The Capital Library has a history of more than 8 years since its establishment. After more than 8 years of careful collection, arrangement and accumulation, it has collected a relatively rich collection of ancient books, which are rare at home and abroad, as well as complete and rich ancient novels, operas and folk works.
Some of these ancient books come from the old collections of the former Jingshi Third Library, namely, Jingshi Library Branch, Jingshi Popular Library and Zhongshan Library, and books purchased successively after the founding of the People's Republic of China. The other part is the ancient books collected by Beijing Comte Middle School and French Library in Beijing after liberation and handed over to the Capital Library. In 1953, Wu Han ordered the confiscation of books from the old enemy and puppet Ministry of Finance and books purchased after 1957 and other sources (such as books donated by Ma Yanxiang). Among them, the city government donated 36,691 books in 3,523 kinds, and Ma Yanxiang donated 28 books in 1,77 books. At present, the books from these four sources are still shelved according to the classification of A, B, C and D. Among these ancient books, literature (novels, operas, popular literature), medical books, local chronicles and Buddhist scriptures have many varieties and better versions, which constitute the collection characteristics of ancient books in the Capital Library. In addition to ancient books, the Capital Library also has 1842 kinds of ancient calligraphy and paintings, 2568 pieces (axes and pages) and 1969 kinds of inscriptions.
The ancient books in the Capital Library are divided into rare books, ordinary thread-bound books, new rare books (publications in the liberated areas), special literature calligraphy and painting, inscriptions, etc. Save them in online loading library and rare book library respectively. There are 3324 kinds of rare books with 332 copies, including 1159 kinds of national rare books with 14996 copies and 2165 kinds of museum rare books with 18243 copies. Ordinary thread-bound books 4372 kinds 349433 volumes. National rare books are those whose rare and ancient editions have been identified by experts and listed in the national rare books catalogue; The museum is good, that is, before Qianlong and other better versions, but it is not good enough for the country. Rare books and ordinary thread-bound books are classified according to classics, history, sub-books, collections and clusters by using the four-part book classification method determined when compiling Siku Quanshu in the 32nd year of Qing Qianlong. Others, such as books donated by the municipal government and books donated by Ma Yanxiang, have not yet been catalogued and sorted out (the number of ordinary thread-bound books is limited to the number in the property account). The collection status of rare ancient books is as follows: the classics, history, books, collections and collections are 72 volumes, 438 volumes, 1492 volumes, 1283 volumes and 39 volumes respectively, totaling 3324 volumes.
II. Features
As the museums in the predecessor of the first picture were built earlier and have a long history, many ancient books have been accumulated in their own development. There are two characteristics of the ancient books in the collection: first, the versions are rare, and many of them are precious engraved and handwritten copies at home and abroad. The earliest time was Song, Yuan and Ming editions. According to statistics, there are five Song editions, 32 Yuan editions and 987 Ming editions. The details are as follows:
There are five kinds of rare books published in Song Dynasty, such as thirty volumes (eleven remaining volumes) of the Maha Prajna Paramita Sutra, which was engraved in the fifth year of Xianchun (1269), and sixty volumes of Ancient History written by Su Zhe. There are thirty-two kinds of books published in Yuan Dynasty, such as Zi Zhi Tong Jian, which was engraved by Yuan Xingwen Department from the 27th year of Yuan Dynasty (129). The book was originally written by Sima Guang of Song Dynasty, with notes in three provinces of Yuan Hu and engraved by Yuan Xingwen Department. Xingwen Department is a famous official book engraving institution in Yuan Dynasty. In the 23rd year of Zhizheng (1363), Wu Junyao printed a butterfly edition of General Category of Tong Jian and Yuan Zhizheng (1341-1368) printed a book on the Law of the Old Tang Dynasty, which was written by Yuan Wangliang, and Yuan Zhizheng's Yu Zhian Qin also printed a book in the hall, and Yuan Jian 'an Yu Shiqin also printed a book on the Punishment System. In the Yuan Dynasty, Dongshan Xiuyan Bookstore published Yunfu Qunyu, etc.
There are 987 kinds of books published in Ming Dynasty (including 41 kinds of official engravings and 946 kinds of private engravings), such as The Book of Empress Daming Renxiao, which was printed by the imperial government in the fifth year of Yongle (147), The Annals of the Unification of Daming, which was printed by the imperial government in the fifth year of Shunying tomorrow (1461), and The Annals of Military Preparation, which was printed in the first year of Kai tomorrow (1621). Zhao Yongxian's engraving Guanzi in the 1th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty, Jiangnan Jinglue in the 2nd year of Qin Long in Ming Dynasty, Shennong's Herbal Jinglue in Mao Shi in the 5th year of tomorrow, Quanhe Jinglue published in the 2nd year of Qin Long in Ming Dynasty, Shuijing in the 1th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty, and Shi Shuo Xin Yu, a four-color overprinted edition of Ling's family in Ming Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Kangxi, there were more editions of books, such as the original meaning of Zhouyi, which was printed by Wu Ge in the first year of Emperor Kangxi's Imperial Palace (1265), the secret record of Jiang's entertainment, which was written in the fifty-ninth year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, and the collection of treasures in Wuying Hall during the reign of Emperor Qianlong. In the late Qing dynasty, there was also a movable-type version of Mr. Lu Xun's genealogy Yuecheng Zhouzhi, which was rigid for three years in Guangxu.
These are rare versions of ancient books, which have certain research reference value in edition, and they are also exquisite cultural relics and works of art..
the second feature is that the collection of ancient books has obvious characteristics, mainly literature, novels, operas, popular literature, medicine, local chronicles, Buddhist scriptures, etc., with a variety of collections and good versions. In addition, there are 197 kinds of thread-bound ancient books in Manchu, Mongolian (including Manchu and Mongolian languages) and Tibetan, of which 142 kinds are Manchu-Chinese contrast. For example, in Qing Dynasty (AD 1644-1911), a book on Book Classics was written in Manchu-Chinese contrast by Wu Shiheng. The following are detailed in detail.
III. Novels
In terms of novels, there were more than 5, kinds of China's novel thread-bound books before the May 4th Movement, including 88 kinds of rare books, of which 33 were good in China and 55 were good in libraries. Including notes, legends, scripts, chapters, long stories and short stories. Such as: The Biography of Erxia published in Wanli of Ming Dynasty, The New Engraving of Xiu Xiang Criticizing Jin Pingmei published in Chongzhen of Ming Dynasty, The New Engraving of Jin Pingmei, The Compilation and Translation of Popular Biography; Li Zhuowu's Criticism of the Three Kingdoms, A Newly Edited Travel Notes to the East, a copy of the Biography of the Ghost, and a movable-type printed version of the First Wonder Book, Yesuan Exposed Words; Qing Qianlong printed the Biography of Feilong and Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, and Qing Jia Shi Xuan printed Awakening Luo Pian Yan. Jin Ping Mei published in Chongzhen, Li Zhuowu's Criticism of the Three Kingdoms published in Kangxi, and Awakening Luo Pianyan published in Qing Jia Shi Xuan are rare and unique in China.
There are also a full set of Three Kingdoms, Three Heroes May 4th Righteousness, Bao Gong An, The Journey to the West, Wu Yue Chun Qiu, etc., which are not common in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Table 1. Collection of rare books and ancient novels
Miscellaneous notes of short novelists, miscellaneous examinations and miscellaneous miscellaneous miscellaneous sayings
Rare books (species) 19 67 35 24 38 5 3 6
The total is 197
Among them, miscellaneous notes, miscellaneous examinations and miscellaneous miscellaneous miscellaneous sayings can be classified as notebook novels, accounting for 77.
Table II, Collection of Ancient Books and Novels with General Thread
Translation of Long Stories and Short Stories with General Thread
General Thread (type) 42 451 513 47 12
Total 165
Note: Table II and Table III have a total of 1262 kinds.
IV. Ancient Chinese Opera Books
The term "Chinese Opera" was first used by Tao Zongyi in the Yuan Dynasty. He wrote in his book "Records of Dropping Out of Farming in Nancun: Names of Courtyard": "There were legends in the Tang Dynasty, and there were operas, slanders and lyrics in the Song Dynasty. Jin has a courtyard book, zaju, and Zhugong tune. " But the opera mentioned here refers to the Song Zaju before the Yuan Zaju came into being. Since modern Wang Guowei, "drama" has been used as a general term for China's traditional drama culture, including southern operas in Song and Yuan Dynasties, zaju in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, legends in Ming and Qing Dynasties, modern Peking Opera and all local operas.
The history of the development of traditional Chinese opera has gone through various stages, such as gestation, germination, formation, development and heyday. The performances of the "Hundred Dramas" in the Han Dynasty, the "Joining the Army" and "Walking the Mothers" in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the Zaju and Jinyuan editions in the Northern Song Dynasty were only scattered in the notes and poems of predecessors, and no scripts were handed down. By the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, southern operas (also known as "operas") appeared in Zhejiang and Fujian. The existing Zhang Xie's Champion is the oldest southern opera script that can be seen in China at present. In the Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Zaju appeared in the north. There are more than 1, writers who can take an examination of Yuan Zaju, and there are 6 or 7 kinds of dramas recorded in writing. Moreover, a number of outstanding playwrights such as Guan Hanqing, Wang Shifu, Bai Pu and Ma Zhiyuan have been produced, and they have created such well-known works as Dou E Yuan, Wu Tong Yu, Immediately on the Wall, Saving the Wind and Dust, and Autumn in the Han Palace. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Southern Opera entered a new historical period, and a new genre-legend appeared. In the Ming dynasty, legendary scripts replaced zaju as the general name of Ming opera. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Kunqu Opera was once in full swing. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, the emblem class in Beijing flourished, and later developed into "Peking Opera" and China's "National Opera".
the development of drama culture for thousands of years has left a rich cultural heritage for today. From all kinds of plays, we can see the development of economy, culture, art, language, customs and people's feelings in different historical periods, which provides us with rich and informative materials for studying ancient drama history, cultural history and customs and people's feelings. For thousands of years, the art of traditional Chinese opera has been deeply loved by the broad masses of the people. They not only went to watch the drama performances, but also relished the performance scripts, actors' performances, costumes of traditional Chinese opera, lines singing and so on. Some people even made great efforts to copy the scripts one by one for their own and friends to enjoy. As a result, many plays have been handed down so that future generations can have a quick look.
Table III. Collection of rare ancient books on traditional operas
Comments on the selected melody of the legendary Sanqu Tanci Bao Juan Qu Qu Qu
5 29 113 17 11 19 6 2 2 1355 14
A total of 1573
Table IV, Collection of general ancient books in traditional operas
Types of Beijing Tune Bangzi Co-engraving Kunqu Opera Peking Opera Local Opera Jiangxi Opera Sichuan Opera Shaanxi Opera Bangzi Han Opera
76 395 363 133 1 113 69 44 1
A total of 1195
Over the past 8 years since its establishment, the Capital Library has collected a large number of 2,768 scripts. Including ancient drama script legends, zaju and Sanqu; Kunqu Opera, Peking Opera, Shaanxi Opera, etc. are scripts of local operas; Qupu, Quyun, theoretical works of traditional Chinese opera, etc. Among them, there are 1,573 rare books. For example, in the script, there are four versions of The Peony Pavilion, a masterpiece by Tang Xianzu, a great dramatist of the Ming Dynasty. The earliest and best version is the printed version of Zhu's Yuhaitang in Wanli of the Ming Dynasty. Li Yu, a famous dramatist in the Qing Dynasty, published Ten Legends of Li Weng in Kangxi, as well as fourteen copies of the Shengping Department (the institution in charge of court drama in the Qing Dynasty, which was renamed "Nanfu" when it was in Qianlong). Others are Yuan Qu Xuan, Kunyi Script and some famous dramas, such as Pipa, The White Rabbit, The West Chamber, Four-tone Ape, Zhao's Orphan, Luo Temple, Qiu Hu's Playing Wife, Lei Feng Tower, Immortal Palace and Peach Blossom Fan. It is especially mentioned that the Mongolian Che Wangfu Quben is a treasure in our library's rare books. The collection of ancient opera books is mostly in Peking Opera version, in addition to drum words, zaqu, Zidishu and so on. This part of ancient books was published from Daoguang to Guangxu. There are 432 kinds of baojuan and 127 kinds of ci (rap literature) in popular literature, and 11 kinds of them are rare books. The following are explained separately.
(1) The Chewangfu Collection in Mongolia in Qing Dynasty:
"Chewangfu Collection" is a general term for the manuscripts of operas and quyi collected in the Khan Palace in Chechnya, Mongolia in Qing Dynasty, and it is also a script for the troupe in the government to sing. During the Republic of China, this batch of music books flowed out from Che Wangfu and was bought by Beijing Comte School in two batches in the 192s. After that, it was transferred to the library for collection. The Quben of Che Wangfu in Qing Mongolia is a voluminous masterpiece of opera and Quyi, including more than 16 kinds of opera tracks and more than 44 volumes. These books are stored in Capital Library, Peking University Library and Sun Yat-sen University Library, among which the first picture is the largest. The book is divided into two parts: drama and quyi. Among the traditional operas, Peking Opera is the most popular, followed by Kunqu Opera and Yiyang Opera (high-pitched), and others include Qin Opera, Blowing Opera and Shadow Play. The more valuable content of the book is the Quyi part, including rap drum words, Zidishu, Kuaishu, Paiziqu, Chaqu, Lotus Falls, and seasonal tune, among which there are tunes such as Matou tune, Taiping year, Xijiangyue, December, Fujian tune and Sichuan song. The Quyi part includes the second batch of Quben purchased by the former Comte School, which has never been published so far and can be called a treasure. Among various forms of Quyi, drum lyrics, Zidishu and Peking Opera account for a large proportion. The two parts are mostly works of Ming and Qing dynasties, most of which are works of Daoguang and Guangxu. Quben's works are widely based on historical stories and legends from Yin and Zhou Dynasties, as well as classical literary masterpieces that have been adapted, spread and polished. More importantly, many Quyi works have a lot of descriptions of Beijing's social life and customs at that time.
The Book of Tibetan Songs in Che Wangfu in Qing Dynasty was written during the period from Daoguang to Guangxu in Qing Dynasty. It was produced during the gradual decline of Kunqu Opera in China and the evolution of the rise of local operas. It is a precious historical material for the study of China opera and rap art in the past century, and it filled the gap in the transitional period from Kunqu Opera to Peking Opera. At the same time, it is also the first-hand information to study the people's feelings, customs, ethnic relations, religious beliefs and other aspects of the Qing Dynasty from prosperity to decline. Quben's works are rich in language and retain many dialects that were popular at that time, which is of great literary and artistic value. In a word, Quben has attracted the attention of contemporary experts and scholars who study cultural history, drama history and popular literature. The late Ou Yangyuqian, a famous opera artist, praised it as "the crystallization of China's modern old dramas, which are of great artistic value", while Wang Jisi, a famous educator and scholar, compared the discovery of Quben with Anyang Oracle bones and Dunhuang documents; Weng Ouhong, a contemporary dramatist, playwright and drama critic, wrote a poem saying: "The king of cars loves to search for music, and the coral in the iron net is vividly collected, and the pearls in the Canghai shine on his eyes, which makes him look back."
"Quben" fills the historical blank of traditional Chinese opera and rap literature in the past hundred years and provides researchers with rare materials. As early as the 192s, scholars of the older generation, such as Gu Jiye Gang, Liu Bannong and Ma Yuqing, made great efforts to study it. Qi Yanming, the former Minister of Culture, once spoke highly of it, and organized experts all over the country to study its arrangement, intending to excavate it, but it was abandoned because of the "Cultural Revolution". At present, the leaders of the Capital Library attach great importance to it. In order to excavate the collection materials and carry forward the national culture, the Capital Library has specially set up a research and collation group for Che Wangfu's works. With the support and guidance of Mr. Weng Ouhong, Mr. Zhu Jiajin of the Palace Museum, Mr. Hou Yushan, a famous Kunqu opera performance artist, Mr. Wang Jisi, a professor at Sun Yat-sen University, Mr. Wu Xiaoling, a famous drama researcher, Mr. Guan Dedong, a professor at Shandong University, and many experts and scholars in literature and opera research, in 1991, Due to the high price and few print runs, the book "The Palace of Che in Qing Dynasty on Microfilm" was published in 1993, and the Palace of Che in Qing Dynasty was published in 1994.