At the same time, a three-legged system was formed at the latest in this period. Tripod has hoof-shaped feet and its abdomen develops into a flat rectangle. The reed has also developed rapidly, which not only matches the tripod in system, but also has a new shape with a closed mouth and a cover, and the ring foot bears three short feet. New devices such as hairpins and cards began to appear. Chimes were also widely formed during this period.
In addition, the patterns of bronzes tended to be simple in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the early popular patterns were either eliminated or simplified. Common patterns include animal face pattern, dragon pattern on the head of corolla, bird pattern on the tail, and new straight pattern, wave pattern and scale pattern.
Inscriptions are more memorable in nature, longer in content and richer in format. Early inscriptions on family emblems are rare, or some of them have been equipped with inscriptions. The font is simple and dignified, even and wave-free.
Class rules are made by Mao Ban in Zhou Muwang, with a height of 27 cm and a diameter of 26 cm. Four-eared ornaments adorn animal heads, with long drooping ears as columns, followed by small ears. The lower edge of the mouth is decorated with two chords. The animal face pattern formed by the positive line of abdomen. Low circle feet, no decoration.
Teacher Fang Yi was a bronze ware in Wang Gong period of Western Zhou Dynasty. Height 16cm, mouth length 7.6cm, transverse length 9.8cm, longitudinal length 7.5cm, bottom transverse length 9.6cm, and weight 1620g. Master Fang Yi's cover is like a roof, which is rectangular in overall shape, longer than vertical horizontally, slightly contracted along the lower edge of the mouth and around the foot, slightly bulging in the abdomen, with ears on both sides, and is in the shape of a trunk held high, which is extremely strange in shape. There is a middle wall in the container, and the middle wall is divided or divided into two chambers, which can hold two different wines. One side of the cover has two square notches corresponding to the two chambers of the container. There should be a bucket for wine, but it's a pity that it's lost. Metamormon's face pattern on the cover and abdomen is the final deformation form of this kind of decoration. Except for the recognizable eyes, other parts of the animal face pattern have been deformed and become very simple and hasty lines.
Mr. Fang Yi, the inscriptions on the pot body and lid are the same. There are 67 Chinese characters cast on the pot body and lid in 6 rows and 8 rows respectively. According to records, the king of Zhou gave a banquet in the palace, and the teacher presented gifts to the king. The King of Qi ordered Yu Gui and other things to be given to the teacher Qi, who used them as utensils to thank the son of heaven for his reward.
Dakeding found in Rencun, Famen Town, Fufeng County, Shaanxi Province, is a Zhou Dynasty casting vessel, also known as Hehe, with a total height of 0.93m, a caliber of 0.75m and a weight of 2015g.
There were 7 Xiaoding, 2 cups and 6 clocks, 1 piece, all made by Shanfuke. So this tripod is called Dake tripod, the small tripod is called Xiaoke tripod, and Xiaoke tripod is called Wang Xiao of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Big noble, whose name was Dick at that time, was offered as a sacrifice to his grandfather.
Dakeding is magnificent and simple in shape, with ears pricked up above the tripod mouth and three feet at the bottom beginning to evolve into the animal hoof shape in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, which looks calm and solid. The decorative patterns are three groups of symmetrical variants, Kuiwen and wide stealth patterns, and the lines are rich and smooth. Because stealth patterns surround the body like peaks and valleys, they are also called wavy patterns.
The inscription on the inner wall of Dakeding's abdomen is 28 lines and 290 words, which is a model of the seal of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The content is divided into two paragraphs:
The first paragraph is about Dick's praise and memory of his grandfather's learning from China's father, praising his modest personality and beautiful virtues, helping the royal family, loving the people and managing the country. Clever Zhou remembered Shi Hua's father's great achievements and promoted his grandson Zike to an important position in the royal family, responsible for conveying Zhou's orders.
In the second paragraph, Zhou Tianzi reiterated his official appointment and gave many dresses, fields, male and female slaves, junior officials and bands. Keke bowed and readily accepted the appointment and award, which was to cast a cauldron to praise the emperor's virtue and worship his grandfather's soul in heaven.
The bronze square vessel was a wine container in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which was found in Meixian County, Shaanxi Province. Fang Yi is rectangular, round-footed, with a top cover, a trunk and ears, in which the inscription 106 is cast. Fang Yi's body is full of decorations, with the theme of Solanum nigrum and symmetrical decoration, with a circular vortex pattern in the middle. The corner of the body is decorated with three layers of decorations, and the upper and lower layers are decorated with nightshade patterns. The middle layer is the same as the main pattern of the cover. The cover is the top of the four slopes, and the door is cast as a ridge. The whole device is solemn, standard and exquisite in workmanship.
Yi is the general name of bronze ritual vessels, and the words "a bottle of Yi for treasure" are often used in inscriptions on bronze. Yi is also the proper name of a bronze wine vessel, and Fangyi is named after its inscription and shape.
Bronze inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty are important physical materials for studying social politics, economy, military affairs and calligraphy in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The recorded contents mainly include sacrifices and war covenants. Fang Yi's inscription records the military contents of the Sixth Division and the Eighth Division of Yin Dynasty.
Fang Yi's decoration adopts relief technique, carving and casting rough and bold literary ornaments, with clear primary and secondary relations and distinct levels, which has achieved excellent artistic effect. Its exquisite and mysterious ornaments, solemn bodies and inscriptions are organically integrated through carving and casting, which reproduces the glory of the bronze casting industry in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, there were Guan, Zhong, Guan, Guan, and so on, and in the Li Wang period.
Pan, Wu Ding, Guangxi, etc. During the reign, there were Jia Pan, Pan, Mao and Nangong.
The bronze ritual vessels in the late Western Zhou Dynasty continued the changes of simple shape and ornamentation in the middle period, and eliminated the early factors in the middle period. Common types of utensils are tripod, reed, guard, hairpin, pot, bottle, plate, brand and so on. , and the variety is obviously reduced. In addition to the mid-term hanging pot, there are also bottom pots, all of which are animals' hooves and feet.
In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, only wave patterns, heavy ring patterns, scale patterns and straight lines were popular, and there were few complicated animal patterns, that is, royal weights such as reeds were also straight lines. At this time, most of the inscriptions on bronze are long, and the longest known inscription, such as Mao's 497 words, is also a very popular form of remembering ancestors. The strokes of the font are round, which emphasizes the beauty of calligraphy, but also finds scrawled fonts.
During the Zhou Liwang period, Ding was found in Xiaquan Village, Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province, with a height of 0.5 1 m, a diameter of 0.5 m, upright ears, miniature bottom and abdomen, and hoof-shaped feet. There are two strings under the mouth. The surface of the instrument is plain and the shape is common, but the 279-word inscription cast on its abdomen records the little-known war.
This inscription records the time, mode, scale and result of the battle in a documentary way, and more importantly, the capture record of this 127 chariot, which provides a brand-new information for understanding you's combat strength.
After the Jin Dynasty, the "chime" of the Soviet Union was also completed in the period of Western Zhou Liwang. Chimes are grouped bronze instruments. This set of clocks varies in size, the big one is 0.52 meters high and the small one is 0.22 meters high, all of which are harmony bells. There are 355 characters engraved on the clock, and the last two clocks are two lines 1 1. Inscriptions are all chiseled with sharp tools, and the knife marks are very obvious. Inscriptions can be linked together, which completely records the whole process of the Jin Dynasty's conquest of foreigners from 65438 BC to 846 BC1October 8.
The casting age of Shisanpan is about the Western Zhou Liwang period, and it is named after the inscription "Shisanpan". Some people think that the maker is a trap, so it is also called a trap.
The three countries are located in Fengxiang, Baoji, Shaanxi, and are adjacent to Kuiguo in the northwest. This country invaded this scattered country many times by force, plundering property and land. These scattered countries complained and hoped to solve the dispute between the two countries with Zhou's prestige.
Under the mediation of Zhou Liwang, the land was returned to the country, and officials of both sides drew the land boundary and took an oath. The inscription on the disk records the vows, processes and contracts scattered in various countries, which are cast on the disk.
As proof.
The discrete disc is a big ear disc with a high circle foot, a height of 0.2 meters and a diameter of 0.5 meters. The abdomen is decorated with Kuiwen, and the circle foot is decorated with animal face patterns. The illustration is engraved with 19 lines with 357 words. The shape and ornamentation of Sanshiwan show the simple and correct style of bronze wares in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, and the most attractive one is the inscription.
The calligraphy of Su Sanpan's inscriptions is simple and vigorous, with bold and simple fonts, rich and round, strange and pure words, and magnificent and colorful. It is different from the bronze inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty, such as the inscriptions of Dahe Mao, whose characters are vertically combined and long, but horizontally and square. It not only has the majesty of inscriptions, but also has the fluency of cursive script, which opens the end of "cursive seal" and occupies an important position in the system of stele study.
The greatest aesthetic feature of Sanskrit inscriptions lies in the word "clumsy", which is simple, honest and clumsy, and the thick and short lines present a multi-tone natural beauty.
However, the glyph frame of the inscription on the Sanskrit disk is not fixed. Its vitality is vivid on the paper, but it is naturally confused. Especially after casting and forging, many long and short lines no longer show symmetry, uniformity and parallelism, but show various irregular interests.
Round pen and blunt pen are used alternately, round but not light, dull but not stagnant, which is the technical focus of Sanskrit inscription. Physically, the glyph structure avoids interest without losing levity, changes without being coy, is brilliant and elegant, and exquisite workmanship can also be seen in extremely rough textures, which is the charm of the inscription on the Sanskrit disk.
There is a straight column between the words of the inscription on the Sanskrit disk in Yang Wen, which is a typical inscription style in the late Western Zhou Dynasty.
The main idea of the inscription is that the country invades, disperses the country and then makes peace. During the peace talks, Kuiguo sent 65,438 +05 officials to deliver fields and utensils, while the scattered countries sent 65,438 +00 officials to receive them, so the two sides got together and signed an agreement. The officials of Kuiguo swore to the scattered people that they were not willing to abide by this agreement. Kuiren drew a land map handed over to the diaspora, and under the supervision of the history of dispatch, it became a formal contract between Kuiren and the diaspora. The bronze plate was originally a vessel for holding water, but after the contract was carved, the stone plate became a heavy weapon of the country.
There is also the largest bronze reed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, which was made of Zhou Liwang bran. Its shape is square bottom, round belly, high circle foot and phoenix-shaped ears. The base of the device is decorated with vertical ripples, the upper part of the abdomen and the circle foot are decorated with a circle of hook moire, and the abdomen is decorated with vertical ripples. The whole body is 0.59 meters high, 0.43 meters in diameter, 0.23 meters in belly depth and 60 kilograms in weight.
The sheller is gorgeous and heavy, simple and elegant. This was cast by Zhou Liwang for ancestor worship. It is tall and majestic and can be called the king of bamboo. The inscription 124 is cast on the insole, indicating that it was made in the twelfth year of Li (888 BC). It is not only an artistic treasure, but also a standard instrument for dating bronzes in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Mao was made in the Western Period. Because there are 32 lines of Mao inscriptions on the belly of the tripod, Mao is the great virtue of repaying the son of heaven, so this tripod is specially made and named "Mao".
Mao Dinggong is still intact, with a height of 0.53 meters, a diameter of 0.47 meters and a weight of 34.7 kilograms ... The tripod mouth is in the sky, hemispherical, and the abdomen is deep, with three feet hanging like animal hooves, and a pair of thick tripod ears stand up along the mouth.
Mao's overall shape is vigorous and dignified, and the decorative pattern is also very simple and vigorous, which indicates that the bronzes in the late Western Zhou Dynasty have got rid of the strong mystery, weakened the religious consciousness and enhanced the atmosphere of life.
The height and weight of Mao are far from other large bronzes in Yin and Shang Dynasties. However, the inscriptions on Mao are the most in bronzes, with 32 lines and 499 words.
Mao Dinggong's inscription can be divided into seven paragraphs, saying: At the beginning of Zhou Xuanwang's accession to the throne, he was eager to revitalize state affairs, so he asked his uncle Mao Gong to govern internal and external affairs and be diligent and selfless. Finally, he was given lifelong service and generous gifts, so Mao Gong cast a tripod to show future generations the eternal treasure. Mao Quanming is exquisite and complete, simple and profound, and it is a masterpiece of Western Zhou prose.
The white pan of Polygonum cuspidatum was also cast in the period, and it was called the three major bronzes of the Western Zhou Dynasty together with pan and Mao. This dish is fantastic in shape, with a height of 0.39 meters, a rectangular mouth, a mouth length of 1.37 meters, a flat bottom and a square foot. There are two animal heads with rings on each wall, and the upper part of the abdomen is covered with stealthy patterns, and the lower part is covered with circumferential patterns, which is a fine work of art in the late Western Zhou Dynasty.
The white plate of Polygonum cuspidatum has a strange shape, like a big bathtub, with a rectangle with rounded corners, four square feet, a big mouth and a small bottom, which is slightly radial, so that the vessel avoids the feeling of clumsiness. There are two animal heads with rings on each wall. The mouth is decorated with a zigzag pattern and the bottom has a wavy pattern.
There is an inscription 1 1 1 at the bottom of the plate, which tells the story of Guo's being ordered to go out to war and make great achievements. King Zhou gave a banquet to celebrate his achievements and gave him some bows and horses, so Ji made a plate as a souvenir. The inscription is refined in language and dignified in font, which is copied by calligraphers in bronze inscriptions.
The inscription on the white plate of Polygonum cuspidatum means that the sea day is set in the first month of the twelfth year, and Polygonum cuspidatum is the treasure plate. Bai Zi, an outstanding son, was brave and promising in military action and ruled the world.
Attack the armadillo and reach the north of Luoshui. Decapitate the heads of 500 enemies, capture 50 prisoners, and become the vanguard of the whole army. The mighty Bai Zi cut off the enemy's left ear and presented it to the king. The king greatly appreciated Bai Zi's dignity. Wang came to Xie Xuan, the ancestral temple in Chengzhou, and gave a banquet in honor of his ministers.
The king said, "White Father, your contribution is outstanding and glorious."
The king gave Bai Zi a four-horse chariot to help the king. Give a scarlet bow and arrow, the color is very bright. Send it to Da Yue to conquer barbarians. Children and grandchildren will always use it.
In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, in the process of making bronzes, the impression pattern was invented, that is, a solid mold was made first, and many identical patterns could be reproduced with the mold, especially the pattern pattern, which needed the impression pattern. But it also lacks innovation because of convenience.
Later, two or more casting methods were invented, that is, the ears, feet and nails of the utensils were first cast, and the cast ears, feet and nails were embedded in the corresponding parts of the external mold of the utensils when casting the utensils. This process of casting separately first and then casting together is fast and of good quality, which is suitable for casting large bronzes.
Bronzes in the Western Zhou Dynasty have the characteristics of this era, and tend to be simple and ancient. The wine vessels such as Jue, Jiao, Hook, Hook and Square basically disappeared, while the pots, hooks, jade, tubes, birds and animals tubes still exist.
Chopsticks, cups and water injectors of food containers are new-style and practical utensils. Cleisthenes called, dish foot a set of washing device, phase need to use, found that often unearthed together. ceremony
"Neize" records: "When you enter the bathroom, the few will serve food, and the elderly will serve water. Please wash your feet and give a towel. " Noble luxury life can be seen.
Bronze clocks have grown from three to eight. Tripod system is particularly popular in this period. Reed also often appears in the even numbers of 2, 4, 6 and 8, which matches the tripod.
Ding and dogs are mostly hoof-shaped feet, and hair can be a typical representative. Some pots and pans have spouts, while others have belly ears. There are often three feet under the hoop of reed. Most of them are folded and arched, and special shapes with stoves appear. A tortured figurine was cast outside the square furnace. Pots usually have collars and double ears. Most strikers are triangular.
In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, there were decorative patterns with the artistic style of the times, such as ring pattern, stolen pattern, scale pattern, heavy ring pattern and tile pattern. However, there are many objects with flat surfaces or only a few strings on their bodies.
Because the producers pay more attention to inscriptions, the new ornamentation will inevitably have a rough and sloppy feeling. Generally, the animal face pattern is no longer used as the theme decoration, but often used as the decoration of the upper end of the foot. Bird patterns continue to be popular.
In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, bronzes were made simply, and the inscriptions were skillful and bold, and their contents were extremely precious historical materials. The inscriptions are evenly arranged, the font is rigorous, the calligraphy is skillful, and the vertical pen is a column with equal thickness from top to bottom, which is called "Jade Column".
Ducktin also uses squares to fill in the words. The inscription on the whiteboard of Polygonum cuspidatum is catchy to read, and the book is round and beautiful, with the charm of Xiao Zhuan.
For example, it appeared in Yang Jiacun, Meixian County, Shaanxi Province, and was called "the first dish in China". The height of the dish is 20cm, the caliber is 53cm, the diameter of the circle foot is 4 1 cm, the belly depth is10cm, and the height of the animal foot is 4cm.
Tray is a container for holding water, which is usually used with cards. It is a square lip, with a folded edge, a shallow abdomen, ears and a head, and the feet of four animals are attached under the circle feet. The abdomen and circle feet are decorated with stolen patterns, and the deputy head is a beast ring.
2 1 line, with about 360 words, is cast on the inner bottom of the dish, which records the history of eight generations of kings 12 who assisted the Shan family from Zhou Wenwang to Zhou Xuanwang in the Western Zhou Dynasty to fight, manage and govern Lin Ze. There are clear records of the changes of the royal family, its age and lineage in the Western Zhou Dynasty, which can confirm the historical records and test the Western Chronology drawn up by the Xia and Western Zhou Dynasty Dating Project.
Exquisite modeling and ornamentation, magnificent long inscriptions and exquisite casting technology are indeed classics of ancient bronze art in China.
Obviously, the content of this inscription is mainly to boast about one's family history and to commemorate Zhou Wang's book life award, among which there are many official words in the bronze inscriptions in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty. But what is commendable is that while praising ancestors and ancestors, it also basically lists the kings of the Western Zhou Dynasty and gives a general outline of the history of the Western Zhou Dynasty.