Calligraphy Education in Ming and Qing Dynasties
Abstract: The official calligraphy education in Ming and Qing Dynasties is mainly composed of famous calligraphy posts in Jin and Tang Dynasties. The teaching purpose and style orientation of calligraphy education at that time were actually stipulated through the system of imperial examination and civil service selection. Epistele study in late Qing Dynasty. The emergence of epigraphy and the prosperity of philology have injected new vitality into calligraphy education. The development of inscription in Ming Dynasty and the spread of stele extension in Qing Dynasty broadened the scope of calligraphy learning at that time, and the innovation of calligraphy educational writings and the evolution of teaching methods also promoted the development of calligraphy education. The overseas education of Chinese calligraphy in Ming and Qing dynasties had a far-reaching influence on the missionary achievements in Japan.
Keywords: Ming and Qing calligraphy; Calligraphy education; Organizational form; Calligraphy teaching content
Calligraphy inherits the immortal ideology and culture of the Chinese nation with its written content, and inherits the unique artistic tradition of the nation with the presentation form of visual art, and also carries on the historical inheritance of material civilization with the way of the existence of the works themselves. Some scholars believe that calligraphy is the core of traditional culture, so calligraphy education is the way and means to inherit the cultural core. The study of ancient calligraphy education is the basis of the study of China's calligraphy history. At present, when the study of the history of calligraphy education is still weak, it is particularly meaningful to carry out the dating study of Ming and Qing dynasties: this period is a summary of ancient calligraphy education in China and the beginning of modern calligraphy education, inheriting the traditional organizational forms and teaching contents of ancient calligraphy education and enlightening the emerging ideas and teaching methods of modern calligraphy education. The study of calligraphy education in this period will undoubtedly help to restore the whole process of the development of ancient calligraphy education in China, and also help to reveal the basic laws of calligraphy inheritance in China, thus providing historical reference for the education and inheritance of contemporary calligraphy.
First, the calligraphy education in Ming Dynasty
Before the founding of the Ming Dynasty, that is, in the 25th year from Yuan Dynasty to Zhengzheng, Yingtianfu School was changed to Sinology, and the highest institution of learning in the central government was established. In the 14th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, Jianguo School was changed to Jiming Mountain, and the next year, Guozi School was changed to imperial academy. In the first year of Yongle, there was another imperial academy in Beijing. In the eighteenth year of Yongle, the capital was officially moved to Beijing, and imperial academy, the former capital, was changed to imperial academy, Nanjing, and imperial academy, Beijing, was the capital of imperial academy. In the Ming Dynasty, there were two imperial academy in the north and south, from which the calligraphy education system in the official schools in the Ming Dynasty was gradually formed. In addition to schools, the official institutions with the function of calligraphy education in Ming Dynasty included the Chinese Calligraphy Department of the Cabinet and the Imperial Academy. By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, calligraphy education had been greatly developed, and a number of outstanding calligraphers and calligraphers such as Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhiming and Dong Qichang emerged.
It can be seen that Feng Fang directly criticized two kinds of calligraphy styles, one is the lifeless Taige regular script represented by Shen Du and Jiang Ligang, and the other is the cursive script represented by Zhang Bi and Li Dongyang, which is different from the wild fox Zen. An objective and incisive exposition like the above is a concrete reflection of the thought of bringing out the evils in the book world after the middle of Ming Dynasty, which is even more far-reaching and valuable in calligraphy education works.
during the Jiajing and Wanli years when books were published and engraved, the engraving of books and periodicals was particularly prosperous. According to the analysis, the total number of books carved by the Ming Dynasty should exceed 1,, of which more than half were written by the Ming Dynasty. At that time, the literature in Jiangnan was prosperous. After Wanli, a large number of novels, operas and other books were printed, and a large number of famous bookstores emerged in Jianyang, Fujian, Jinling, Jiangsu, Huizhou, Anhui and Wulin, Zhejiang. In the Ming Dynasty, the cause of calligraphy revision flourished, and the work of lettering was heavy, so the demand for calligraphy talents increased sharply. Objectively, it has also become an important factor to stimulate the development of calligraphy education. Engraving also had an important influence on calligraphy education in Ming Dynasty. In the early Ming dynasty, engraving became more and more popular, and it became more prosperous after the middle period. In the Ming Dynasty, private posts were the main ones, and official posts were far less than those in the Song Dynasty. At that time, people saw many hidden calligraphy treasures of past dynasties, which provided a wide range of learning models for calligraphy education at that time. Under the unique historical conditions of the development of law post education, many famous calligraphers were born in the Ming Dynasty.
Second, calligraphy education in Qing Dynasty
(1) Diversification of teaching organization forms
The official calligraphy education institutions in Qing Dynasty mainly included imperial academy Imperial College, county schools and academies. Although calligraphy education only stayed at the level of practical needs, folk calligraphy education mainly included three modes: family learning and court training, private school students and academy teaching. The Chen family in Haining has a rich collection. Dong Qichang once taught in the Chen family for many years and left many Mo Bao. In addition, Qian Daxin taught calligraphy in Suzhou Ziyang College, He Shaoji taught calligraphy in Jinan Luoyuan College and Changsha Chengnan College, and Zhang Yuzhao taught calligraphy in Baoding Lianchi College.
(2) The revival of calligraphy in the imperial examination and the official seal script
The popularity of imperial examination, the prosperity of stele study and the rise of the style of worshipping stele calligraphy were precisely due to the emphasis on books in the imperial examination, so the wind of learning calligraphy was extremely prosperous in the Qing Dynasty, which promoted the widespread education of calligraphy. At the same time, due to the extensive teaching of calligraphy basic education aimed at taking the imperial examination in the Qing Dynasty, the spread of western learning reached its peak in the Kangxi period and reached Yongzheng. In the early Qing Dynasty, the social conditions for cultural exchange between China and the West no longer existed, so there was a turn in academic research, and scholars concentrated their research on philology.
(3) the evolution of teaching and the stimulation of transcription
Due to the relative backwardness of the publishing industry at that time, copying books and writing classics became the main means for the people to acquire and preserve books, and the central government and provincial governors, school governors and chief secretaries needed a large number of people who were good at regular script writing. Therefore, even if the literati failed in the imperial examination, if they were good at calligraphy, they could make a living by copying books, which stimulated the development of calligraphy education in Qing Dynasty to some extent.
To sum up, the factors that had a direct impact on calligraphy education in Ming and Qing Dynasties mainly included the following aspects:
First, educational policies, systems, organizational forms, teaching contents and other provisions in the historical period all restricted the development form and level of calligraphy education.
Second, the assessment system for appointment of officials, including imperial examinations and civil service elections, plays a guiding role in the social recognition of calligraphy education.
Third, the humanistic thought and aesthetic fashion in the historical period have a normative effect on the category, style characteristics and evaluation criteria of calligraphy education.
Fourth, the theoretical research results and teaching research results of calligraphy have promoted the teaching ideas, methods and means of calligraphy education, and even the teaching effect.
Fifthly, rubbings of steles, the spread and collection of famous artists' ink, and the prosperity of pictures, books and periodicals have all promoted the development of calligraphy education. Sixthly, overseas biographies and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups have also played a positive role in the promotion of calligraphy education. Because of the nature and characteristics of China's calligraphy art itself, calligraphy education has two basic characteristics: dominant and recessive. Teaching education such as school education and mentoring is calligraphy education with dominant characteristics. The calligraphy education with hidden characteristics is the calligraphy education produced by the circulation, collection and spread of calligraphy education writings, rubbings and famous ink.
references
[1] Zhang Tingyu, et al. History of Ming Dynasty [K] Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,
[2] Wang Shizhen. Yiyuan Shuyan [K] Shanghai: Shanghai Calligraphy and Painting Publishing House,
[3] Zhang Jinliang. The history of continuing books will be supplemented [K] Zhengzhou: Henan Fine Arts.
[5] Feng Fang. Tong Xue Shu Cheng: regular script [K] Shanghai: Shanghai Calligraphy and Painting Publishing House,
[6] Huang Yunmei. Textual research on Ming history (2) [K] Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company
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