The Water Margin is the first novel describing the peasant uprising. Focusing on the clue of "officials forcing the people to revolt", the book shows the whole process that a group of "heroes" who could not bear the oppression of tyranny rose from the pole and gathered in Liangshan, Shui Bo, until they accepted their demands and led to the failure of the uprising. The most brilliant feature of this novel is that it fully affirmed the peasant uprising that the feudal rulers regarded as "thieves and bandits" and profoundly revealed the social roots of the peasant uprising: that is, ministers such as the emperor and Gao Qiu were tyrannical and incompetent, which led to the poverty of the people and the sharp and gradual deepening of class contradictions.
Shuihu is good at revealing complex inner world through characters' behavior and language. This technique originated from scripts. Because of the special form of the script, it is not allowed to explain the appearance and inner activities of the characters too much outside the plot, but to express the characters' character through language, behavior and contradiction. "Water Margin" not only inherits this technique, but also develops further, making the work have a distinctive national style. For example, Lin Chong grasped the delicate and complicated psychological struggle process in which Gao Yanei wanted to fight but dared not punch.
When novels express the characters of similar characters, they often use expressions of similarities and differences to distinguish their differences. Both Lu Da and Li Kui jy are generous, but they are far from each other in details. Li Kui jy's Thin is really cute. For example, when he first met Song Jiang, he didn't want to bow his head for fear of being teased. And Lu Da's "fineness" shows the world and experience of the rivers and lakes. For example, after killing Kansai Town, he said that he pretended to be dead and ran away tactfully is a good explanation.
There is another outstanding feature in the characterization of Water Margin, that is, the characters live in different environments and show different personality characteristics and different resistance paths through their different experiences and identities. Like Lin Chong, Yang Zhi, Lu Da and other officials, Lin Chong is superior and content with the status quo, but at the same time he is loyal, chivalrous and unwilling to be alone. So after repeated persecutions and concessions, I finally went to Liangshan in a rage and killed the enemy on a snowy night. After Yang Zhi closed the door, he gained fame and fortune. Faced with the twists and turns of his official career and Gao Qiu's exclusion, he would rather compromise until all the posterior roads were cut off, and he would also go to Liangshan. Compared with them, Lu Da's rebellion is more active, which is directly related to his love of freedom, boldness and fundamental opposition to the real society.
Water margin (1) 108 will
Tiankuixing Lake Baoyi-Song Jiangtian Xinggang Jade Kirin-Lu Junyi
Secret star, intelligent multi-star-brave fairy star enters Yunlong-Gongsun Sheng
Tian Yong Daxingdao-Guan Sheng Tian Xiong Xing Steamed Bun Head-Linchong
Heavenly evil star thunderbolt fire-Qin Ming Tianwei star Shuang Bian-Hu
Tianyingxing Xiaoliguang-Huarong Tianguixing Cyclone-Chai Jin
Tianfu Star Putian Carving-Li Yingtian Man Xing Mei Hu Zi Gong Zhutong
Xinghua heshang Lu xingzhe xing
Tian, two-armed generals-Dong Ping, Tian Jiexing, no arrow-Zhang Qing
Dark Star Blue Beast-Yang Zhitian has a star gold shooter-Xu Ning
Star Deep Water Bomb-Suo Chao Tian Su Shen Xing Xingtaibao-Dai Zong
A strange star, a red-haired ghost-Liu Tang, a goddamned, a black whirlwind-Li Kui.
Tianweixing Jiuwen Dragon-Shijin Tianjixing is not blocked-Mu Hong
The Sky Retreates the Star with the Wing Tiger —— Lei Heng Tianshouxing Mix and Match the Dragon General —— Li Jun
The heavenly sword star is too old-Ruan Xiaoer Tianping starship is angry-Zhang Heng
Jiro, the star of heavenly sin, is short-lived-Ruan Xiaowu, the star of heavenly disaster, stormy waves-Zhang Shun.
Yamaraja-Ruan Tianlong Star Disease-Yang Xiong
Tianhuixing desperately saburo-Shi Xiu Tianbaoxing two-headed snake-Xie Zhen
Crying Star, Two-tailed Scorpion —— The prodigal son of Xie Bao Tianqiao —— Ji Shen, the military adviser of Yan Qing Queiroz —— Sanshan —— Huang Xin, Dishaxing Town and Zhu Wu.
Di Yongxing's disease Wei Chisun Li Xingchou County Horse
Xiong Xing Hao Xingjiang Han Tao
Di Yingxing Tianmu River-Peng Gui Di Qixing Shengshuijiang-Shan Tingxuan
Fierce Star, Fire General —— Xiao Rang, a scholar of Wei Dingguo Earth Star Sage.
The star of the earth, the iron-faced Confucius-Pei Xuan, the star of the earth, Mo Chi Ou Peng
Earth Star, Fire Eye-Deng Fei, Earth Strong Star, Golden Tiger-Yan Shun
Dark Star Golden Steamed Bun-Yanglin Axis Star Thunder-Lingzhen
Earth Star God Operator-Jiang Jing Di Youxing Little Hou Wen-Fang Lu
Di You Xing Sai Gui Ren-Guo Shengdi Ling Xing Shen Yi-An Daoquan
Zombie star Qi Zebo-Huangfu Duan MSI Dwarf Tiger-Wang Ying
Earth-shattering star, Zhang-Hu Sanniang, earth-shattering star, Sangmen God-Xu Bao.
The devil incarnate on the earth-Fan Rui, the star on the earth-Kong Ming.
Earth mad star alone Mars-Kong Liang eight-armed earth flying star Ina-Xiang Chong
Walking on the earth, the stars are flying in the sky, the Great Sage-Jin Dajian, a skillful jade arm craftsman with Li Qiang.
Earth star Tie Xian Di-Marin enters the ground and the star comes out of the hole, Jiao Tong Wei.
Meteors cross the river-the sky is full of stars and jade poles-Meng Kang
Sui Xing Arm Ape-Hou Yi Emperor Zhou Xing Jumping Sword Tiger-Chen Da
Password star white snake-Yang Chundi alien white-faced husband-Zheng Tian
Geological Star Nine-tailed Turtle-Tao Dijun Star Iron Fan-Song Qing
Le Di Xing Tie Jiao Zi-Le He Di Jie Xinghua Hu Xiang-Gong Wang
The Arrow Tiger in the Ground Speed Star —— Mu Chun, a small piece in Ding Desun's Star of the Earth Town
Ghost of Earth Star-Cao Zheng, Demon Star in the Cloud, King Kong-Song Wan.
Demon stars touch the sky-Du Qian mysterious star disease-Xue Yong
Voldemort Jin Yanbiao-Mercy's Space Star Overlord-Zhou Tong
Secret Stars Beat Tiger Generals-Li Zhongdi's All-Star Face-Du Xing
Lonely star leopard-Tang Long corner star unicorn-Zou Run
The short star of the earth comes out of Lin Long-Zou Yuan, the hidden star of the earth, the smiling tiger-Zhu Fu
The Law of Dryland of the Prisoner of the Earth Fails —— Zhu Gui's horizon star iron arm —— Cai Fu
A flower on the earth destroys the star-Cai Qing, the slave star, urges the judge-Ber Ber.
The blue-eyed tiger of the earth-Liu Yun, the evil star of the earth, has no face-Jiao Ting
General Shi, Ugly Star-Shi Yong Counting Stars Xiao Weichi-Sun Xin
The Mother Worm of the Earth-Yin Xing-Gu Dasao Land-Xing Caiyuan-Zhang Qing
Earth-shattering star hag-Sun Erniang earth-shattering star Huo Shanpo-Wang
Earth satellites are dangerous-Yu Baosi's earth consumes stars and mice-Bai Sheng
Fleas on Thief's Drum-Time-shifting Chiffon Golden Hair-Section
Tigers pounce on food-three forces
Li Kui JY took the lead in fighting.
Master of historical recognition-candidly admit defeat
Lin Chong went up the mountain-officials forced the people to rebel
Opening a Shop in Sun Erniang-Murdering for Money and Killing for Life
Move stones, steal chickens-don't be beaten.
Pan Jinlian toasted Song Wu with ulterior motives.
Li Kui jy went to the court to handle the case.-Call.
Song Wu saw ducks-heroes are useless.
Wu Dalang on the wall-Can you get up or down?
Liangshan brothers-no fighting, no kissing
Rutitai slams Kansai Town —— Fighting against injustice
(1296 ~ 137 1) The word An (Yi Ming II), also known as Zhao Rui, was named Yan Duan and called Naian. Native place: Originally from Suzhou, I lived in Waishijiaxiang, Nagato, and then moved to Baijuchang, Hailing County (now Baiju Town, Dafeng City, Jiangsu Province). Identity: China, a famous ancient writer, was born at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, and the author of the novel Water Margin. Life: There are few materials about Shi Naian's life story, and some records collected are contradictory. Since the 1920s, some related materials have been found in Xinghua, Dafeng and other places in Jiangsu Province, such as Shi's genealogy and Shi's genealogy. In addition, supplement 13 of Xinghua County Records contains 65,438+0 biographies of Shi Naian, and supplement 14 contains 65,440 epitaphs of Shi Naian written by Wang Daosheng in the early Ming Dynasty. According to the analysis of these materials, Shi Naian is the descendant of Shi Zhi, one of the seventy-two sons of Confucius, who made Suzhou his home in the late Tang Dynasty. His father's name is Yuan De and his mother is Bian Shi (Bian Shi's descendants also moved to Dafeng City, Jiangsu Province). Shi Naian is smart, studious, talented, filial and brave. 19 years old is a scholar, 28 years old is a juren, and 36 years old is a scholar with Liu Bowen. He served as an official in Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) for three years. Because he was dissatisfied with the darkness of officialdom, he didn't want to meet dignitaries, gave up his official position and returned to his hometown. Shi took part in Zhang Shicheng's military activities when he rose up against Yuan Dynasty. After Zhang occupied the Soviet Union, Shi participated in the planning under his protection and had a close relationship with his Ministry Bian. Later, because Zhang was greedy for pleasure and didn't listen to advice, Shi was disappointed with Lu Yuan, Liu Liang and Chen Ji, and left one after another. When seeing Lu and Liu Xiang off, he composed a divertimento "New Water Makes Qiu Jiang Farewell" to express his generous grief. Soon, Zhang Shicheng died and the country was ruined. Stone travels all over the world, roaming in Shandong and Henan. He befriended her, was taught by Yuncheng County, and then lived with her teacher in the early days of the Xu family in Jiangyin. Later, he returned to his old white pony, unable to live in seclusion, and felt that the situation was going downhill. He wrote The Water Margin as his sustenance, and together with his disciple Luo Guanzhong, he wrote The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and The Biography of Sansui Pingyao. He is also good at poetry, but it is rarely circulated. Besides the divertimento Qiu Jiang Farewell, there are other poems handed down, such as Gu Ti's poems and Liu Liang's poems. Shi Naian hid in Huai 'an to avoid the Ming Dynasty conscription, died of illness and was buried on the spot at the age of 75. Decades after Nai 'an's death, Sun Wenyu's family business flourished, and his ancestor Nai 'an's remains were buried in Xiluo Lake (now Shijiaqiao Village, Xinduo Town, Xinghua City, Jiangsu Province), and Wang Daosheng was asked to write "Shi Naian's Epitaph". In the 19th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1540), Gao Ru's "Hundred Rivers Record" contained: "Loyalty and Righteousness Water Margin 100 Volume. Qiantangben Edited by Luo Guanzhong. " In the forty-five years of Jiajing, Lang Ying said in the Seven Drafts: "This book is Shi Naian Qiantang Book. During the Wanli period, Hu Yinglin pointed out in "Shao's Mountain House Pen Collection": "The Water Margin compiled by Zhongshi in Wulin is particularly popular. "Today, people agree that Shi Naian is the author of Water Margin.
The story of Journey to the West has experienced a long evolution. On the basis of folklore and the creation of unknown authors in the past dynasties, Wu Cheng'en finally wrote this colorful mythical novel "The Story of Tang Priest's Learning from the Scriptures", with The Journey to the West as the main part and evolved from the true story in history. In the first year of Zhenguan of Emperor Taizong (627), Xuanzang (602-664), a young monk, went to Tianzhu (present-day India) to collect Buddhist scriptures alone, and went through difficulties and obstacles until the 19th year of Zhenguan (645), when he retrieved 657 Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures and set up a translation workshop in Chang 'an for translation. Xuanzang's firm belief, tenacious will and spirit of overcoming difficulties in the process of learning scriptures are admirable; The adventures and exotic scenery he witnessed all his life have great charm for people. His behavior and experience are legendary. Xuanzang dictated what he saw and heard on his journey to the West, which was written by his disciples as "Records of the Western Regions of Datang". His disciples Huili and Yan □ wrote "Datang The biography of Master Sanzang", describing Xuanzang's journey to the west to learn from the scriptures. This is a large-scale biography with literary color. In order to promote Buddhism and praise Master's great achievements, the author could not help exaggerating and inserting some fairy tales. Since then, the story of learning from the scriptures has been widely circulated in the society and has been continuously processed and polished. The more strange it is, the farther and farther it is from the true face of real people. In the notes of the Tang Dynasty, such as Historical Records and Legends of the Tang Dynasty, the story of learning from the scriptures has a strong magical color. According to Ouyang Xiu's Record of Service, there are murals of Xuanzang Buddhist scriptures in the Tibetan Classrooms of Shouning Temple in Yangzhou, which shows that Buddhist scriptures have appeared in the form of paintings in the Five Dynasties. In the Song Dynasty, the story of learning from the scriptures became an important theme of the art of "saying". Tang Sanzang's Buddhist Poems published in the Southern Song Dynasty is an important stage in the development of Buddhist scriptures. This book is short (about 16000 words), with bizarre and simple plot and rough description. However, it is worth noting that it has initially followed the outline of the story of Journey to the West, and the walker has replaced Tang Yan as the protagonist of the story of learning from the scriptures. It absorbs more myths and legends, and the walker in the book becomes Untitled Scholar, who is already an expert in demonizing and the prototype of the Monkey King in The Journey to the West. The deep sand god in the book is the predecessor of the sand monk in Journey to the West. But there are no pigs in it. The form of "talking" is singing, while the content is strongly religious. In the Yuan Dynasty (at the latest in the early Ming Dynasty), a more complete and vivid Journey to the West Pinghua appeared. Some stories are basically the same as those of Wu Cheng'en and Journey to the West. An earlier Korean Chinese textbook, Interpretation of Ordinary Shi Yan, written in Yongle Grand Ceremony, also generally quoted the story fragment of "Che Chi Guo Dou Sheng" in Journey to the West Pinghua, which was basically consistent with the content of related stories in Wuzhangyuan Journey to the West. There are also eight annotations in the book, which introduce the main plot of The Journey to the West Pinghua, which is very close to Wu Zhu and The Journey to the West. The book records the birth of the Monkey King and the story of "making a scene in heaven". In terms of characters, the deep sand god evolved into a sand monk, and there appeared a black pig and a pig. Comments on a Journey to the West is similar in form and style to those of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, with Gu Zhuo characters and few descriptions. However, no matter from the content, plot, structure, characters, etc., "A Commentary on Journey to the West" is likely to be the base of Wu Cheng'en's direct processing and creation, which is of great significance in the process of The Journey to the West's book writing. Porcelain pillows unearthed from Cizhou Kiln in Guangdong during the Song and Yuan Dynasties (collected in Guangdong Museum) proved that the story of learning the scriptures was widely circulated among the people at that time and was deeply loved by people. The characters on the screen are the four masters and apprentices in Buddhist stories, and the Monkey King, who is brave and good at fighting, is at the center. This shows that the story of Buddhist scriptures and the ideological character of relevant figures have been roughly stereotyped by the Yuan Dynasty. Folk writing laid a solid foundation for Wu Cheng'en to write Journey to the West.
The Journey to the West is a classical novel of China and one of the "Four Classical Novels" of China. The book tells the story of the Tang Dynasty mage learning from the West and shows the ancient theme of punishing evil and promoting good. The Journey to the West's book was written in the middle of the Ming Dynasty in the16th century. Since its publication, it has been widely circulated in China and around the world, and has been translated into many languages. The Journey to the West is a household name in China and even parts of Asia, among which the Monkey King, Tang Priest, Pig Bajie, Friar Sand and other characters and stories such as "Nayong Tiangong", "Monkey King Thrice Defeats the Skeleton Demon" and "The Flame Mountain" are particularly familiar. For hundreds of years, The Journey to the West has been adapted into various local operas, as well as various versions of movies, TV series, cartoons and cartoons. In Japan and other Asian countries, there are also literary and artistic works with the Monkey King as the theme, with many styles and an amazing number. The author of The Journey to the West is generally regarded as Wu Cheng'en of the Ming Dynasty.
The Journey to the West mainly describes the story of Tang Priest, the Monkey King, Zhu Bajie and Sha Wujing who went to the West to learn Buddhist scriptures and experienced eighty-one difficulties. It is a true story in history that Tang Priest learned the scriptures. About 1300 years ago, in the first year of Zhenguan of Emperor Taizong (627), Xuanzang, a 25-year-old young monk, left the capital Chang 'an and went to Tianzhu (India) to study alone. After starting from Chang 'an, he passed through Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan and finally arrived in India. He studied there for more than two years and gave a speech at a large-scale debate on Buddhist classics, which was well received. In the 19th year of Zhenguan (645), Xuanzang returned to Chang 'an and brought back 657 Buddhist scriptures. He traveled to Wan Li 19 years before and after this Buddhist pilgrimage, which was a legendary Long March and made a sensation. Later, Xuanzang dictated what he had learned about his journey to the West, which was compiled by his disciples into a 12 volume of "Records of the Western Regions of Datang". But this book is mainly about the history, geography and transportation of countries seen on the road, and there is no story. As for "Datang The biography of Master Sanzang" written by his disciples Huihe and Yan Cong, it adds a lot of myths to Xuanzang's experience. Since then, the story of Tang Priest's Buddhist scriptures has been widely circulated among the people.
Wu Cheng'en
Wu Cheng'en (1500- 1582) was a native of Shanyang county (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu). Wu Cheng'en was born in a family where a small official was reduced to a small businessman. His father, Wu Rui, is optimistic and open-minded, pursuing the philosophy of happiness. He was made a loyal minister, hoping that he could study as an official, inherit the kindness of the emperor and be a loyal minister in history. When Wu Cheng'en was a child, he was eager to learn and read and recite quickly. He is good at painting, calligraphy, lyrics and Go, and he also likes to collect Fa Tie's famous paintings. As a teenager, he became famous in his hometown because of his outstanding literary talent and was appreciated by people. He thought of Wu Cheng'en, which was poor all his life, and made every effort to complete the famous The Journey to the West at home and abroad, and died around ten years in Wanli. The appearance of The Journey to the West opened up a new category of ghost novels. The clever combination of well-meaning satire and bitter satire with serious criticism in the book directly affects the development of satirical novels. The Journey to the West is the peak of romanticism in ancient novels and a masterpiece of romanticism in the history of world literature. Encyclopedia americana thinks it is "a mythical novel with rich contents and brilliant ideas", while The French Encyclopedia says: "The description of the whole story is full of humor and wit, which gives readers strong interest." Since19th century, it has been translated into more than ten languages, including Japanese, English, French, German and Russian. Wu Cheng'en's poetry anthology Yangliuqing village flag praises lotus liquor, Jinguhang Yangliuqing. When I was young, I caught a glimpse, and my hometown looked back at several pavilions. In the deep water of spring, the taste of Jiayu rises, and the wind by the sea is strong and healthy. Whoever leads the Jade Emperor to a tall building is drunk. A bright moon filled the Kun Shili Pavilion, and there were no guests to go. Stars appeared nine days later. All ships in Bahe River are closed, and all seven thousand counties are closed. Six palaces and five houses belong to the official slaughter, and the four seas and three rivers fish. The bell rang on the second floor, and a bright moon filled Kun.
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