Qin: Legalists in the pre-Qin period attached importance to law, art and power (mainly represented by Shang Yang and Han Fei). )-The widespread use of iron. Han: Respect Huang Lao's inaction first, then Confucianism, classics and learning-the record of sunspots in the Western Han Dynasty is recognized as the earliest in the world. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng invented and manufactured a seismograph, which can measure the direction of earthquakes thousands of miles away, more than 1700 years earlier than in Europe. Nine Chapters Arithmetic was written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which introduced many arithmetic propositions and their solutions. It was the most advanced applied mathematics in the world at that time. Zhang Zhongjing: Treatise on Febrile Diseases, known as the "sage of medicine", is an important classic of Chinese medicine in later generations. Hua Tuo: Known as the "imperial doctor", he is good at surgery and invented Mafeisan anesthetic in the west as early as 1600 years ago. The invention of papermaking. Jin: Worship Huang Lao, like metaphysics, empty talk and inaction, and the aristocratic family is in power-Liu Hui wrote "Heavy Difference" (later called "Arithmetic on the Island"), annotated "Nine Chapters" and added his own experience, which is easy to understand. "Nine Chapters Arithmetic" represents the ancient mathematical system in China, and establishes that China's mathematics is centered on calculation. Fisher is a land official and a cartographer. He collected historical data, studied maps, and completed a map of Gong Yu. Scientifically describe the hydrological distribution and administrative divisions of the mountains at that time. He summed up the previous painting methods and put forward the six-body painting method: fraction (proportion), quasi-sight (object direction), road distance (road distance), competition, evil and circuitous truth (these three items represent the errors caused by terrain fluctuation). Ge Hong is good at alchemy, Bao Puzi (internal and external chapters), Synopsis of the Golden Chamber and Elbow Emergency Prescription. Among them, Bao Puzi's Inner Chapter is an important classic of alchemy in the history of China, which contains a lot of chemical, biological and mineralogical knowledge of then, fairy medicine and Huang Bai. Ge Hong is also a great medical scientist. He simplified the prescription of Synopsis of the Golden Chamber to Anxious Prescription, which was similar to today's first aid manual and was very practical at that time. Elbow emergency prescription is also the earliest book to record tuberculosis and smallpox. Due to the turmoil in the Jin Dynasty, culture and scholarship collided, and the culture and art of the Jin Dynasty also made new progress. Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was good at painting beautiful women's landscapes, known as "painting saints" in history, and his masterpiece "A History of Women"; Wang Xizhi's handwritten preface to Lanting Collection in the Eastern Jin Dynasty; Waiting for the Northern and Southern Dynasties: Either enter the Han Dynasty to rule Hu, or rule Han with Hu-Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics: Jia Sixie's Qi Yao Min Shu; Zu Chongzhi accurately rounded the number of pi to seven decimal places, and was the first person in the world to record the number of precession in calendar operation. He also revised the leap month rule, which was the best method before the Tang Dynasty. We also made a guide car, a wooden bull and a flowing horse, a thousand-mile boat (that is, a pedal boat) and a hydraulic water hammer mold, and the hammer mill was driven by the same driving wheel. Don: Pay equal attention to France and Germany. Tang Dezhi refers not only to Confucian culture but also to Buddhism and Taoism culture-astronomers and monks and their party measured the meridian length for the first time in the world; Sun Simiao's Qian Jin Fang; In 868, the printing of Diamond Sutra in China was the earliest block printing known in the world. China's papermaking, textile and other technologies spread to West Asia and Europe through the Arab region. Both Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, and Luoyang, the eastern capital, were well planned, leaving a model of urban planning for later generations. The wooden structures in the Tang Dynasty were large in scale and magnificent in spirit. The form of the stupa also combines the shapes of China and India, which is ever-changing and changeable. Song Dynasty: Chongwen suppressed martial arts, both literature and Confucianism, and Confucian classics. Movable type printing, gunpowder and compass; Shen Kuo's Meng Qian Bi Tan is "the coordinate in the history of science in China". Mathematicians such as Jia Xian, Qin and Yang Hui are outstanding representatives in the history of mathematical development in China. As for astronomy, physics, chemistry and so on, the achievements of the Song Dynasty are also remarkable. Yuan: Neo-Confucianism is external, while Hu Fa is internal-1332 bronze ware is the earliest metal pipe gun in the world; Developed maritime traffic and huge fleet sailing in the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea are unprecedented feats in the history of China. The creation and implementation of the word "Basiba" can be called a jewel with strange brilliance in China Cultural Library. Guo Shoujing's Moon Mountain, a great scientist, and Guo Shoujing's Xingming: Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism-/KLOC-White Ape with Three Lights in the Mid-4th Century (the author is unknown) contain 132 cloud pictures; 1383, Shi Jing Observatory was established in Nanjing. 1439, the armillary sphere was set up in Beijing. 1442 Beijing set up an observatory; 1634 China's first astronomical telescope was officially installed; 1596 records the mining technology of thermal mining method; From 65438 to 0596, Li Shizhen recorded the chemical properties and techniques of distillation, evaporation, sublimation, recrystallization, precipitation and cauterization of 276 kinds of inorganic drugs in Compendium of Materia Medica. 1637, Song described the smelting technology in Tiangong Wu Kai; Wait until it becomes clear: respecting Confucianism is full of Han-vegetable farmers can use equipment such as "fire room" and "cellar" to cultivate fresh vegetables such as leeks and cucumbers in winter and sell them in the market; Agricultural Administration Book describes the planting, storage and processing methods of sweet potato in detail. Talking about the techniques of sweet potato seedling overwintering, stem cutting and seed classification, cutting, cellar storage and dry storage is the first book to systematically introduce the cultivation methods of sweet potato. Chen Shiyuan, a writer in A Qing, wrote Biography of Golden Potato, describing cold bed seedling raising. Bao described the vine-turning technique in Four Books of Qi Min, and the sweet potato planting technique was gradually improved. In the Qianlong period, the official compiled 90 volumes of Jin Jian of Medical Zong, collected many new cheats and experience prescriptions, and made many textual researches on synopsis of golden chamber and treatise on febrile diseases. It is an important book to introduce the clinical experience of traditional Chinese medicine. Wang Qingren, a famous doctor in the Qing Dynasty, made outstanding achievements in medicine, and wrote a book "Medical Forest Errors". He emphasized the importance of anatomical knowledge to medical treatment and questioned the records of zang-fu organs in ancient books. Through the study of autopsy, he made 25 kinds of "visceral correction maps", corrected some mistakes of predecessors and made beneficial contributions to the development of anatomy in the motherland. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, he organized manpower to carry out geodesy throughout the country. After more than 30 years of planning and mapping, he made the Panorama of Imperial Land. Zhan Tianyou was the first outstanding railway engineer in China, and the difficulty of the Jing-Zhang railway project he presided over was also rare in the world railway history at that time.
Thinking changes: A book called "An Introduction to China Culture" shows the people's foundation in the Yin, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties: from Shenben to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period; The rise of a hundred schools of thought in Qin and Han dynasties; The rise of Confucianism and Confucian classics in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties; The rise and integration of metaphysics, Taoism and Buddhism in Sui and Tang Dynasties: the construction of Neo-Confucianism and the rise of civic culture in Liao, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties; the conflict and integration of nomadic culture and farming culture in Ming and Qing Dynasties; the summary period of early enlightenment and ancient culture.