Zhuge Liang
According to historical records, Zhuge Liang personally directed five northern expeditions, namely:
In June 228, 5438, he left Qishan+10 and was defeated by Jieting soldiers.
In February of 65438+228, he set out to attack Chencang and did not withdraw his troops for more than 20 days.
In the spring of 229, Yin Ping and Wudu counties were captured, and the two sides did not fight;
On 23 1 February, he left Qishan, but was later withdrawn due to lack of food;
In 234, he left Wuzhangyuan via Gu Jie, and later retired due to Zhuge Liang's illness.
What is the reason for Zhuge Liang's failure in the Northern Expedition? Historians of later generations summarized two reasons for Zhuge Liang's failure in the Northern Expedition. First, the street pavilion fell, which made Zhuge Liang lose the game when he made a mistake. Ma Su's negligence made Zhuge Liang's three northern expeditions go up in smoke. The second factor is the weakness of the late ruler Liu Chan. Instead of contributing to Zhuge Liang, he held Zhuge Liang back and made Zhuge Liang fail in five northern expeditions.
In the spring of 228, the sixth year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang raised his voice in advance and took Xiegu Road. , let zhaoyun, Deng Zhi YiBing attract Cao Zhen heavily, his army attack Qishan. Nan 'an, Tianshui and Anding counties in Longyou opposed Wei's attachment to Shu, and Guanzhong shook. West Chang 'an Town, Wei Mingdi, Zhang Ming? Ma Su led fifty thousand people on foot and was defeated in the street pavilion. At the same time, Zhao Yun was outnumbered and lost to Ji Gu. Zhuge Liang pulled more than 1000 families back to Hanzhong from Xixian County. The first Northern Expedition failed.
Masu street pavilion
Cao Zhen, the general of Wei, saw Zhuge Liang's retreat, and then recovered Tianshui, Nan 'an and Anding counties. At the same time, it is estimated that Zhuge Liang may attack from the direction of Chencang, so Zhao Hao and others led the troops to repair the battlements of Chencang, ready to stick to it. The fall of the street pavilion shows Zhuge Liang's big mistake in employing people. He didn't use Wei Yan, who had both combat experience and courage, but Ma Su, who had been engaged in local administrative affairs for a long time, never led troops to fight, had a set of book theory and didn't even have the minimum military practice and combat experience. He was "good at discussing the art of war" and "exaggerating", which Liu Bei had long been wary of. Zhuge Liang also thought afterwards: "The failure of the street pavilion lies in the improper selection of people."
After Zhuge Liang was defeated in Hanzhong, he reorganized the army in time and made great efforts to talk about martial arts. After more than half a year, that is, the sixth year of Lite-Hing (228) 1 1, Zhuge Liang learned that Wei had launched three armies to attack Wu from the east, thinking that Guanzhong was weak, and decided to transfer troops to attack Wei again.
At that time, most ministers in Shu thought that Wei could not fight and should learn from the failure of street kiosks. However, Zhuge Liang tried to clarify that the attack on Wei was entrusted by the former emperor and could not be partial, emphasizing that "I will die all my life, and as for the defeat, I am outspoken, which is beyond my understanding." So on February 3, 65438, Zhuge Liang led the troops to attack Chencang along the old road (now Fengxian County, Shaanxi Province) and the scattered customs route.
Chencang has a dangerous terrain, which is the only way for the Shu army to attack Wei. In order to break the deadlock, Zhuge Liang adopted the strategy of combining political inducement with military strike, and twice sent his fellow villagers from Zhao Hao to persuade him to surrender, but both were rejected. Zhuge Liang thinks that he has tens of thousands of elite soldiers, while Zhao Hao has only one thousand. But reinforcements could not arrive soon, so they decided to storm Chencang.
At first, the Shu army attacked the city with ladder. Zhao Hao launched a rocket. Burning the ladder, the soldiers who entered the city were burned to death or fell to death. The Shu army then attacked the city with heavy vehicles, ordered soldiers to transport stones and dig holes, and tied stone plates with ropes to fly up and down, all of which were damaged. The Shu army set up a viaduct outside the city to shoot arrows at the city and filled the incision with soil in an attempt to take the city directly. Zhao Hao has added wall protection within the walls. The Shu army changed to dig tunnels to attack the city, and also dug tunnels to intercept it in the city. So day and night, fighting tit for tat for more than 20 days, Zhao Hao's reinforcements arrived, and the Shu army ran out of ammunition and had to retreat.
Exploration road map
Zhuge Liang besieged Chencang and retreated to Hanzhong. Six generals of Wei, Cao Zhen, were anxious to attack Shu. He came to Wei Mingdi and suggested that the soldiers attack Hanzhong in three ways. In August (229), the seventh year of lite, Zhuge Liang learned that Wei Jun was attacking Hanzhong in an adventurous way, and was mobilizing troops to fight a decisive battle in Chenggu (now Guxian County, Shaanxi Province) and Akasaka (now Shannan, East Long Ting, Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province). General Wei Yan and Wu Yi led the Qingqi troops in Hechi (now Huixian County, Gansu Province) to leave Qishan (now Kongxian County, Gansu Province) and insert Qiang (now Linxia, Gansu Province and Xunhua, Qinghai Province) to the west. Their main task was to disturb the enemy lines, recruit troops jointly with the Qiang people and contain Wei Jun's attack.
During the attack, Wei Jun was caught in rainy days for more than 30 days, with flash floods, blocked roads, many soldiers died and military assets were lost, so he was forced to return to his division. During this period, Wei Yan and Wu Yi led troops to Qiang, and then wandered west of Taoshui, recruiting soldiers and making friends with Qiang people. So Wei Yan sent someone back to Hanzhong to ask Zhuge Liang about his next action plan and returning home. 1 1 In June, Wei Yan and Wu Yi led Wan Qi back to Hanzhong from Qiang and fought fiercely with Jiang Weifeiyao and Guo Huai in Yangxi (now Shouyang Town, southeast of Weiyuan County, Gansu Province) south of Shouyang. Fei Yao and Guo Huai quickly blocked the main roads, set up troops at the valley bottom, and set up obstacles around Wei Yan's camp at night. At this time. Zhuge Liang joined the army and cooperated with Wei Yan and Wu Yi's troops to attack Fei Yao and Guo Huai's troops. Almost at the same time, Wei general Zhang also came to reinforce. At this time, Wei Yan suggested to Zhuge Liang: "Invite 10,000 people to go out with the Prime Minister in different ways and meet at Tongguan, just like the story of Han Xin and Hanwang." Zhuge Liang believes that the success of conscription into Qiang lies in surprise and cannot be repeated; Although Wei Yan was brave, he was no match for Zhang, so he denied Wei Yan's suggestion of "dividing his troops and meeting each other" and led his troops back to Hanzhong.
In the ninth year of Jianxing (23 1), Zhuge Liang wanted to try out his new invention "Mu Niu" transporter, in an attempt to connect the Western Han River in the upper reaches of Jialing River and Tianshui River in the upper reaches of Weishui River into a military grain transportation channel with equal land and water transportation through a large number of four-wheeled manual push-pull wooden carts that can "carry one year's grain" (the amount of grain used by one person in one year). So he led more than 80,000 troops to attack Qishan from Hanzhong.
Zhuge Liang, in view of Sima Yi's long journey to save Qishan. Sima Fangyi arrived at Qishan, learned that Tianshui was in a hurry, and hurried back to Tianshui, so Qishan was still besieged by the Shu army. On the way back to Li, Sima Yi had lost Tianshui, so he had to rely on the Dongshan Mountain in Tianshui to take risks. Zhuge Liang transferred troops from Tianshui to attack, but Sima Yi failed to hold on. Zhuge Liang asked the troops to harvest wheat everywhere, but Sima Yi still insisted on not going out; Zhuge Liang saw that the wheat was about to be cut, but Sima Yi remained indifferent, so he sent his troops south and implemented the plan of withdrawing troops to lure the enemy. Sure enough, Sima Yi led the army to attack at the strong request of the Ministry and was defeated by Zhuge Liang. Then the two armies confronted each other
In autumn, Li Yan, Zhuge Liang's middle capital, falsely proclaimed the imperial edict, saying that the grain transportation could not keep up and called him back to Hanzhong. In the process of withdrawing troops, Zhuge Liang divided his troops to ambush at the tail to prevent the pursuers. Sima Yi heard that Zhuge Liang had withdrawn and sent Zhang to chase him. When Zhang led more than 10,000 cavalry to Mumen Mountain (now southeast of Xihe County, Gansu Province), Zhuge Liang returned to the army to attack. When Zhang withdrew his troops, Shu soldiers killed him, and thousands of arrows were fired at him, and he died. Zhuge Liang returned to Hanzhong and went to the table to ask for advice. Only when the commissary was unsustainable did he know that he had fallen into Li Yan's trickery. Li Yan was demoted to serve the people.
In the 12th year of Jianxing (234), Zhuge Liang concentrated 120000 troops to the south of Weishui. At this time, Sima Yi, the general of Wei State, was commanding the army north of Weihe River. Zhuge Liang led the army into Meixian, and Sima Yi led the troops to cross the Wei River overnight, but last stand refused. At the same time, Sima Yi judged that Zhuge Liang might go up to Wuzhangyuan (north of Meixian, east of Wudong and west of Qishan) along the Wei River, and move the strategic forward base from Hanzhong to Qishan and Tianshui, with the Wei River as its rear traffic line, and use the information of Longxi to enhance the military strength and weaken Wei's resistance. So Sima Yi quickly sent Guo Huai to Beiyuan (now Shiyuan, more than 20 miles away from Wuzhangyuan) for fortification. As a result, Zhuge Liang's eastward advance was blocked, and his westward advance to Weishui was blocked by Guo Huai. The Shu army, with 65,438+020,000 troops, confronted each other on both sides of the Wei River. In view of the fact that Zhuge Liang was constrained by the shortage of food and grass every time he sent troops, Wei Jun could not hold on, so he decided to divide his troops and make plans for a long-term attack.
Zhuge Liang and Sima Yi confronted each other for several months, eager for a decisive battle, and Sima Yi could not hold on anyway. In order to make Wei Jun go to war, Zhuge Liang used various methods to provoke them, including sending envoys to Wei Jun and sending some women's clothes to insult them. Sima yi was furious and asked to go to war. Wei Mingdi sent Xin Pi to Sima Yi's army as a strategist to prevent Wei Jun from going to war. When Zhuge Liang sent envoys to Wei Jun again, Sima Yi ordered troops to fight, but Xin Pi stood at the gate with a staff. From then on, Sima Yi no longer considered going to war, but concentrated his forces on defense, waiting for the Shu army's grain to retreat, and then pursued it by taking advantage of weakness.
In August, Zhuge Liang died in Wuzhangyuan at the age of 54. Yang Yi and others led the troops back, and Jiang Wei obeyed Zhuge Liang's will, secretly refused to send out an obituary and slowly withdrew. Sima Yi led the army to chase after him, only to see the flag of the army flying, and Kong Mingyu sitting in the car, wearing a black scarf. Sima Yi suspected that Kongming had cheated the enemy, so he quickly got on his horse and retreated, so he came up with the saying that "the dead Zhuge scared away and gave birth to Zhong Da".