============================
The history of the Chinese nation-
1. Ancient legend:
In the Neolithic Age around 7000 BC, the ancestors of the Huaxia nationality, the predecessor of the Han nationality, originated and developed in the Yellow River valley, creating Jiahu culture (7000-6600 BC), Laoguantai culture (6000-5000 BC), Peiligang culture (6000-5000 BC) and Yangshao culture (5000-50000 BC) respectively.
More than 4,000 years ago, tribal leaders fought for balance in the Central Plains, and gradually formed a situation in which Yan Di, Huangdi and Chiyou were divided. Huangdi lived in the central region, Yan Di in the south and Chiyou in the north, all of which originated from Shennong. According to reports, Huangdi and Yandi are sons of Shaodian, and Chiyou is also famous for his medical biography and ironware after Shennong. Yan Di fought against Chiyou, but Yan Di was defeated and turned to the Yellow Emperor for help. The Yellow Emperor was defeated in nine wars, and finally the battle of Zhuolu was defeated by Chiyou. After that, more tribes joined the Yellow Emperor, and the Yellow Emperor was promoted to be the Lord of the world. Shennong was a tribal leader, and Yan Di refused to accept it, so Yan Di and Huangdi fought. Huangdi was better than the battle of Hanquan, and Emperor Yan became the son of heaven. The two tribes of Yanhuang merged and merged with other tribes that joined the surrender, and gradually formed the Chinese nation.
2. Tribal alliance to feudal society:
Around 2070, Qi established the Xia Dynasty; 1600 years ago, the Shang dynasty was established; Before 1046, the Zhou Dynasty was established. Since the Zhou Dynasty, the range of activities has gradually expanded from the Yellow River basin to the Huaihe River, Surabaya River, Yangtze River and Hanshui River basins. During this period, Huaxia nationality gradually formed and became the predecessor of modern Han nationality, which was different from many ethnic groups such as Yi, Man, Rong and Di, but at this time the distinction between Hua and Yi was not very strict.
Nowadays, many people think that the Three Dynasties to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was a slave society, but it was not. As far as the current history is concerned, slaves were not the main body of social production at that time, but the main body of production at that time was civilians. However, Xia and Shang Dynasties have the characteristics of maintaining clan society and polis, and at the same time, the central government has enfeoffed various clans and polis nobles, so Xia and Shang Dynasties are a transitional period for tribal alliances, polis and feudal countries. Until the Zhou Dynasty, China completely ended the clan and city-state. Through the feudal system and the well field system (eight private fields around a public field are cultivated by eight farmers, and the harvest belongs to the farmers, and the public field is cultivated by eight farmers, and the harvest is turned over to the nobles), a complete feudal society has been formed. During this period, slaves never became the main body of production in society. Today, many people will say that it is a slave society. It was only in the early days that Marx's view of history was forcibly imposed on the history of China, but in fact Marx himself showed the slave society.
3. The transitional period from feudal society to small peasant society:
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people in China had a strong sense of nobility and inferiority. At that time, the standards, race and culture that distinguished China from barbarians were valued, and culture was the primary factor. Due to etiquette, customs, clothing and other factors, China people and foreigners can often switch places with each other. Qin and Chu are not only as famous as Qi, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, but also the two most powerful governors in China. The seven chivalrous men joined forces with Lian Heng to fight together, but the ethnic groups were the same, forming the trend of summer reunification; So Huaxia has become a stable ethnic group, and its distribution area has reached the middle and lower reaches of Liaohe River in Northeast China, Taohe River Basin in Northwest China, Bashu and central Guizhou in Southwest China, Hunan and wuyue in Southeast China.
During this period, the feudal state of the previous week broke away from the Zhou royal family, and various countries suppressed feudalism internally and abolished mining fields, which led to the gradual disintegration of feudalism and China gradually entered the small peasant society.
4. Small peasant society and centralization;
Qin Shihuang unified China and established the Qin Dynasty. With the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, the feudal society and system completely ended. The disintegration of the well-field system made farmers no longer work for the nobility and were no longer bound by land. Since then, China has completely entered the small-scale peasant society. Politically, it entered the era of centralization, but the Qin Dynasty perished in 14 due to tyranny. At the end of Qin Dynasty, there was chaos in the world, and finally Liu Bang unified the world. Because Liu Bang was once named Hanwang, the established dynasty was called the Han Dynasty. During the 408 years of the Han Dynasty, China's territory expanded unprecedentedly and its culture was highly developed. In the pre-Qin period, China people with the Chinese nation as the core and subject called themselves "Han people", hence the name Han people. At this time, the distribution of Han population is still concentrated in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins. Since the Yongjia Rebellion at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, due to the Five Dynasties Rebellion, the Han population gradually migrated to the Yangtze River, the Pearl River and the southeast of China on a large scale, which was called "dressing in the south" in history. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Han people regained control of the Central Plains, while during the Tang Dynasty, because of their strong national strength, the Han people once called themselves "Tangren". During the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the population of Han nationality in South China greatly exceeded that in North China.
By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the population of the Han nationality in the south had surpassed that in the north, and Manchu prohibited the Han nationality from going out to the northeast. In the late Qing Dynasty, in order to enrich the frontier, Han people were allowed to enter the northeast of China. During Zhang's rule in Northeast China, a large number of Shandong Han people were introduced. From the Ming Dynasty, the Han nationality began to immigrate to Southeast Asia sporadically, and from the19th century, the Han nationality immigrated to Europe, North America and other places.
==================
Ethnic groups of the Chinese nation-
Northern nationalities: distributed in most areas north of the Yangtze River in China, including the southwest and Jianghuai areas; The population is about 800 million, and the dialect is mainly Mandarin.
Guangfu nationality: distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macao and Southeast Asia, with a population of about 1 100 million, and speaks Cantonese.
Wu family: distributed in southern Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, southern Anhui and northeastern Jiangxi; With a population of about 80 million, Wu and Hui languages are widely spoken.
Ganfu nationality: distributed in most parts of Jiangxi, southeastern Hunan, southeastern Hubei, southwestern Anhui and northwestern Fujian; The population is about 2 1 10,000, and it speaks Gan dialect.
Huxiang nationality: distributed in a considerable part of Hunan, Chinese mainland, Hunan, Chongqing and parts of Guangxi; It has a population of about 36 million and speaks Xiang dialect.
Hakka: distributed in the junction of eastern Guangdong, western Fujian and southern Jiangxi, as well as parts of Sichuan; The population is about 70 million, and they speak Hakka.
Fujian and Guangdong ethnic groups: distributed in most areas of Fujian and Taiwan Province provinces, as well as parts of Guangdong, Hainan and Zhejiang; The population is about 60 million, and it speaks Min dialect.
====================
The language of the Chinese nation-
The language of the Han nationality is Chinese, which is written in Chinese characters. Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family. Traditionally, Chinese is regarded as a single language in domestic academic circles, which is divided into seven dialects: Northern Dialect (Mandarin Dialect), Wu Dialect, Xiang Dialect, Gan Dialect, Hakka Dialect, Min Dialect and Cantonese. Another academic view is that Chinese is a family of Sino-Tibetan languages, including a group of kinship languages evolved from ancient Chinese.
The official language of the Ming Dynasty in Han Dynasty was Hongwu Zheng Yun, which was one of the indicators of Yongle Grand Ceremony, namely Nanjing Mandarin. After the dispute between Beijing and China broke out in the Republic of China, Manchu Mandarin became the modern standard Chinese, that is, the standard Mandarin. Its appellation is called Mandarin (Chinese mainland and Hong Kong and Macao), Mandarin (Taiwan Province Province) and Mandarin (Ma Xin) because of different geographical locations. Hong Kong and Macao list standard Cantonese as one of the official languages. As the inheritance of Jinling Elegant Music, Nanjing Mandarin gradually withdrew from the historical stage and was lost.
Not all Han people use Sino-Tibetan languages. Some Han people in Guangdong speak the standard dialects of Zhuang and Dong languages, while some Han people in Hainan speak Lingao and Village languages of Zhuang and Dong languages.
Chinese characters are the oldest three-Daimonji system in the world (the other two are sacred books of ancient Egypt and cuneiform characters of Sumerians in the two river basins), and they are also the only characters still in use today. The fonts of Chinese characters include Oracle Bone Inscriptions, inscriptions on bronze (big seal script), small seal script, official script, cursive script, regular script and running script in historical evolution order.
Han calligraphy has a tradition of more than 2,000 years, and one of Four Treasures of the Study's brushes has rich expressive force. There are many famous calligraphers and China painters in history.
In addition, Chinese characters are widely used in many countries, and now Chinese mainland, Taiwan Province Province, Hongkong, Macau, South Korea and Japan all use their own different forms of Chinese characters.
=========================
Traditional costumes of the Chinese nation-
The Chinese nation has its own costumes with a long history, that is, Hanfu, also known as Huafu.
Hanfu is one of the oldest national costumes in the world, which lasted from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the Shen Jia era (1644). 1644 After the Qing army entered the customs, a highly centralized government with Manchu as the core was established. The Manchu rulers ordered the whole country to shave and change clothes, which caused national anger, dissatisfaction and armed resistance. Subsequently, the Manchu government carried out bloody repression and armed slaughter, and Hanfu gradually died out.
1683, the Qing army entered Taiwan Province province and destroyed the rest of Zheng Chenggong. Since then, Hanfu has completely disappeared from the daily life of the Chinese nation. After more than 200 years of Manchu rule, today's Han people have gradually forgotten the traditional costumes they once had and become an ancient nation without their own national costumes in the world. The "Tang suit", cheongsam, gown and mandarin jacket that people see today are all Manchu national costumes or improved products. In modern times, more and more Han people proudly put on their national costumes. This spontaneous folk movement to revive the national costumes of the Han nationality is usually called "Hanfu Movement".
==================
The diet of the Chinese nation-
1. staple food
The staple food of Han nationality is rice and wheat, supplemented by vegetables, meat and bean products. Tea and wine are traditional drinks of the Han nationality. The main way to eat rice is rice, as well as porridge, rice noodles, rice cakes, glutinous rice balls, zongzi, rice cakes and other foods. Wheat is eaten with steamed bread, noodles, flower rolls, steamed stuffed buns, jiaozi, wonton, fried dough sticks, spring rolls, fried cakes and pancakes. Han people pay attention to and are good at cooking. Han people in different regions have formed different local flavors through cooking methods such as frying, roasting, frying, boiling, steaming, roasting and cold salad. Chinese cuisine is generally divided into eight major cuisines: Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Anhui, Shandong, Hunan, Zhejiang and Jiangsu.
tea
Wine and tea are two main drinks of Han nationality. China is the hometown of tea, and China is one of the first countries in the world to invent brewing technology. Wine culture and tea culture have a long history in China. For thousands of years, they have become an indispensable part of the Han nationality's dietary customs and have had a wide influence in the world.
It is said that Han people began to drink tea in Shennong era, with a history of at least 4,700 years. Until now, Han compatriots in China still have the custom of replacing wine with tea. Han people have various methods of making tea: smoked bean tea in Taihu Lake, scented tea in Suzhou, ginger tea in Hunan, Gaiwan tea in Chengdu, frozen top tea in Taiwan Province Province, Longjing tea in Hangzhou, oolong tea in Fujian and so on.
The basic diet structure of Han nationality is based on food crops and various animal foods and vegetables as non-staple foods. This is in sharp contrast with the diet structure of ethnic groups in western China, Tibetans and Mongolians. In addition, the habit of eating three meals a day has been formed in the long-term national development. The collocation of staple food, dishes and drinks in three meals a day not only has certain similarity, but also forms a series of specific characteristics due to different geographical and climatic environment, economic development level, production and living conditions and other reasons.
China is the hometown of tea. Tea making and drinking have a history of thousands of years, and there are many famous products. The main varieties are green tea, black tea, oolong tea, scented tea, white tea and yellow tea. Chinese tea art enjoys a high reputation in the world. The Tang Dynasty was introduced to Japan, and the Japanese tea ceremony was formed.
Han people pay attention to the word "quality" when drinking tea. When the guests come, the etiquette of making tea and offering tea is essential. When guests come to visit, you can argue and choose the best tea set that best suits the taste of the guests. When offering tea to guests, it is also necessary to mix tea properly. When drinking tea with guests, the host should pay attention to the tea residue in the guest's cup and pot. Generally speaking, tea is brewed in a teacup. If you have already drunk half of it, you should add boiling water to make the concentration of tea basically the same and the water temperature appropriate. When drinking tea, it can also be properly accompanied by tea, candy, dishes and so on. To achieve the effect of regulating taste and snacks.
Tea culture is very important in the life of the Han nationality. Tea has always been used as a tribute to the king of Wu. In the late primitive commune, tea became a commodity exchange. During the Warring States period, tea had a certain scale. Tea was recorded in the Book of Songs in the pre-Qin period. For another example, in the Han Dynasty, tea became a special tonic for Buddhist meditation. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there was an atmosphere of drinking tea. During the Sui Dynasty, the whole people generally drank tea. In the Tang Dynasty, the tea industry flourished, and tea became "indispensable to others". Teahouses, tea banquets and tea parties appeared one after another to encourage guests to worship tea. In Song Dynasty, fighting tea, tribute tea and gift tea were popular.
It is said that Han people began to drink tea in Shennong era, with a history of at least 4,700 years. Until now, Han compatriots in China still have the custom of replacing wine with tea. Han people have various methods of making tea: smoked bean tea in Taihu Lake, scented tea in Suzhou, ginger tea in Hunan, Gaiwan tea in Chengdu, frozen top tea in Taiwan Province Province, Longjing tea in Hangzhou, oolong tea in Fujian and so on.
The basic diet structure of Han nationality is based on food crops and various animal foods and vegetables as non-staple foods. This is in sharp contrast with the diet structure of ethnic groups in western China, Tibetans and Mongolians. In addition, the habit of eating three meals a day has been formed in the long-term national development. The collocation of staple food, dishes and drinks in three meals a day not only has certain similarity, but also forms a series of specific characteristics due to different geographical and climatic environment, economic development level, production and living conditions and other reasons.
3. wine
Rice wine, also known as fermented grains and sweet wine. In the old society, it was called "Yi". Brewed with glutinous rice, it is a traditional specialty wine of Han nationality.
Wine is not only a drink that can meet the physiological needs of refreshing, relieving fatigue and medical treatment, but also an important cultural medium, which plays an important role in the long-term diet culture of the Han nationality. In feudal society, it is an indispensable and important offering for offering sacrifices to gods and ancestors, and it plays a media role in this ceremony. In the important festivals of the Han nationality, wine is an indispensable necessity. There is a saying in the Han nationality that no table can be served without wine. Wine can add fun and increase the atmosphere of joy. Up to now, activities such as "guessing boxing", "drinking wine" and "qu" are very popular in many areas, which are not only a drinking custom, but also a kind of national entertainment and folk wisdom. They have many functions, such as activating the atmosphere, eliminating the power of alcohol, showing and exercising intelligence. Some drinking activities have formed unique cultural customs, such as drinking Tu Su wine on New Year's Eve, drinking realgar wine on Dragon Boat Festival and drinking chrysanthemum wine on Double Ninth Festival, which are widely circulated among the Han people and are still praised by people today. Wine is a medium for Han people to convey their feelings and strengthen their ties in daily life and various social activities. In many areas of the Han nationality, girls should drink the wine of other relatives before they get married and leave, and the bride and groom should toast when they enter the bridal chamber. All these drinking customs are an integral part of Han people's past and present dietary habits.
4. Holiday food
Festival food is rich and colorful. It often skillfully combines rich nutrition, pleasing artistic forms and profound cultural connotations to become a typical festival food culture. It can be roughly divided into three categories:
One is as a sacrifice. In ancient times, it occupied an important position in special ceremonies such as sacrifices and celebrations of courts, officials, clans and families. In most areas of contemporary Han nationality, this phenomenon has long since ended, and only in a few remote areas or on certain occasions, there are still some symbolic activities left.
The second is the specific food that people eat in festivals. This is the mainstream of holiday food and eating customs. For example, on New Year's Eve, every household in the north has the habit of wrapping jiaozi, while the custom of playing and eating rice cakes prevails in all parts of the south of the Yangtze River. In addition, fish is often indispensable in Chinese New Year family banquets in many areas of Han nationality, symbolizing "more than one year". The custom of eating zongzi on Dragon Boat Festival has been circulating for thousands of years. Moon cakes in Mid-Autumn Festival contain blessings for family reunion and human harmony. Others, such as spring cakes and spring rolls eaten in early spring, Yuanxiao on the fifteenth day of the first month, Laba porridge and cold food at the Cold Food Festival on the eighth day of the twelfth month, eating pig's head, eating broad beans and tasting new grains on the second day of the twelfth month, toasting at wedding celebrations, and birthday peaches, peaches and cakes at birthday banquets, are all special food and eating customs with special connotations.
5. Beliefs and taboos in diet
Most Han people avoid eating raw food on the first, second and third days of the first month, that is, the food on the first day of the New Year's Day is much more cooked than before the old calendar year, and it only takes three days to return to the pot. I think it's ripe and smooth, but my life is reverse. Therefore, in some places, everything is ready before the Spring Festival, and there is a saying that the knife can't be cut for three days. For another example, in some areas of Henan, the third day of the first month is Xiaomi's birthday, and rice is not eaten on this day, otherwise it will lead to millet production reduction; In the past, women had many dietary taboos during childbirth. For example, women in many areas of the Han nationality do not eat rabbit meat during pregnancy, and think that children who eat rabbit meat will have rabbit lips; In other places, it is forbidden to eat fresh ginger, because fresh ginger has many fingers, so as to prevent children from growing six fingers on their hands and feet. In the past, most childless women of Han nationality avoided eating dog meat, thinking that it was unclean and easy to cause dystocia.
================
Traditional architecture in China-
The so-called China architecture is actually the traditional architecture of the Chinese nation, and the traditional architecture of Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and other nationalities also belongs to the branch of China architecture.
Other ethnic minorities, such as Russians and Kazakhs, have their own buildings.
In addition to residential buildings, there are pagodas, stone bridges, wooden bridges, gardens, imperial tombs and palaces, archways and temples.
The typical living form of Han nationality is quadrangle, which has the longest history and the widest distribution in China. As early as 3000 years ago, there were complete quadrangles in the Western Zhou Dynasty in China. The remains of Jin Liang quadrangle unearthed from Joo Won? site in Feng Chu village, Qishan County, Shaanxi Province, are the earliest and most orderly quadrangles known in China. [ 10]。 The quadrangle architecture in Han Dynasty was influenced by the theory of geomantic omen, and the quadrangle adopted the pattern of yin and yang and five elements. In the Tang Dynasty, quadrangles inherited the Han Dynasty and the Song and Yuan Dynasties, with a narrow front and a narrow back. [1 1] However, the quadrangles that prevailed in ancient times were corridor courtyards, that is, the central axis of the courtyard was the main building, and there were cloisters around it, or houses on the left and right, instead of houses on all sides. [12] In the late Tang Dynasty, quadrangles with cloisters appeared, which gradually replaced cloisters. After the Song Dynasty, cloisters gradually decreased and disappeared in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. [13] The Yuan Dynasty distributed it to wealthy businessmen and officials who went to the metropolis to build houses, thus beginning the period of large-scale formation of traditional quadrangles in Beijing. [14] After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing's unique quadrangle architectural style was gradually formed. There are other Harmony buildings, which originated in the Tang Dynasty and spread to Japan. Harmony room is paved with stacked seats, while Tang style is paved with composite floors. But now this kind of space design is collectively called the harmonious room.
Siheyuan: It is built in the north and northwest of China. Traditional houses are mostly brick-and-wood bungalows, and the representative houses are Beijing quadrangles. Three-in-one and two-in-one hospitals also have many simplified forms.
A complete quadrangle is a courtyard with three entrances. The first courtyard that entered the door was a narrow courtyard, which was occupied by an upside-down house in front of the flower hanging door. The second entrance courtyard consists of a side hall, a main hall and a balcony. An wing room can also be added next to the main room and the side room. The third entrance courtyard is the back cover room behind the main room. A door is opened in the ear room on the east side of the main room, connecting the second and third entrances. Throughout the yard, the old man lives in the north room (the upper room), with the living room (the main hall) in the middle, the eldest son lives in the east room, the second son lives in the west room, the servant lives in the inverted room, and the daughter lives in the backyard, which does not affect each other.
Cave dwelling: Due to the characteristics of the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi, the soil layer is thick and the groundwater level is low, so the Han residents in this area dig holes to build houses, which is not only warm in winter but cool in summer, but also does not occupy cultivated land.
Wooden or brick bungalow:
Fujian Tulou: This type is common in southern and western Fujian. It is used for residence and defense.
================
The national totem of the Chinese nation-
The emperor of the ancient Han Dynasty claimed to be the "real dragon emperor" with authority and national symbol. Dragon is a fictional animal of Han nationality for thousands of years. Its images include snake body, sauropod, eagle claw, snake tail, antlers, fish scales, whiskers on the mouth and beads under the forehead. The utensils used in the palace and the emperor's clothes are also decorated with dragons. Things related to the emperor are also marked with dragons on their backs, such as "dragon bed", "dragon face" and "dragon robe". The ancestors of the Han nationality worshipped dragons as ancestral gods and generally respected them. The first Qin Shihuang who unified China was even called the "ancestor dragon". The Qing Dynasty established by the Manchu Dynasty and Vietnam destroyed by Vietnam were all used as national flags and national emblems. Today, dragons also appear on Bhutan's national flag.
China Phoenix/Phoenix, the king of birds in ancient China legend, is second only to dragons in China culture. Feathers are generally described as scarlet, and males are called phoenixes and females are called phoenixes, but when they are called phoenixes, they all represent females. Often used to symbolize good luck. ; Also known as Zhu bird, Dan bird, firebird, harrier chicken, etc.
===============
China traditional music-
China traditional music also refers to the music developed by the Han nationality.
Han nationality has a musical tradition, and its music has a long history and unique creation. Before the Qin Dynasty, Han ancestors had created musical instruments and music, and invented musical rules. In the prosperous time of Han and Tang dynasties, Han music was good at singing and dancing; After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, opera music dominated. Nowadays, the world-recognized music rules, such as the five-degree law (which the Han people call the profit-loss dichotomy), the pure law and the average law, are all independently invented by the Han people, and their achievements, like the convergence of cars, have become the axis of world music theory.
Too many, please ask the landlord to check the rest in encyclopedia!
/view/27 17.htm#5