange rhyme can be seen in rubbings, rubbings, dyes and dots, and ink color can be seen in dry and wet shades. Hard hair is mainly wolf hair, which is made of weasel tail hair. Because the temperature in the north is cold, it is hard and long. Wolf hair produced in Beijing is obviously superior to that produced in the south. Unfortunately, due to the imbalance of ecological balance, the source of raw materials for wolf hair is reduced. The use of bristles increases the length of bristles, thus increasing the types of bristles. Other animal hair, such as leopard hair, deer hair, stone badger hair and mountain horse hair, are all raw materials for making bristles. Among them, bristles, mountain horses and stone badgers are more common, thicker, harder and more elastic than Stellera chamaejasme. In addition, the mountain horse pen and the stone badger pen are also commonly used by painters. Shama pen has a neat nib, so it is easy to add thin slices and then draw square hard lines. The stone badger pen is made of white hair, purple hair, black goat hair and fragrant raccoon hair. Suitable for forward, backward, rolling, dots and other brushwork, and the lines drawn with it are old and spicy. Bristle is generally used for rubbing points, and it is easy to be vigorous and powerful with a pen, but the change is often not as rich as wool. Double-stranded brush refers to a rigid and flexible brush made of soft and hard hair, which has the advantages of both soft hair and hard hair. Baiyun pen is the most common one on the market, others, such as seven purple three sheep, five purple five sheep, large, medium and small crane neck pens and so on. Generally, wolf hair and wool are matched, and bristles and wool are mixed. In fact, all kinds of hard animal hair can be combined with wool. This kind of pen can be used for both sketching and stippling, and it is a pen type that painters prefer. In order to overcome the shortcomings of the limited length of wolf writing brush, the newly excavated crane pen in the market is made of bristles and wool with various lengths, and the effect is also good. It is based on pure coat color, with neat pointed hair after opening, decent fat and thin, good elasticity, especially good rebound and dispersion of pens. However, due to the different habits and styles of painters, there are bound to be different requirements for pens. It is for this reason that a good pen may not be as useful as a used pen.
black
Ink is a factor directly related to the painting effect. In the past, block ink was the main ink. The origin of ink is difficult to research, but the outline of black line has been seen in the pattern of painted pottery, which shows that people in China painted in black very early. Block ink is smoke smoked with lard or tung oil or rosin wood, which is pressed by hand grinding well, glue and spices. The shapes of block ink are various, but the strip type is the main one. There are two kinds of ink: oil smoke and pine smoke. The ink made of fuel oil smoke is oil smoke, and the well-made ink is called top smoke blue smoke, and the tribute is also called tribute smoke. Because pine smoke is easy to penetrate, it is rarely used as a general stroke. However, the mixed use of pine smoke and oil fume can produce an effect similar to that of Su Mo. Painting ink and paste are a new type of convenient ink developed in modern times. The original ink is heavy, dark in color and rough in quality. After continuous improvement, the original ink and dextrin are made into paintings, and the quality is constantly improved and improved. The advantage of drawing ink is convenience, labor-saving and time-saving, but the disadvantage is the lack of the thickest layer, and the glue is generally biased. Therefore, when splashing ink, the ink layer thickness is easy to be burnt, and it is not as good as the ink developed by block ink in terms of water penetration. However, this deficiency is often used by people to express some special feelings, such as some hazy and mixed effects. There are many ink pastes on the market, the effect is not as good as that of ink, and sometimes the precipitation is very poor, which has similar properties to the color of advertising ink and also produces the special texture effect of ink.
inkstone
Ink can be divided into three types: ornamental inkstone, ornamental practical inkstone and practical inkstone. In history, many inkstones were carved by famous inkstones, but the novelty of technology was emphasized, which made it inconvenient to store and study ink. There may be inscriptions by world celebrities, which are generally artistic and collectible. As a painting tool, it is best to choose the latter two inkstones. Besides appearance, the quality of inkstone is mainly stone. Anhui, Guangdong, Gansu, Shandong and other places produce famous inkstones. Generally speaking, stone materials are hard, generous and deep in color, which are not easy to dry when inking, and the craftsmanship is better. As a freehand figure painting, the inkstone body needs to be large, and the pool for storing ink and water needs to have a certain capacity, so small inkstones are not suitable, but medium and large inkstones are suitable. The large inkstone with inner circle and outer circle or the round flat-bottomed basin-shaped ink sea on the market is very practical and cheap, so beginners can choose this kind of inkstone.
However, after a large number of painting inks went on the market, the role of inkstone was greatly reduced, and its position in painting tools also declined. Generally speaking, inkstones are only used to store ink. Although occasionally grinding ink, after all, the time of using inkstone is greatly reduced, and some even simply use porcelain plates or small plates instead of storing ink. As an inkstone, we should make full use of the old functions, because the current ink concentration is generally not enough. If we can grind ink with a little water, the shortcomings of ink can be overcome. Therefore, we should have a practical and generous good inkstone.
pad
Generally speaking, freehand brushwork is inseparable from the mat. There are many kinds of mats used, from exquisite to leisure, from high-grade blankets and felts to old newspapers. In the past, the importance of cushion was ignored, but with the development of freehand figure painting, the function of cushion expanded, and people began to pay attention to it. If the pad is only used as a general pad, it is best to use something that is slightly elastic but not excessive, non-absorbent, white or light. Felt is a very good material, which completely meets the requirements of padding. There are thick and thin mats on the market, which are easy to carry because of their uniform texture and light weight. Blankets are also commonly used materials, but new blankets are often too long and elastic, which will hinder the exertion of brushwork in painting. Therefore, old blankets are generally better than new ones. The surface fibers of old blankets used in paper mills are shortened, but they are suitable for drawing cushions. In addition, thin foam, flocking paper, edge paper and old newspaper paper are all commonly used materials. If expanding the function of the mat can have a more direct impact on the picture, then fabrics with obvious texture and weak water absorption, such as coarse cloth or plywood with beautiful patterns, are ideal materials. The pattern of this kind of article will appear on the screen from time to time in the process of lifting the pen from the back, which will produce special texture effect. By extension, the author can use various pre-selected thick pads to influence the effect of the picture according to his own ideas. In addition, if the cushion is made of extremely smooth things, such as glass plates and plastic plates, water will flow between the rice paper and the smooth cushion, resulting in a large area of natural water marks, which can inspire the painter and produce artistic associations. The use and function of cushion need to be further explored and explored to enrich the expression techniques of Chinese painting.
The tools of Chinese painting include pitcher, palette, paperweight, seal and inkpad. But because these do not directly affect the artistic effect of painting, I won't go into details.