about cangjie's word-making. This is the most popular saying about the origin of Chinese characters. Xu Shen said in Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Cang Xie, the history of the Yellow Emperor, saw the traces of birds and animals' hoofs far away, and knew the differences and differences, so he first made a book contract. ..... "Reese's Cang Xie" and "Cang Xie wrote books to teach his heirs"; "Huai Nan Zi Ben Jing Xun", "The former Cang Xie wrote a book, but it rained and the ghost cried at night"; Cang Xie's Four Eyes in Lun Heng Gu Xiang. According to the above ancient books, the creation of characters is attributed to Cang Xie. It is said that Cang Xie is a historian of the Yellow Emperor. He has four eyes, bright eyes and a strange face. He can look up at the sky, overlook the geography, distinguish the traces of birds and animals, and see what people can't see. Legend has it that such an extraordinary person created words, which shows the great influence of words on human beings. Of course, the creation of characters in Cangjie is only a legend. Chinese characters are not an individual invention, but a product of social development to a certain stage and the crystallization of collective wisdom. If there is a Cang Xie in history, it may also be a collector or organizer of words.
Notes on knotting rope. It is the earliest saying that Chinese characters originated. "Yi. Cohesion" said: "The ancient times were governed by knotting, and the later sages were easy to use calligraphy", which means that there were no words in ancient times, and people used knotting to help them remember. It was not until later generations that the sages replaced knotting with words. Knotting a rope is a record that primitive people used to tie a rope to remember the time, the number of people, men or women, the position and different shapes of the knot, and express different meanings. In ancient books in China, there is a record that "tying a rope is about making a big deal, making a big knot with it, and making a summary of its rope". Not only our country, but also the natives of ancient Egypt, ancient Persia, Africa and Australia, have made notes by tying ropes. Knotting rope is a way to help memory and convey information, which has been widely used. However, tying the rope is to use physical objects to record things, which can not be directly developed into words, and can be regarded as an exploration before the invention of words.
gossip. In the preface to Kong Anguo's Book of History (which is a forgery, but it is very ancient), it is said: "The ancient people loved the king of Xi's family in the world, and they began to draw gossip and make book contracts to replace the politics of tying ropes, so they were born out of literary books." "Yi Wei Gan Chi Du" holds that: Gan Gua, the ancient prose of Tianzi; Kun hexagrams, the ancient Chinese characters; Depart from divination, the ancient Chinese character of fire; Kangua, the ancient Chinese character of water; Haigua, the ancient prose of wind characters; Ancient Chinese characters of divination and thunder; Gengua, the ancient prose of mountain characters; Dui gua, the ancient prose of Zezi.
At present, it is generally believed that the origin of Chinese characters originated from pictures. Lu Xun said in "Talking about Foreign Languages": "He (the primitive man) painted a cow for a reason, for the sake of bison, or hunting bison and forbidding bison." He also said that "some carved a little picture on the hilt, and some painted some pictures on the portal. As a result, the words became more and more, and as soon as the historians collected them, they could perfunctory notes." Here, the origin of Chinese characters was vividly described. That is to say, pictures are used to remember things and express meaning. They are directly related to the development of words, but they do not mean words. Only when the lines of the picture tend to be simple and consistent, can the sound be read and express a certain meaning, will it become the original text.
There are various sayings about the origin of Chinese characters in China ancient literature, such as "knot rope", "gossip", "picture" and "calligraphy contract", etc., and ancient books also generally record the legend of the Yellow Emperor historian Cang Jie who created Chinese characters. Modern scholars believe that systematic writing tools can't be completely created by one person. If Cang Xie really exists, he should be a text organizer or publisher.
In recent decades, the archaeological community in China has published a series of unearthed materials related to the origin of Chinese characters earlier than Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins. These materials mainly refer to the carved or painted symbols that appeared on pottery in the late primitive society and early historical society, and also include a small number of symbols engraved on Oracle bones, jade articles, stone tools and so on. It can be said that they provide a new basis for explaining the origin of Chinese characters. Through systematic investigation and comparison of the carved symbols on pottery pieces unearthed in more than 1 sites of 19 archaeological cultures all over China, Wang Yunzhi, doctoral supervisor of Zhengzhou University, believes that the earliest carved symbols in China appeared in Jiahu site in Wuyang, Henan Province, with a history of more than 8, years.
Characters carved on tortoise shell and beast bones in Shang and Zhou Dynasties in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Also called "Qiwen", "Oracle Inscriptions", "Tortoise Shell Characters" and "Yin Xu Characters". Oracle Bone Inscriptions was first unearthed in Yinxu, Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province, and was discovered by scholars in 1899. After 1928, it was excavated many times, and more than 1, pieces were unearthed. Most of the characters on the bones of these tortoise shells are inscriptions and related notes written by the Shang Dynasty when divining good or bad luck. It is a relic from the Yin Dynasty to the death of Zhou for 273 years, and has recently become an important historical material for studying Shang and Zhou societies. There are about 4,5 Oracle Bone Inscriptions words found, and about 1,7 words can be recognized. There are a large number of pictophonetic characters in the writing structure. Although the strokes and parts of multiple numbers have not been finalized, from the recognizable characters, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a fairly advanced and complete ancient writing system. In recent years, some Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty have been found in Shaanxi and other places.
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Respondent: Anonymous 21-11-13 :46
Seven fonts (including Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen, Xiaozhuan, Lishu, Regular Script, cursive script and running script) (some of them have been simplified, and eight fonts have been added. The few figures in the bronze inscriptions are replaced by the characters such as the script or the Warring States script.
Origin:
The origin of Chinese characters can be traced back to two kinds of symbols about 8 years ago:
One kind of abstract, square-folded symbols represented by the carvings on painted pottery in Dadiwan site, Gansu Province; The other is the symbol of Xiao Sheng, which is represented by the inscription on the Oracle bones of Jiahu site in Henan Province. The former evolved into a series of carved symbols on Jiangzhai in Lintong, Banpo, Xi 'an. The latter developed into images on Dawenkou pottery. By the end of Longshan culture, the patriarchal society was basically established, and in this period, groups of inscriptions appeared on jade articles of Liangzhu culture. Some of these inscriptions are the same as or similar to Dawenkou pottery images, and some are similar to those in Xi 'an and other places. These inscriptions may be one of the rudimentary pre-Chinese character systems at that time. It is worth noting that Liangzhu culture is on the eve of the birth of China's centralized slave country, and the Xia Dynasty should be the most critical period for the formation of a formal Chinese character system. So, the question is: Why did Chinese characters appear so late? According to the research of archaeology and genetics, language was born several hundred thousand years ago, but the real Chinese character system was not formed until about 5 years ago.
Trend: Many changes have taken place in Chinese characters since Oracle Bone Inscriptions. According to historical facts, these changes can be roughly divided into two categories: reform and natural evolution. The reform of Chinese characters refers to the process that people consciously and actively manage Chinese characters, while the natural evolution of Chinese characters refers to the natural change process of Chinese characters. The reform of Chinese characters is generally discontinuous, drastic and completed in a short time; The natural evolution of Chinese characters is continuous, slow and long-term. The natural evolution of Chinese characters has both temporal and geographical factors, which makes the forms, pronunciations and meanings of Chinese characters diversified, resulting in more and more variant characters, different pronunciations and changes in meanings, leading to disunity and nonstandard Chinese characters. Therefore, after a period of natural evolution, people must reform Chinese characters to make them standardized and unified. In addition, Chinese characters can't be perfect as soon as they are produced, and they can meet the needs of the development of productive forces in various periods. Therefore, with the progress of the times, people will actively reform Chinese characters to meet the needs of the continuous development of productive forces. When the reform measures were popularized, Chinese characters began a new round of natural evolution. The evolution of Chinese characters
The changes of Chinese characters are like the changes of roads. The road is what people come out of; After the road comes out, people have to repair it every once in a while; After the repair, the road gradually changed, such as widening, straightening, damage, or the emergence of new branches, which need to be repaired again. In addition, with the development of the times, the previous roads can not meet the needs of the development of the times, and new roads need to be built, such as railways and highways. Road construction is equivalent to the reform of Chinese characters, and the road gradually becomes wider, straighter, damaged and branched naturally, which is equivalent to the natural evolution of Chinese characters. These two changes have different properties, trends, laws and functions, so in the past, we generally discussed the historical evolution of Chinese characters together, and drew some conclusions, such as "the development trend of Chinese characters is from complexity to simplicity", which is inevitably ambiguous and specious!
inscriptions on bronze
In ancient times, copper was called gold, so the words cast on bronzes were called inscriptions on bronze, also known as Zhong Dingwen and inscriptions. Bronze inscriptions were first found in Erligang in Shang Dynasty, but only a few bronzes were found in Erligang in Shang Dynasty. Bronzes unearthed in Yin Ruins have more inscriptions; By the Western Zhou Dynasty, inscriptions on bronzes had become more common. Most of the inscriptions on bronze in Shang Dynasty were pictographs and comprehensible characters synthesized from pictographs. These words are like pictures, vivid, vigorous and natural, and some are lumpy.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions
The characters left on tortoise shells and animal bones by writing or engraving in ancient times. At present, the earliest discovered Oracle Bone Inscriptions is Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Pan Geng period of Shang Dynasty, and most of its contents are "oracles" and a few are "notes". Most of Oracle Bone Inscriptions are pictographs or knowing characters, and pictographs only account for about 2%. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is highly pictographic, with many characters and uncertain strokes. This shows that China's writing was not unified in the Yin and Shang Dynasties.
the big seal script
is said to have been created by Shi Shuan in the Zhou Dynasty, so it is also known as Shu Wen, Shu Zhuan, Shu Shu and so on. Shi Cheng is a historian in Zhou Xuanwang. Da Zhuan can be found in Shuo Wen Jie Zi and various Zhong Ding Yi wares collected by later generations, among which Shi Guwen made by Zhou Xuanwang is the most famous. Dazhuan is a kind of Chinese font which is the transition from ancient characters to Xiaozhuan.
Xiao Zhuan
Xiao Zhuan is simplified from Da Zhuan. Compared with Da Zhuan, Xiao Zhuan's physical structure is concise, regular and coordinated, and its strokes are even and neat, and its radicals also vary and merge to some extent. Compared with the big seal script, the picturesqueness of the small seal script has been greatly weakened, and the structure of each word has been relatively fixed. Legend has it that Xiao Zhuan was sorted out by Li Si, the prime minister of Qin State during the Warring States Period. If Xiao Zhuan was really sorted out in a short period of time, there must be a reform process of actively promoting Xiao Zhuan and actively rejecting ancient characters including Da Zhuan in Qin State.
Six-nation scripts
The scripts used in countries other than Qin are collectively called "Six-nation scripts". The characters of the Six Kingdoms belong to the category of ancient characters, which are graphic, uncertain in shape and difficult to identify. In 221 BC, Wang Ben, the commander of the Qin Dynasty, attacked Linzi, the capital of Qi, and died. At this point, Qin unified the six countries. Ying Zheng, King of Qin, became the first emperor in the history of feudal society in China, calling himself "the first emperor". Qin Shihuang carried out a series of great reforms in politics, economy, society and culture in order to strengthen and facilitate the ruling power of the landlord class he represented over the whole country. Text reform is one of them. In 221 BC, Qin Shihuang ordered the implementation of Xiao Zhuan as a unified script in the whole country, and "banned all kinds of words that were not in harmony with Qin Wen". In order to promote Xiao Zhuan, Qin Shihuang ordered Li Si, Zhao Gao and others to compile books and articles such as Cang Xie, Ji Li and Bo Xue as standard text models. Due to the emperor's great attention and the great influence of imperial power, Xiao Zhuan was quickly promoted throughout the country, and the complicated "six-country characters" immediately withdrew from the stage of history.
Editing this paragraph from Xiao Zhuan to Li Kai
Shortly after the popularity of Xiao Zhuan, the people created a new book style that was simpler and more stereotyped than Xiao Zhuan. This is the official script. At the beginning of the official script, it was a sloppy and irregular seal script. By the time Qin Shihuang unified the characters, the official script had formed a fixed and standardized font. Li Shu changed the lines of seal script into square strokes, which complied with the needs of society for writing convenience and standardization. The evolution of Chinese characters
According to legend, a prisoner named Cheng Miao sorted out 3, words of popular official script in prison and handed them to Qin Shihuang. Qin Shihuang greatly appreciated it, and made an exception to promote Cheng Miao as the imperial history, and allowed his words to be used among the people of Zaoli. Since then, official script has not only been widely popular among the people in the Qin Dynasty, but also government documents are generally written in official script, but important imperial edicts are still written in small seal script, so official script is also called "assistant script" in the Qin Dynasty. The appearance of official script is an important milestone in the development history of Chinese characters. Before Lishu, Chinese characters were written with painting lines, while after Lishu, Chinese characters were composed of strokes such as left and right strokes. After the appearance of Lishu, the structure of Chinese characters was basically fixed, and there was basically no big change until the founding of New China. With the collapse of the Qin dynasty, Xiao Zhuan quickly withdrew from the historical stage, and Lishu became the primary writing method and a model of calligraphy in society. Shortly thereafter, a more standardized regular script font appeared. After the Han Dynasty, regular script occupied an orthodox position.
Edit this paragraph from traditional Chinese characters to simplified Chinese characters
Let's talk about the reform process of Chinese character structure at this stage in detail. Many Chinese characters have been written in a variety of ways since ancient times, some with more strokes and some with fewer strokes. Many strokes are called traditional Chinese characters, and few strokes are called simplified Chinese characters. When official script and regular script stepped onto the historical stage, they naturally eliminated all kinds of traditional and simplified characters in the form of small seal script, but for some Chinese characters in the form of official script and regular script, people gradually created new writing forms, some with more strokes and some with fewer strokes. Generally, there are few strokes in the majority. These writing forms with few strokes are called simplified Chinese characters, and those with many strokes are called traditional Chinese characters. Simplified Chinese characters are generally not recognized by the government, but only popular among the people, so they are also called vulgar characters. By the way, in the last century, after we implemented the simplified Chinese characters movement, some simplified Chinese characters or vulgar characters replaced the traditional Chinese characters which occupied the orthodox position and became the orthodox characters. These simplified Chinese characters were called simplified characters. It can be seen that "simplified Chinese characters" and "simplified Chinese characters" are two related but different concepts. In 199, Lu Feikui published the article "Common Style Characters Should be Used in General Education" in Education Magazine, which explained the superiority of simplified Chinese characters to Chinese people for the first time, and explained that simplified Chinese characters were not unsightly in themselves. This article is regarded as the beginning of the movement of simplified Chinese characters in modern times. In 1922, the National Language Unified Planning Committee of the Ministry of Education of the Kuomintang government set up the Chinese Character Provincial Committee to formally organize and lead the research on simplified Chinese characters. Through Qian Xuantong's "Stroke Case of Saving Current Chinese Characters", this case first explained the importance of saving Chinese characters' strokes, pointing out that although using Pinyin was a radical solution and saving Chinese characters' strokes was a palliative solution, the disadvantages of Chinese characters were becoming increasingly obvious at that time, and the radical solution could not be obtained at that time, so the palliative method of saving strokes was the only choice at that time. The case also tells several ways to save strokes, and these ways have a certain mass base and a history of folk use. In 1935, after more than ten years of academic discussion and preparation, the Kuomintang government ordered the whole country to implement the First List of Simplified Chinese Characters. However, the implementation of the watch was soon opposed by some conservatives. In 1936, the Ministry of Education was appointed to the Executive Yuan.