Where did the world’s earliest text advertising appear? ~~`
The earliest preserved text advertisement in the world is an advertisement looking for escaped slaves from 1000 BC that was excavated in the ancient Egyptian capital Thebe. Now stored in the British Museum, the paper is made of reed fiber, light brown, and has dimensions of 1030 x 1456cm, 32 karat. Its content is to offer a reward of one gold coin to find a slave named Sim. "*** Li Sim, escaped from the house of the kind-hearted weaver Hafu. All kind-hearted citizens of the capital Tebe, who can find him back will be rewarded. Sim is a member of the HITTLTE tribe (European language family) Nationality), 5 feet 2 inches tall, with a red face and brown eyes. If anyone can provide his whereabouts, he will be rewarded with half a gold coin. If anyone can bring him back to the weaver Hafu's shop, he will be rewarded with a gold coin. . Hafu, a highly skilled weaver, always weaves the best cloth at your request. "In what year did the earliest writing appear in the world?
Haha, I will answer this question. Passed!!
Ancient Sumerian clay tablets
About 4000 BC. This is a clay tablet unearthed from the ancient Sumerian city of Uruk. It is one of the oldest known examples of writing.
Around 3500 BC, the Sumerians invented hieroglyphics, which later developed into ideographic and signifying symbols, and were basically formed around 2800 BC. The earliest Sumerian characters were carved on stones. Around 3200 BC, the Sumerians began to use clay tablets to engrave characters, that is, to carve characters on plates made of wet clay, and then use fire or sunlight to engrave characters. Bake dry. The writing left by the Sumerians on clay tablets is also called "cuneiform writing", also called "nail-head writing" or "arrow writing" because the strokes resemble wedges. Sumerian writing is recognized as one of the most difficult to understand. In their writing, there is not even a fixed grammar. How many years ago did the world's earliest writing appear?
Oracle bone inscriptions are one of the earliest writings in the world
But some time ago, writings earlier than oracle bone inscriptions were discovered in Ningxia
\Discovered in Damai Field, Zhongwei, Ningxia In a large number of independent rock art groups, my country's oldest pictorial writings, which are thousands of years older than oracle bone inscriptions, were discovered. At present, the research results have been verified by Mr. Liu Jingyun, an expert in ancient writing from Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, and he finally believes that the discoveries in the Damaidi rock paintings may rewrite the history of Chinese writing.
An astonishing number of prehistoric rock paintings remain in the Damaidi rock art belt in the Beishan area of ??Weining, Ningxia. The early rock art can be traced back to the late Paleolithic Age, about 20,000 years ago. According to the survey and research by rock painting experts from the Northwest Second Nationalities College, there are 3,172 groups of 8,453 individual rock paintings in Damai Field, Zhongwei, Ningxia, including the sun, moon and stars, gods of heaven and earth, hunting, grazing, and dance sacrifices. Rock painting experts used Lishi Huangyi to date the early rock paintings between 16,000 and 10,000 years ago. After nearly two years of field investigation and extensive research, the pictures and texts in the rock paintings were finally passed through Shanghai. Liu Jingyun, an expert in oracle bone inscriptions from the Ancient Books Publishing House, verified and approved it.
There are still stone tools and pottery shards from the Stone Age in the Damaidi rock art area and its adjacent areas. This shows that the barley field during the primitive society was a gathering area for ancient human settlements and activities, and a holy place of worship for them to hold sacrificial rituals. Research shows that the pictorial symbols in the Damaidi rock art area are the original Chinese characters, and many pictographic and abstract symbols already have elements of ancient characters. The main basis is that these pictographic symbols have the basic pictographic form of original Chinese characters, and similar images can be found in pottery symbols of roughly the same period and later oracle bone inscriptions; a complex composed of two or more pictographic symbols has basically the characteristics of The elements that make up writing such as pictographic characters, ideographic characters, and referring characters are understood. More importantly, this kind of pictographic symbol is by no means accidental and isolated in the Damaidi petroglyphs, but is distributed in a star shape.
According to Li Xiangshi, a member of the International Rock Art Committee and a researcher at the Rock Art Research Center of Northwest Second National University, more than 1,500 pictorial characters have been found in the individual figures of the Damaidi rock paintings, among which some can be read There are only a small part of the picture text, and most of it cannot be read. /
In the world: The name "cuneiform" was given by the British, called cuneiform, which comes from Latin and is a compound word composed of the two words cuneus (wedge) and forma (shape). This name expresses the most essential external characteristics of ancient Mesopotamian writing. In fact, cuneiform writing, like the writing of other peoples in the world, has experienced the development process from symbols to writing.
Cuneiform writing was a great invention of the Sumerians. Sumerian eventually evolved from pictorial writing into cuneiform writing, which took hundreds of years and was completed around 2500 BC.
Archaeological discoveries have confirmed that in ancient Mesopotamia, the initial appearance of writing did not look like wedges, but just flat pictures. Obviously, ancient Mesopotamian writing, known as cuneiform writing by later generations, originated from pictographic writing. Archaeologists have discovered clay tablets engraved with this hieroglyphic symbol in the ancient city of Uruk, which have been dated to around 3200 BC. This is the earliest written record in the world. This kind of writing is simple and the expression is intuitive. Sometimes complex meanings and abstract concepts are expressed by combining several symbols. For example, the combination of "eye" and "water" means "cry", and the combination of "bird" and "egg" means "cry". "Sheng" etc. This kind of writing is pictographic. If you want to express a complex meaning, use two symbols together. For example, "sky" plus "water" means "rain"; "eye" plus "water" means "cry", etc. Later, it was developed that one symbol can represent multiple meanings. For example, "foot" can also mean "walking", "standing", etc. This is an ideographic symbol.
With the development of society and the increase in people's interactions, the things to be expressed are becoming more and more complex and abstract, and primitive graphics are increasingly unsuitable for people's needs. As a result, the Sumerians transformed writing. On the one hand, it simplifies graphics, often using parts to represent the whole; on the other hand, it increases the meaning of symbols. For example, in addition to "foot", the symbol "foot" can also mean "standing" and "walking", and "plough" In addition to "plough", the symbol can also mean "ploughing" and "people who plow the fields". In this way, hieroglyphs developed into ideograms, that is, the meaning of symbols is not directly expressed by graphics but derived from them.
Around 2500 BC, Sumer had developed a syllabic script, that is, using pronunciation symbols instead of ideographic symbols. Words with the same sound often share one character, and one symbol can also represent a word. The sound, for example, the cuneiform word "star" has the sound "um" in Sumerian. If it is used to express pronunciation, it has nothing to do with the original meaning of the word "star". It only expresses pronunciation. This is Phonetic symbols. This is also the inevitable result of social development, because since 3000 BC, Sumer has been fighting for years. In order to praise themselves, the rulers have gradually increased the number of inscriptions describing the process of the war. At this time, we often encounter some proper nouns, such as "capture" and "capture". In order to distinguish the names of cities and rulers, they began to use phonetic symbols. Phonetic symbols are a step further than ideographic symbols. First, the number of symbols is reduced. Second, phonetic symbols can also express things that graphic symbols cannot. Prepositions, adverbs, particles, word cases, word beginnings, word endings and other grammatical and grammatical structures. The meaning of the statement expressed in this way is more precise. After these changes, Sumerian writing system gradually became complete. In the process of simplifying hieroglyphics, the Sumerians began to gradually replace hieroglyphics with cuneiform symbols, and eventually created cuneiform writing.
The Sumerians first wrote on clay tablets. Imprinting on clay tablets is therefore only suitable for writing short, straight strokes.
Because the corners of reeds or wooden sticks are used to press when writing, the impressions left when pressed are wider and deeper, and the impressions left when they are pulled out are thinner and narrower. In this way, the beginning of each stroke of this type of character is It is thicker and thinner at the end, just like a wooden wedge. This is how the name "cuneiform" comes. After the cuneiform became the standard font for writing, later inscriptions on stones were also carved in this shape.
Initially, cuneiform was written in a straight line from right to left and from top to bottom. The disadvantage of this writing method was that the written characters were often erased by the carving hand, and later the characters were turned sideways. 90 degrees, changed to a horizontal line from left to right.
The invention of cuneiform by the Sumerians was an outstanding contribution to world culture. The Sumerian language system is unique in terms of vocabulary, grammar, and syntactic structure. It is very different from Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian that later belonged to the Semitic language family. But which language family it should be classified into, no scholar has been able to solve it yet. Therefore, the affiliation of the Sumerian language, like the Sumerians, remains a mystery to this day. Moreover, the Sumerian language existed for a relatively short period of time. After the Babylonian king Hammurabi came to power, it became a dead language and is no longer commonly used. Only used by priests during religious ceremonies, it is somewhat similar to Latin.
At the end of the third millennium BC, Akkadian, a Semitic language, replaced Sumerian. The Akkadians transformed and developed on the basis of absorbing the Sumerian language and writing, and established a relatively complete cuneiform writing system. The later Babylonian and Assyrian languages ??were mainly perfected on the basis of Akkadian.
The areas where cuneiform writing spread was mainly in West Asia and Southwest Asia. During the reign of the Babylonians and Assyrians, cuneiform developed further, the vocabulary became more expanded and complete, and the calligraphy became more refined and beautiful. With the spread of culture, other ethnic groups in the Mesopotamia also adopted this writing. Around 1500 BC, the cuneiform script invented by the Sumerians has become a common writing system for national exchanges at that time. Even Egypt and the Mesopotamia countries used cuneiform in letters or treaties in diplomatic exchanges. Later, due to the development of commerce, the Persians in the highlands of Iran improved the cuneiform script of Mesopotamia and gradually turned it into an advanced alphabetical script. Where was the earliest civilization in the world?
A bunch of nonsense...
The answer is 4. The Sumerian civilization in the Mesopotamia is the earliest
Reference encyclopedia:
: baike. baidu./view/160880.htm?fr=ala0_1_1
: baike.baidu./view/132845.htm Where did the earliest cities appear in the world?
The Yellow River Basin of China, Shang towards.
Mesopotamia refers to the ancient Babylonian kingdom in what is now Iraq.
Where did the world’s first airplane appear?
There are two completely different opinions on who invented the world’s first airplane. One is the Russian Mozai For example, in the book "A Brief History of the Soviet Union" edited by the former Soviet historian Nosov, it was directly written that the Russian military engineer Yafi Mozaisky (1825-1890) invented the world's first invention. The first aircraft was also stated in the "General History of the Soviet Union" edited by another historian of the former Soviet Union, Nechkina, that the manufacturer of Russia's first aircraft was Rear Admiral Mozhaisky who spent a long time and carefully designed it. His own aircraft and ready to fly, he built a monoplane, which has a fuselage, wings, landing gear, power plant, horizontal and vertical control systems, that is, all the main components of a modern aircraft. In 1881, Moza Isky obtained a patent license for his invention of the aircraft (airplane). On July 20, 1882, the first test flight of the world's first aircraft was held in the Red Village near Petersburg. An eyewitness wrote: Mozais His plane slid on the ground on wheels, and then took off like a bird. According to the "General History of the World" edited by the Academy of Sciences of the former Soviet Union, Mozhaisky's prototype aircraft from 1882 to 1885 used a steam engine. After the advent of the aircraft, Kadeer was in France from 1890 to 1893, and Hymaxim was in the United States from 1892 to 1894. They also trial-produced the first aircraft equipped with steam engines.
The second type was invented by the Americans, the Wright brothers. It is said in the book "The New Cambridge Modern History of the World" that two American inventors, the Wright brothers, Wilbur Wright (1867-1912) and Orville Wright (1871-1948) drove gasoline-powered cars. A powered aircraft achieved the first air flight. Some people in Chinese academic circles believe that the Wright brothers invented the world's first aircraft. Since using steam as power to drive an aircraft has little practical value, therefore, with the invention of the internal combustion engine, people paid attention to Focus was placed on trial-producing aircraft powered by internal combustion engines. In 1896, German designer G. Gerfeldt installed an internal combustion engine using liquid fuel on an airship for the first time. Improvements in internal combustion engines and the rapid development of flight theory and flight technology turned into modern aircraft. Under such circumstances, the necessary conditions were prepared for the manufacture of aircraft. In the early 20th century, the Wright brothers, who were born in a pastor's family, had been observing and studying aircraft since childhood, and had the courage to practice flying. They began to develop an aircraft powered by an internal combustion engine and controlled by humans. They overcame many difficulties and made a 12-horsepower internal combustion engine that met the flight requirements. The propeller was driven by a chain. This internal combustion engine that used gasoline was lightweight and compact. The aircraft was made of wood and cloth. On December 17, 1903, the Wright brothers took the With his homemade airplane, he came to the sand dunes near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, and began test flights. The first two takeoffs failed. Then, Orville took off and flew in the air for 12 seconds. The flight distance was 120 feet and the height above the ground was 120 feet. The world's first 3-meter internal combustion engine aircraft successfully tested! In 1906, Wilbur obtained a U.S. patent. After his death, his brother Orville continued to work on improving aircraft efficiency. In 1943, Orville transferred him and his brother to The aircraft developed by the same team was presented to the Smithsonian College in Washington. Five years later, it was used as a permanent exhibit for the world to admire. There was a sign on the aircraft with a line of eye-catching text: "The first airplane invented by the Wright brothers." Where was the earliest train in the world? In 1804, the British mining technician Drivsk used Watt's steam engine to build the world's first steam locomotive, with a speed of 5 to 6 kilometers per hour. Because coal or firewood was used as fuel at that time, people called it "train", and it has been used ever since. On February 22, 1840, Cornwall engineer Charles Livethick designed the world's first train that actually ran on track.
Where did the world's earliest university appear?
The University of Bologna (1088), located in Bologna, Italy, is the oldest existing university in the world. During the medieval period it was an important academic center in Europe, attracting many intellectuals from across Christendom. Today, it is the second largest university in Italy, with more than 100,000 students.
Founded in the fifth year of Yuanshuo, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (124 BC), Chang'an Taixue is currently the oldest formal university in the world. This university has doctors of the Five Classics as instructors, and the students who enroll are called "doctoral students" and are generally over 18 years old. The study subjects of Taixue include the Five Classics, and students can choose any of them to study, focusing on self-study. Teachers lecture regularly and take exams once a year. Chang'an Taixue was founded by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty under the active suggestions of Gongsun Hong and Dong Zhongshu, more than ten centuries earlier than the oldest Egyptian "Azhar University" in the world.
Adopt where the world’s earliest mobile phone appeared
One day in April 1973, a man stood on the street in New York and took out a wireless phone about two bricks in size. He called and made a call, which attracted passers-by to stop and look at him sideways. This man is Martin Cooper, the inventor of the mobile phone. At that time, Cooper was an engineering technician at the famous American Motorola Company.
The world's first mobile phone call was made to a rival of his working at Bell Labs, who was also developing a mobile phone at the time, but had not yet succeeded. Cooper later recalled: "I called him and said, 'Joe, I'm talking to you on a cell phone right now.' I heard 'gnashing of teeth' on the other end of the phone - even though he was already quite silent. Courtesy. "
By April this year, the mobile phone has been born for 30 years. This product of competition among scientific and technological personnel has now blossomed everywhere, bringing great convenience to our modern life.
Martin Cooper is 74 years old this year. After working at Motorola for 29 years, he founded his own communications technology research company in Silicon Valley. Currently, he is the chairman and CEO of this company. Martin Cooper's idea at the time was to let the media know that wireless communications - especially small mobile communication phones - were very valuable. In addition, he also hopes to arouse the interest of the US Federal Communications Commission and support Motorola in its competition with AT&T (AT&T is also a major communications company in the United States).
In fact, if we go back further, we will find that the concept of mobile phones appeared as early as the 1940s. At that time, Bell Labs, the largest communications company in the United States, began trial production. In 1946, Bell Labs built the first so-called mobile phone. However, due to its large size, researchers could only put it on a shelf in the laboratory, and gradually people forgot about it.
It was not until the late 1960s that AT&T and Motorola became interested in this technology. At that time, AT & T rented out a large mobile wireless phone that customers could install on large trucks. AT&T's idea is to develop a mobile phone with a power of 10 watts in the future and use the radio device on the truck to communicate. Cooper believed that the phone was too big and heavy to be moved and carried around. Therefore, Motorola applied to the Federal Communications Commission of the United States, requesting that the power of mobile communication devices should only be one watt, and the maximum should not exceed three watts. In fact, the radio power of most mobile phones today is only 500 milliwatts at most.
From the time the mobile phone was patented in 1973, it was not until 1985 that the first truly mobile phone in the modern sense was born. It places the power supply and antenna in a box and weighs 3 kilograms. It is very heavy and inconvenient. The user has to carry it like a backpack when walking, so it is called a "shoulder phone".
A mobile phone with a similar shape to today was born in 1987. It is much lighter and easier to carry than a "shoulder phone".
Still, it weighs about 750 grams, which is like a big brick compared to today's phones that weigh just 60 grams.
Since then, mobile phones have developed more and more rapidly. In 1991, the weight of mobile phones was about 250 grams; in the autumn of 1996, a mobile phone with a volume of 100 cubic centimeters and a weight of 100 grams appeared. Since then, it has been further miniaturized and lightened, and by 1999 it weighed less than 60 grams. In other words, a mobile phone is not much heavier than an egg.
In addition to getting smaller and smaller in quality and size, modern mobile phones have become more and more like a multi-functional Swiss Army knife. In addition to the most basic call functions, new mobile phones can also be used to send and receive emails and text messages, surf the Internet, play games, take photos, and even watch movies! This was something the original inventor of the mobile phone never expected.
In terms of communication technology, modern mobile phones have also made significant progress. When Cooper made the world's first mobile phone call, he could use any electromagnetic frequency band. In fact, the first generation of analog mobile phones relied on different frequencies to distinguish different mobile phones for different users. The second generation of mobile phones, the GSM system, relies on extremely small time differences to distinguish users.
There is no doubt that Motorola is the originator of modern communications and the setter of major standards, and its research scope has far exceeded the mobile phone itself