△ Dynasty changes in ancient China: Xia Dynasty-Shang Dynasty-Western Zhou Dynasty-Spring and Autumn Warring States-Qin Dynasty-Western Han Dynasty-Eastern Han Dynasty-Three Kingdoms-Western Jin Dynasty-Eastern Jin Dynasty-Southern and Northern Dynasties-Sui Dynasty-Tang Dynasty-Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms-Liao, Song, Xia and Jin Dynasties-Yuan Dynasty-Ming Dynasty.
Unit 1 The Origin of China Civilization
Ancient humans in China
Remembering: Understanding the cultural remains of Yuanmou people and Beijingers. (P2-P4 in Grade 7)
Learning point
First, Yuanmou people
1. Life year: about 1.7 million years ago.
2. Location of discovery: Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province.
3. Meaning: It is the earliest known human in China.
Second, Beijingers.
1. years of life: about 700,000-200,000 years ago.
2. Discovery location: Zhoukoudian, Beijing (1987), which was listed as "World Cultural Heritage" by UNESCO. )
3. Main features: (1) can go straight.
(2) Can make and use stoneware. This is the most fundamental difference between humans and animals.
(3) Natural fire can be used.
(4) live in groups.
What effect does the use of problem fire have on the survival and evolution of primitive humans?
A: The function of fire is: (1) lighting, thus expanding the life field. (2) keep out the cold. (3) cooked food. Cooked food shortens the digestion process, is conducive to the intake of food nutrition, and promotes human physique, especially the development and health of the brain. (4) Fire can help people drive away wild animals and enhance human self-defense and hunting ability.
Q: What are the characteristics of the distribution of primitive human sites?
A: Primitive human sites are mainly distributed in areas with fertile land and rich water resources.
Textbook Illustration Peking Man's Head Restoration Image (Grade 7, P3)
Lesson 2 scattered tribal settlements
Memory: Understand the main features of Hemudu site and Banpo site. (grade seven P7-P 10)
Learning point
1. Banpo Site (the representative of clan settlement in the Yellow River Basin)
1, years of life: about 6000 years ago.
2. Discovery location: banpo village, Xi City, Shaanxi Province.
3. Production situation: (1) Crops such as millet, cabbage or mustard are planted (China is one of the earliest countries to grow millet). (2) Grinding stone tools are widely used. (3) Know how to make and use pottery (painted pottery).
Q: What's the difference between polishing stone tools and making them?
Answer: (1) The use time is different. Stone tools were widely used in the Paleolithic Age, and grinding stone tools was an important feature of the Neolithic Age. (2) Different manufacturing methods. Hammering tools only hammer stones into shapes, while grinding tools grind away unnecessary edges and corners of hammering tools, so the blade is sharp and the shape is regular. (3) Different labor effects. Making stone tools is rough and difficult to use, grinding stone tools is fine and easy to use.
4. Living conditions: living in a house in a semi-crypt and living a settled life (the main factor that prompted primitive people to live a settled life was the development of primitive agriculture).
Second, Hemudu settlement (the representative of clan settlement in the Yangtze River basin)
1, years of life: about 7000 years ago.
2. Discovery location: Hemudu Village, Yuyao, Zhejiang.
3. Production situation: (1) Grinding stone tools and bone tools are widely used, and water wells can be dug and used. (2) Planting rice (China is one of the earliest countries in the world). (3) Raising domestic animals such as pigs, dogs and buffaloes. (4) Making and using pottery (black pottery).
4. Living conditions: living in a dry house and living a stable life.
Similarities and differences between Banpo settlement and Hemudu settlement.
Answer: (1) Similarity: Banpo settlement and Hemudu settlement are typical representatives of Neolithic culture. They both started from agricultural production, settled down and lived, and widely used ground stone tools and pottery.
(2) Difference: The geographical environment of the two places is different, Banpo settlement is located in the Yellow River basin, while Hemudu settlement is located in the Yangtze River basin; The housing structure is different, the former is a semi-crypt house, and the latter is a dry fence house. Banpo settlement mainly grows millet, Hemudu settlement mainly grows rice; The artistic styles reflected in pottery making are different. The pottery of the former is generally low-colored red and painted with patterns, which is called painted pottery, while the pottery of the latter is generally black and called black pottery.
Lesson 3 the dawn of civilization in the legendary era
Memories: Know the legends of Yan Di, Huangdi, Yao, Shun and Yu. (level 7: P 12-P 16)
Learning point
First, the legend of Yanhuang
Yan Di and Huangdi are the leaders of tribal alliances in the Yellow River Basin.
According to legend, Emperor Yan improved farm tools, taught people to farm, tasted all kinds of herbs and invented medicines. He is the founder of primitive agriculture and medicine in China, so he is called Shennong. Pottery was also invented, which opened the market and allowed people to exchange needed goods.
According to legend, the Yellow Emperor built palaces, boats and clothes, and let his officials invent words, calendars, arithmetic and music.
How to understand legends and historical facts?
A: There is no difference between legends and historical facts. With the rise of modern archaeology, there have been differences. Archaeological data are recognized as "historical facts"; Archaeological data is unconfirmed, which is a "legend".
Question P 17 What kind of social phenomenon appeared when self-evaluating Shennong?
A: There is exchange between things. People open the market, barter things, exchange needed goods and engage in some simple exchange activities.
Second, the formation of the Chinese nation
After Yan and Huang jointly defeated Chiyou, after the battle of Han Quan, the two parts moved towards unity, occupied the Central Plains, continued to multiply, and formed the later Huaxia nationality. The Chinese nation is the predecessor of the Han nationality today. Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor are honored as the humanistic ancestors of the Chinese nation. China people today claim to be descendants of China people.
Third, the legend of Yao Shunyu.
1, abdication system
According to legend, when Yao, Shun and Yu were in power, the leaders of tribal alliances were produced by peaceful means. Yao was old, and the tribal alliance chose Shun as the heir. Later, Shun passed it on to Yu in the same way. This method of electing tribal alliance leaders was later called "abdication".
2, Dayu water control
Yu is a legendary hero of water control. Drawing lessons from his father's failure in water control, he adopted a combination of damming and dredging rivers to introduce turbulent floods into the sea.
Question: What did you learn from Dayu?
Answer: Quality: (1) Good at learning from predecessors. (2) Perseverance and the spirit of not being afraid of hard work.
Textbook Illustration Huangdi (seventh grade, P 12) Shaanxi Huangdi Mausoleum (seventh grade, P 13) Zhejiang Shaoxing Dayu Tomb (seventh grade, P 16)
Unit 2 the emergence of the state and social change
Lesson 5 Changes of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
Memory: Remember the time and founder of Xia Dynasty, and know the evolution from abdication system to hereditary system of the throne. (Grade 7 P22)
Learning point
First, the establishment of Xia Dynasty.
1, date: about 2070 BC.
2. Founder: Yu.
3. Capital: Yangcheng.
4. Significance: It is the first country in China's history, which indicates that China's history has entered a civilized era.
Second, Yu Chuanzi (Qi) is a family (the hereditary system of the throne replaces the abdication system)
How did Qi succeed to the throne? What is the difference between hereditary system and abdication system?
A: (1) With the help of Yu, Qi cultivated personal power and established high prestige; After Yu's death, Qi defeated the disobedient tribes such as Boyi, officially succeeded to the throne, and began to make "home in the world" a thing of the past.
(2) Difference: The abdication system is a system of democratic election of leaders of tribal alliances in primitive society in China, which began when Yao was the leader of tribal alliances. The hereditary system of the throne is a system in which a family inherits the throne from generation to generation, or the father dies and the son succeeds, or the brothers perish together, and it is a kind of "family world".
Lesson 6 Society and State in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
Memory: Understand the enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty (Grade 7, P28—P29)
Learning point
The enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty
1. Reason: In order to consolidate the rule over the surrounding areas.
2. Main contents: (1) Zhou Wang enfeoffment: Zhou Wang granted land and subjects in a certain place to princes, etc. It is called "granting land to the people", and governors manage local affairs. The vassal state is Zhou's stronghold in various places and plays the role of guarding the royal family.
(2) Obligations of the vassal states: The enfeoffment system stipulated the obligations of the sealed people, that is, they must obey the orders of the King of Zhou, govern the vassal states and defend the King of Zhou. Therefore, they must make regular pilgrimages, pay tribute and serve in the Zhou royal family. The vassal States are closely linked and resist "foreign", "foreign", "military" and "moral".
3. Basis: Blood relationship with Zhou Wang. Foundation: hereditary system.
4. Function: The control network spread from the central government to all directions was gradually woven, which broke the state of many vassal States in Xia and Shang Dynasties and strengthened the economic and cultural ties between the Zhou royal family and the vassal States. The influence of the Western Zhou Dynasty has been expanding, which has strengthened the ties with the surrounding ethnic minorities and promoted the economic development and cultural exchanges in remote areas.
The title is "feudal relatives, to screen the week." What system does the sentence Zuo Zhuan embody?
A: It reflects the enfeoffment system implemented in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Sketch of textbook illustrations at the beginning of the week (grade seven, page 29)
Lesson 7 Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period and Seven Chivalrous Men in the Warring States Period
Remembrance: the Spring and Autumn Period, the Seven Heroes of the Warring States. (P34—-P38 in Grade 7)
Learning point
First, the spring and autumn hegemony.
1, time: 770 BC-476 BC.
2. Reason: (1) Zhou lost his former power. (2) In order to dominate other vassal states, several big vassal states obtained the political and economic privileges that Zhou once enjoyed.
3. Five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong, Song Xianggong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuangwang.
4. Why can Qi Huangong take the lead?
A: Qi is a big country in the East, and fish and salt have advantages. (2) Qi Huangong appointed Guan Zhong as a political reformer. (3) Comply with the political situation at that time and play the banner of "respecting the king and resisting foreign countries".
5. Chu Jin strives for hegemony: Chu Jin strives for hegemony, Jin wins first, Chu wins later, and the two sides successively dominate the Central Plains.
Second, the warring States disputes.
1, time: 475 BC-22 BC1year.
2. Seven Heroes of the Warring States: Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan, Qi and Qin.
3. It means: (1) force. (2) Political and diplomatic offensive: United front (six eastern countries united against Qin) and Lian Heng (Qin advised one country to help Qin attack other countries).
4. Results: Chu and Qi declined one after another, and Qin became stronger and stronger.
Q: What was the historical role of the hegemony war during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period?
A: (1) accelerated the pace of reunification. (2) Promoting national integration. (3) Accelerating the replacement of the old and new systems.
Lesson 8 Social Change Caused by Iron Niu Geng
Understanding: Understand the social changes in the Warring States Period through the historical facts of Shang Yang's political reform. (Grade 7 P4 1-P44)
Learning point
I. Social changes during the Warring States Period
1. The root cause of social change in the Warring States Period: the use of iron and Niu Geng.
2. During the Warring States Period, in order to enrich Qiang Bing, various vassal states reformed their political and economic systems to varying degrees. There are mainly: Wei's Li Kui Reform, Chu's Wuqi Reform and Qin's Shang Yang Reform, among which Shang Yang Reform has the greatest influence.
Second, Shang Yang's reform
1. Background (reason): (1) The need of feudal economic development. (2) At that time, countries were under the pressure of hegemony.
Purpose: Qiang Bing, a rich country.
3. Main content: (1) Measures to enrich the country: encourage production and recognize private ownership of land. (2) Qiang Bing's measures: reward soldiers. (3) Measures to strengthen centralization: compiling household registration and strengthening punishment; Implement the county system; Unified measurement.
4. Historical role: After the political reform, Qin became rich and powerful, and its national strength increased greatly, which laid a solid foundation for the annexation of six countries in the future.
Q: Was Shang Yang's political reform a failure or a success? Why?
A: Shang Yang's political reform was successful. Because before the political reform, Qin was still relatively backward. After Shang Yang's political reform, the economy developed, the combat effectiveness of the army was constantly strengthened, and the national strength of Qin increased greatly. It developed into the most prosperous country at the end of the Warring States period, which laid a solid foundation for Qin to annex six countries. Finally, Qin undertook the great cause of reunification. In 22 1 year BC, Qin destroyed six countries and unified the whole country.
5. What is the spirit of Shang Yang worth learning?
A: (1) If you want to realize your ambition, you must not be afraid of setbacks and sacrifices. (2) It should conform to the historical trend and be innovative and dedicated.
The question "If the world is not governed together, then the country is not the law." What does this sentence show about Shang Yang's attitude?
A: It shows that Shang Yang dared to put forward his own views and fight against the old forces when the political reform was resolutely opposed by the old aristocratic forces.
Textbook Illustration Shang Yang Fang Sheng (Grade 7 P43)
Lesson 9 Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Bronzes
Memorization: Know Oracle Bone Inscriptions, inscriptions on bronze, seal script, official script and other fonts, and understand the evolution of Chinese characters. (Grade 7 P46, P49, P7 1)
Learning point
The evolution of Chinese characters
1, Oracle Bone Inscriptions: (1) Meaning: The characters carved on tortoise shells and animal bones are hieroglyphics.
(2) Unearthed place: Anyang, Henan (Yin Ruins)
(3) Significance (function): A. Oracle Bone Inscriptions recorded and reflected the activities of the kings and the political and economic situation of the Shang Dynasty, which is of great value to the study of the history of the Shang Dynasty. The written history of our country began in Shang Dynasty. B, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively mature script, and today's Chinese characters are related to Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
2. Bronze inscription: (1) Meaning: It is a word cast on bronze, also known as inscription. (2) Significance: It is important data for studying the history of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and it is also of great value for studying the development of Chinese characters and the art of calligraphy.
3. Xiao Zhuan: It was the world script when Qin Shihuang unified the script.
4. Official script: a new font created by Cheng Miao during the Qin Shihuang period. It is simple and practical, and soon became popular all over the country.
Remembrance: Take Simu Wuding as an example to understand the achievements of ancient bronze crafts in China. (Grade 7 P47-P48)
Learning point
I. Simu Wuding
1. Unearthed place: Anyang, Henan (Yin Ruins)
2. The origin of the name: it was named after the word "Simuwe" was cast in Ding's belly.
3. Features: majestic shape, magnificent momentum, gorgeous ornamentation and exquisite craftsmanship, reflecting the solemn and dignified style. It is a masterpiece of bronze wares in Shang Dynasty.
4. Casting: (1) unified method. (2) Two or three hundred people operate at the same time.
5. Significance: (1) is the largest bronze ware found in the world so far. (2) It reflects the wisdom and cooperation spirit of merchants and craftsmen. (3) Reflect the powerful national strength at that time.
Second, the bronze wares of Shang Dynasty.
The bronze casting industry in Shang Dynasty was highly developed and the bronze craft was exquisite. Bronzes are alloys of copper, tin and lead. Merchants and craftsmen have been able to adjust the ratio of copper to tin according to the different requirements of hardness of various utensils.
What are the characteristics of Shang bronzes?
A: There are many kinds, exquisite workmanship and exquisite decorative patterns, which have high artistic value. Some bronzes are extremely gorgeous.
Textbook Illustration Four Sheep Fang Zun (P47-7) Si Mu Wu Ding (P48-7) bronze statue (P48-7)
Active thinking and a hundred schools of thought contend
Remembering: Knowing Confucius and understanding the main historical facts of "a hundred schools of thought contend". (P50-P52 in Grade 7)
Learning point
First, Confucius, whose real name is Qiu, was born in Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. )
1, a great thinker:
He is the founder of Confucianism. His thoughts are mainly "benevolence" and "courtesy". Politically, it advocates "ruling the country by virtue", educating people by morality and ruling the country by courtesy. Confucianism, represented by Confucius, has a great influence on the ideology and culture of later generations.
2, the great educator:
He began to set up private schools and advocated "education without class", that is, everyone has the opportunity to receive education regardless of social status or wealth. Encourage students to think independently and dare to stick to correct opinions. It is advocated that students should be taught according to their different characteristics, so that their potential can be developed.
Question Confucius said: "In a threesome, there must be a teacher." Do you agree with Confucius? Why?
A: I agree. Because everyone has different knowledge, ability and morality, others can learn and think. This sentence of Confucius embodies Confucius' thought of learning from teachers and choosing good ones, and embodies Confucius' modesty and studious spirit.
Question Confucius said, "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, and knowing is also." -The Analects of Confucius
Talk about your understanding of Confucius' sentence, and what inspiration have you got from it?
A: This sentence tells us that when studying, we must not be hypocritical. Only by being down-to-earth and serious can we learn more knowledge. A little knowledge or pretending to understand will not improve.
3. The Analects of Confucius
After the death of Confucius, his disciples and their re-disciples compiled his remarks into The Analects.
Second, a hundred schools of thought contend.
1, background
Q: Why did a hundred schools of thought contend during the Warring States Period?
A: (1) During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the rapid development of productive forces promoted the prosperity of businesses and towns, and the traditional social order was severely impacted. (2) Countries are competing for reform, and the emerging landlord class, from its own standpoint, urgently needs a new political theory to solve a series of problems in the great social change for them. (3) In the tide of countries competing for reform, scholars with cultural knowledge lobbied and gave lectures everywhere, which greatly broadened their horizons and prompted them to think independently and explore creatively. (4) Since Confucius founded private schools, private schools have prevailed, providing a position for the spread of various school theories.
2. Overview: See the textbook P53 self-assessment.
3. Influence: Various schools argue with each other and influence each other, which effectively promotes the development of ideology and culture.
Q: What are the positive things in the Hundred Schools of Thought during the Warring States Period that deserve to be absorbed and utilized by modern society?
A: See review guide P20 and review navigation question 3.
Textbook Illustration Confucius (P50, Grade 7)
The wisdom and creation of ancestors
Understanding: Take Dujiangyan as an example to feel the wisdom and creativity of the ancient working people in China. (P54-P55 in Grade 7)
Learning point
Dujiangyan irrigation system
1. Construction reason: for drainage and drought prevention.
2. Construction situation: (1) Construction time: Warring States Period. (2) Construction figure: Li Bing, the satrap of Qin State, presided over the construction. (3) Construction site: Minjiang River Basin. (4) Use: It is a comprehensive water conservancy project for flood control and irrigation.
3. Structure: (1) "water diversion fish mouth"-flood diversion. (2) "flying sand weir"-flood discharge and sediment discharge. (3) "Treasure Bottle Mouth"-irrigating farmland.
4. Features of water control: Emphasis is placed on dredging.
5. Significance
Q: Why can Dujiangyan be included in the "World Cultural Heritage" list?
Answer: (1) Flood control and irrigation play important roles at the same time. It is the largest water conservancy project with the best benefit and the longest duration in ancient China. (2) Maintain ecological balance and protect the natural environment. (3) It is scientific and represents the advanced level of water conservancy projects in the world at that time. (4) It embodies the wisdom and courage of the ancient working people in China, and is a successful example of human conquering nature and coordinating the relationship with nature.
Textbook Illustration Li Han Dynasty Draft (P54 on 7) Dujiangyan Schematic Diagram (P55 on 7)
Unit 3 Unified Qin and Han Empire
The rise and fall of Qin empire
Application: Understand the historical facts of Qin's annexation of six countries. (Page 64-65)
Learning point
Qin unified the six countries.
1, background:
Q: Why did the State of Qin annex six countries to achieve reunification?
A: (1) Since the Warring States Period, reunification has become the general trend, and the people have suffered from war and long for peace. (2) Qin's political reform was thorough and its strength was the strongest. (3) Qin adopted a correct military policy. After the battle of Changping, the six countries were unable to conquer Qin.
2. Process: From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, the State of Qin annexed Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi successively, and established the first unified and centralized feudal country in Chinese history, with Xianyang as its capital, and the king of Qin claimed to be the first emperor.
3. Significance
Q: What is the role of Qin reunification in the historical development of China?
A: (1) The unification of the Qin Dynasty ended the chaotic situation of feudal separatism since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, opened a new unified pattern, and pushed the history of China to a brand-new stage. (2) After the reunification of Qin, people can have a relatively stable production environment. (3) The Qin Dynasty implemented many measures to eliminate the separatist factors, which strengthened the economic and cultural ties among various regions. These measures have lasted for more than 2,000 years and laid the foundation for China's long-term reunification.
Remember: I know Guangwu Uprising was in Chen Sheng. (Grade 7 P66)
Learning point
Chen Guang Uprising
1, the reason: (1) The root cause: the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty. The specific manifestations are: a. Corvee and heavy military service. B, heavy taxes. C. the criminal law is severe. D after Qin Ershi acceded to the throne, the rule became more cruel and class contradictions intensified.
(2) The direct cause: In 209 BC, some poor farmers were recruited to guard the border in Yuyang, and the team was caught in a rainstorm in osawa Township, and the road was washed away and could not arrive on time. According to Qin law, if you delay, you will be put to death.
2. Process and Result: In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu led an uprising in osawa Township. Put forward "princes and princes, which would you rather have?" Call on everyone to rise up and overthrow the rule of the Qin dynasty. The uprising team soon grew to tens of thousands. The insurgents captured Chen and established the Zhang Chu regime. And sent troops to attack in two ways, as Xianyang. But the insurgents were outnumbered and the uprising failed.
3. Historical significance: Chen Guang Uprising was the first large-scale peasant war in the history of China, which dealt a heavy blow to the brutal rule of the Qin Dynasty.
4. The Qin Dynasty perished: In 206 BC, the rulers of the Qin Dynasty surrendered to Liu Bang, and the Qin Dynasty perished. (reason: the tyranny of the Qin dynasty. )
Textbook Illustration Qin Shihuang (Grade 7 P64)
Qin Shihuang's measures to establish centralization
Application: Understand the historical facts of Qin Shihuang's strengthening centralization. (Grade 7, P66—P72)
Learning point
Qin Shihuang's Measures to Strengthen Centralization (Review Guidance P4)
1. Politically: (1) Establish the supreme emperor system. (2) There are three metric systems in the central organization, namely, Prime Minister, Qiu, and Cure Too much. The prime minister assisted the emperor in handling state affairs, Qiu was in charge of military affairs, and Doctor Tai was responsible for supervising officials. They are not unified, they belong to each other, and they are all responsible to the emperor. (3) Local institutions have a county system. Abolish the system of enfeoffment, and set up counties and county-level administrative agencies directly under the central government. The whole country is divided into 36 counties and counties under its jurisdiction. The sheriff is called the sheriff, and the sheriff is called the county magistrate. Officials at all levels are directly appointed and removed by the court.
Influence: The state manages people and collects taxes through central and local administrative agencies, and individual families become the basic units of social organizations. Since then, the dynasties have basically followed the centralization initiated by the Qin Dynasty.
What are the similarities and differences between enfeoffment system and county system?
A: The similarities are: they are all local administrative systems. Difference: (1) Feudal times implemented the enfeoffment system, while feudal times implemented the county system. (2) The vassal in the enfeoffment system is hereditary, with great power, and shows a trend of development and expansion; In the county system, county orders and county orders are directly appointed by the imperial court and are strongly restricted by imperial power. (3) The enfeoffment system is easy to lead to ethnic division, and the county system is conducive to maintaining national unity. (4) The replacement of enfeoffment by county system is the progress of the country.
2. Economically: (1) unify the car shape ("the same rail car"). Impact: The central government has strengthened its control over all parts of the country, especially in remote areas.
(2) unified writing ("same book"). Qin Shihuang stipulated that Xiao Zhuan was the standard text, which was promulgated in the world. Influence: It has played an important role in the unification of government decrees and the spread and development of culture in centralized countries.
The problem is that China has a vast territory and many dialects. What if there is no unified text?
A: National laws and regulations cannot be unified; The spread and development of culture are hindered; People in different areas have difficulty or can't communicate.
(3) Unified currency and weights and measures. Qin Shihuang stipulated that the national currency unification should take the round square hole money of Qin currency as the standard style, and also stipulated the degree, quantity and balance of unification, that is, the unified size and the weight of barrels. Impact: It will contribute to the economic and cultural exchanges between different places and have a great influence on the currency and measurement units in China in the future.
3. Ideological aspect: burning books and burying Confucianism. Influence: Strengthening ideological rule is beneficial to unity, but it stifles ideas and destroys culture.
4. Military aspect: Xiongnu Empire and the construction of the Great Wall. Qin Changcheng starts from Lintao in the west and reaches Liaodong in the east, with a total length of one Vandory. This is the world-famous Great Wall of Wan Li. Impact: It has protected the development of agricultural production in the Central Plains.
How to evaluate Qin Shihuang?
A: Qin Shihuang was an outstanding politician in the ancient history of China, and his achievements were greater than ever before. He unified the six countries, put an end to the long-standing separatist regime, and was conducive to the stability of people's lives and the development of social production. Qin Shihuang initially established the pattern of a unified multi-ethnic country in China, laying the initial foundation for China's future multi-ethnic country. He carried out the county system, which consolidated the unified situation. He unified weights and measures, currency and writing, and promoted economic and cultural exchanges and development in various places. Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall in Wan Li, which ensured the normal life and production development of the northern people. As a feudal emperor, Qin Shihuang's rule was cruel. During his reign, taxes were heavy, military corvee was heavy, and laws were especially harsh; He "burned books to bury Confucianism", stifled thoughts and destroyed culture, which caused great losses to China ancient culture.
Textbook Illustration Qin Unified Character List (grade seven P7 1) Qin Unified Currency Schematic Diagram (grade seven P7 1) Qin Changcheng Schematic Diagram (grade seven P72)
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promoted the unified pattern.
Application: enumerate the main historical facts of the unification of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and evaluate Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. (grade seven P74—P76)
Learning point
First, the measures taken by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to promote the unified pattern (review guide P5)
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was a brilliant emperor in the history of China and an outstanding politician in the feudal society of China. During his reign, he carried out economic, political, ideological and cultural reforms, strengthened centralization unprecedentedly, and further consolidated and developed the unified empire.
1. Ideological aspect: Accept Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, implement the policy of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", exclude and restrain other theories, and make Confucianism the guiding ideology of governing the country. (1) reason: the "inaction" thought of recuperation in the early Han dynasty was not conducive to strengthening centralization. (2) Influence: Confucianism was established as the orthodoxy of autocratic dynasties and became the ideological basis of China's feudal society for more than 2,000 years.
2. Culture: Vigorously promote Confucian education, set up imperial academy in Chang 'an, and teach Confucian classics.
3. Politically: (1) Adopt Zhu's suggestion and issue a "decree of promotion". One reason: the expansion of vassal power seriously threatened the imperial power. B content: it is stipulated that the prince can sublet the fief to other children in the kingdom except the eldest son who inherits the throne, and the emperor will give them titles. Role C: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty subtly weakened the feudal forces of the vassals, making them unable to compete with the central authorities without spending a single soldier and losing an inch of land.
(2) Strengthen the supervision system. In the central government, a captain was set up to supervise and report the illegal acts of the capital and royal officials. At the local level, the secretariat was sent to supervise local officials and suppress and crack down on local tycoons. Function: Strengthen the emperor's supervision and control over the huge bureaucratic group.
4. Ethnic relations: Zhang Qian sent two missions to the Western Regions to strengthen ties with countries in the Western Regions.
How to evaluate Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty?
A: Same as above.
Q: Why do people always mention "Qin Huang Wu Han"?
A: They were all important monarchs in China's feudal society. They adopt innovative systems to consolidate centralization; These systems had a great influence on later generations and promoted the history of feudal society. "Qin Huang Hanwu" is a symbol of China's reunification in history. Therefore, people generally call it "Qin Huang Hanwu".
Textbook illustration "Dong Zhongshu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty" (grade seven P74)