Bai Juyi:
Among the ancient Shanxi poets, Bai Juyi is the most famous. He is another great poet in the Tang Dynasty after Li Bai and Du Fu. Li Dubai is known as the three great poets in the Tang Dynasty.
Bai Juyi, a native of Taiyuan, was born into a family of officials. His great-grandfather, great-grandfather, and grandfather were all officials. His father was a court official, Xiangzhou Biejia, and Dali Shaoqing. He gave many gifts to the right servant of the Minister of Punishment. Because both his ancestors and father were officials in Henan, he lived in Henan. Bai Juyi was born on the 20th day of the first lunar month in the seventh year of Emperor Dali of the Tang Dynasty (AD 772) at Dongguo House in Xinzheng County, Henan Province. Wuzong died in Luoyang in August of the sixth year of Huichang (846) at the age of 75.
When Bai Juyi was born, Li Bai had passed away for 10 years and Du Fu had also passed away for 2 years. The times need great poets, and Bai Juyi was at the right time. Because he came from a scholarly family, he was extremely smart since he was a child. He learned to write poetry at the age of five or six, and could distinguish rhyme at the age of nine. In addition, his family and society gave him great stimulation and supervision, so he studied very hard in his youth. Later, recalling his study situation at that time, he said: "There were classes on poetry during the day, books at night, and poetry classes in between, without missing a break, so that my mouth and tongue developed sores and my elbows became calluses." In his youth, he once lived a wandering life as a refugee. , have an understanding of all aspects of society. These reasons created Bai Juyi, an outstanding poet.
Not long after Bai Juyi was born, war broke out in Henan. Li Zhengji in Pu Town separatized more than ten states in Henan, and seeing that the chaos would continue, Bai Jigeng, who was promoted from Pengcheng County Magistrate to Xuzhou Biejia, sent his son Bai Juyi to the south to escape the chaos. He ran away from home to seek refuge at a young age, and then traveled north and south, preparing for hardships. So when he was 15 years old, he wrote a quatrain that recorded his true feelings at that time: "How can I forget my hometown? The Chushui River and Wushan Mountain are more than ten thousand miles away. Today, because of your visit to my brothers, I wrote a book with a few lines of hometown tears." Later, he sent another poem to him. The Seven Rhymes of Brothers and Sisters is also well written and has always been praised by people. The poem goes: "After the war in the countryside, the flesh and blood are scattered on the road,... When you look at the bright moon, you should shed tears, and your hometown will be the same in five places overnight." These poems show Bai Juyi's living conditions and psychological feelings at that time. The dispersion of his family members can also reflect the degree of social unrest and displacement of people at that time. Bai Juyi spent his boyhood in such an environment.
When Bai Juyi was 16 years old, he had already written many good poems that could be handed down from generation to generation, the most famous of which is the five-character rhyme poem "Farewell to Fu De Gu Yuan Cao". It is said that Bai Juyi first arrived in Chang'an to meet the old poet Gu Kuang. When Gu Kuang heard that his name was Juyi, he joked: "The rice in Chang'an is expensive, so it may not be easy to live in Chang'an." When he read the poem "The wild fire cannot burn it out, but the spring breeze blows it again", he greatly appreciated it and said that there is such a thing. Writing is not difficult when living in Chang'an. This poem truly shows Bai Juyi's extraordinary talent.
After arriving in Chang'an and being praised by Gu Kuang, Bai Juyi sometimes lived in Chang'an and sometimes elsewhere. He went to Xuzhou, Xiangzhou, Hangzhou and other places, and made friends with some poets, which really started his career. career as a poet. He passed the provincial examination at the age of 27. The following year, he was appreciated by Cui Yan, the governor of Xuanzhou, and sent to Chang'an to take the examination. In the 16th year of Zhenyuan (800), when he was 29 years old, he ranked fourth and became a Jinshi. He passed the exam at the same time as Yuan Zhen. He met Yuan Zhen and became close friends from then on. In the spring of the year when he was 32 years old, Bai Juyi was awarded the title of School Scholar, and he entered the official career. At the age of 33, he moved from Luoyang to the Qin Dynasty and lived in Weishang, about a hundred miles away from Chang'an. When he was 35 years old, he was dismissed as the School Scholar. He was also awarded Zhouzhi County Lieutenant. The following year, he was transferred from Zhouzhi County Captain to serve as a Jinshi examiner and supplement the Jixian Academy's school management. In the winter of this year, he was awarded the Hanlin Bachelor's degree. Around the same time as the Imperial Academy, he married Yang Yuqing's younger sister. In the third year of Yuanhe (808), he worshiped Zuo Shiyi.
Li Jifu, who was the prime minister at the time, was dissatisfied with Niu Sengru and others who criticized the government, and he was either deposed or demoted. Bai Juyi, who was first appointed as the Supplier, published "On the System of Personnel" and made extremely inappropriate remarks about arbitrary demotion. As a result, he offended Li Jifu and his son Li Deyu, and unfortunately fell into the whirlpool of the political struggle at that time. In the following decades of partisanship between Niu and Li, Bai Juyi was always squeezed out by Li Deyu, which determined that his career would not be smooth throughout his life. During his tenure as Shishi, he devoted himself to his duties and repeatedly reported on current affairs, which inevitably made the emperor or powerful officials dissatisfied.
In April of the sixth year of Yuanhe (811), due to the death of his mother, Bai Juyi and Ding You lived in Weicun, and his beloved daughter Jin Luanzi also died in this year. After living in Weicun for more than three years, Bai Juyi was poor and sick. His good friend Yuan Zhen often shared his salary to help him.
In the winter of the ninth year of Yuanhe (814), he was awarded the title of Grand Doctor Zuo Zanshan, the crown prince. Later, he was ordered to arrest Wu Yuanheng, the assassin of Wu Yuanheng. He was disliked by the prime minister and was demoted to the governor of the state. He was also slandered by Wang Ya, a member of Zhongshushe. After the imperial edict, he was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima. This consecutive demotion was a major blow and lesson to Bai Juyi, which caused great changes in his thinking. In order to avoid misfortunes and avoid suspicion, "no longer speak out in astonishment", "no words will be spoken from now on about worldly affairs". In Jiangzhou, he called himself a "reduced man from the end of the world". He made a living by traveling around mountains and rivers and writing poems. He admired Tao Yuanming and hoped to become a reclusive poet. He also turned to Buddhism in an attempt to seek liberation from Buddhism. In short, being demoted to Jiangzhou Sima was a major turning point in Bai Juyi's life.
Bai Juyi stayed in Jiangzhou for four years, then moved to Zhongzhou, and was called back in the 15th year of Yuanhe. When Xianzong died, Mu Zong succeeded to the throne and was granted the title of Zhongshu Sheren. Later, he paid homage to Shangshu's Master Kelangzhong, learned about the imperial edicts, and became a court official and transferred to Zhuguo. Bai Juyi's spirit was renewed again, and his poem said, "A fish in the water can still move its scales, and a crane in a crane can also grow in spirit." However, because the factional disputes were still fierce at that time, not only could he not accomplish anything, but he was also "worrying and vigilant all day long." Exclaimed: "There is a scorpion at the top to relieve worries, but there are traps at the bottom." Disappointment soon followed. He was afraid that he would be slandered by powerful people again and did not dare to stay in the court for a long time, so he asked for a foreign appointment. In the second year of Changqing (822), he was appointed as the governor of Hangzhou. He avoided the court where cronies were cruelly strife. From then on, his thoughts became further depressed. The poem says : "Whoever is famous and has exhausted all his benefits will never have peace of mind again." "It would be a shame to dare to resign, but you should be safe and sound." Let the prosperity and decline be left to fate, which means that you have forgotten the world. In order to get rid of the troubles in life, Bai Juyi entertained himself with prostitutes, music, poetry and wine. He kept prostitutes and indulged in drinking into his old age. Keeping prostitutes for fun began in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It was more common in the Tang Dynasty, and it was most prominent in Bai Juyi. There are more than a dozen prostitutes whose names are known from his poems. He was addicted to alcohol. According to his own words, "he only lives in drunkenness" and "often drunkenly, staying awake all day long." People in the Song Dynasty counted Bai Juyi's poems and said that he had "2,800 poems, and 900 poems for drinkers." That's why. , all to escape reality and self-anaesthesia. He further sought spiritual sustenance and relief from Buddhism, and used Buddhist negative transcendental thoughts to anesthetize and comfort himself. According to the "Biography of Eminent Monks of the Song Dynasty", Bai Juyi paid tribute to famous monks and inquired about the meaning of Buddhist teachings, and discussed the wonderful meaning of Buddhism with famous monks, mostly after he left Hangzhou. Bai Juyi went on to fast and sit in the Taoist temple, and he has been a good Buddha since then. He often fasts for three long months, that is, sitting in the Taoist temple at home in January, May and September. Therefore, Bai Juyi is also a representative of ancient literati who worships Buddhism and is optimistic. Many people in the past dynasties have praised him highly. In fact, his worship of Buddhism was not a true devotion to Buddhism, but to relieve worries and seek liberation. It was a passive resistance to society, a kind of withdrawal, and a helpless choice in the social environment at that time. It was caused by the bumpy career and disappointment. After suffering many hardships, he devoted himself to releasing his family for sustenance. Bai Juyi's self-confession in "The Biography of Mr. Zuiyin" written in his later years says: "He was addicted to alcohol, indulged in playing the piano, and wrote obscene poems. He often traveled with drunkards, harp lovers, and poetry friends. When he was away from home, he lived in the Shi family." It can be seen that he first drank and had fun and then became a Buddha. He even doubted whether there really was a Buddha. At the same time, he also made alchemy and learned Taoism. Strictly speaking, Bai Juyi was not a true Buddhist believer. At the same time, his worship of Buddhism is also due to fitness reasons. This is the reason why he sometimes fasts and sits in the ashram while thinking about prostitutes, music and wine.
Although he was negative, kept prostitutes, indulged in drinking, and believed in Buddhism, during his tenure as the governor of Hangzhou, he made outstanding political achievements and cared about the suffering of the people. The most praised thing was the construction of Hangzhou lake embankments to store water for irrigation. In order to commemorate him, people named the embankment they built "White Embankment". In addition, they also dredged six wells in the city to provide drinking water for the citizens.
In May of the fourth year of Changqing (824), his term in Hangzhou expired. In addition to the prince Zuo Shuzi, he was divided into Dongdu. So he lived in Ludaoli, Luoyang. After serving as an official for 20 years, he could not raise enough money to buy a house, so he had to pay for it with two horses. This shows his integrity as an official. The next year, he was dismissed as the governor of Suzhou. He served as governor of Suzhou for only more than a year and was exempted from county affairs due to illness. Liu Yuxi resigned and became the governor of the state, and Liu and Bai returned to Luoyang together. A year later, Bai Juyi was transferred to the Ministry of Punishment and granted the title of Male of Jinyang County. At the age of 58, that is, in the spring of the third year of Yamato (829), Bai Juyi claimed to be ill and was exempted from returning. He was divided into the Eastern Capital as a guest of the prince and never returned. The governor of the state refused to worship him. He was changed to the crown prince and the young master and was assigned to the Eastern Capital. Due to his negative mood and health reasons, he no longer wanted to be an official. At the age of 60, his son Atui died in infancy, which was another blow to the poet. At the age of 73, he used his family's wealth to open the eight sections of Longmen's stone beach to facilitate boating. He died at the age of 75.
Judging from Bai Juyi's career, although he was an official for most of his career, it was never smooth and he was always in a state of worry, anger and uneasiness. As a poet, he has made great achievements. It can be said that he is famous in both the government and the public, even among women and children. Probably because of his wandering as a teenager and being demoted several times later, he was mostly a foreign official, had a wide range of experiences, and had a deeper understanding of society, which enabled him to become an immortal poet.
Bai Juyi's poems, as mentioned earlier, have been written very well since he was a boy. At the age of 16, the phrase "wild fire and spring breeze" has become a famous saying through the ages. The most famous narrative poem "Song of Everlasting Sorrow", which can be called a masterpiece of ancient Chinese poetry, was written when he was 35 years old when he was a county captain in Zhouzhi. The poem is based on the popular story of Tang Xuanzong and Yang Guifei, fictionalized and vividly written. It is vivid and moving, and is considered by critics to be the best long poem in the Tang Dynasty. It occupies a prominent position in the history of Chinese poetry. In this poem, he dared to criticize Tang Xuanzong's debauchery. There are even phrases such as "The emperor of the Han Dynasty paid great attention to beauty and thought of the country" and "from now on the king will not go to court early". The following description of the deep affection between the two is both slightly ironic and full of pity. When talking about life, separation and death, his writing is very emotional. The whole poem is full of twists and turns of the story, full of emotions and complexities, which gives people great appeal when reading it.
When he was 45 years old, he wrote another long poem "Pipa Yin", which was also highly praised by people. After he was demoted to be the Sima of Jiangzhou, he said goodbye to his friends at the head of the Xunyang River. During the farewell banquet in the boat, he was feeling sad when he suddenly heard the sound of pipa playing on a neighboring boat. , the singing girl who is alone in the empty boat, also has infinite melancholy, and uses the pipa to express her resentment. When Bai Juyi heard about her life experience, he not only sympathized deeply with her, but also thought of his own misfortune, and sighed, "We are both fallen people in the world, so why should we have known each other before we meet", so he composed this long song comparable to "Song of Everlasting Regret" poetry. The first part describes the geisha's life and tragic life experience, and the second part turns to "I resigned from the imperial capital last year and was banished to Xunyang City where I was sick", and finally writes about myself, "Who weeps the most in this seat, Sima Jiangzhou's green shirt is wet." "Sima Qingshan" has become an allusion. This poem has many advantages in terms of artistic techniques. The description is meticulous and the syllables are harmonious. Especially the section describing the sound of the pipa is really impressive. And the most important thing is the sincerity of feelings. These two long poems are priceless treasures left by Bai Juyi to future generations.
Among Bai Juyi's other poems, the most valuable and praised ones are the allegorical poems he wrote in the early period, especially "Qin Zhong Yin" and "Xin Yuefu". Bai Juyi, who had just entered his official career, reflected the sufferings of the people's livelihood, shouted loudly for justice, and had the courage to "ignorance of taboos" is very admirable. "Qin Zhongyin" has 10 poems, the first of which is like a sharp sword. "Chong Fu" accuses the government of envying remnants and ruthlessly exploiting the people, "Take away the silk from my body and buy the favor in front of you." "Light Fat" writes about the rich and powerful attending a banquet. The spirit and the richness of wine and food, and finally "It is a drought in the south of the Yangtze River, and people in Quzhou cannibalize!" "Songs and Dances" describes the hedonistic life of officials drinking during the day and singing and dancing in the middle of the night. "Death row" "Buying Flowers" writes about the rich people in Chang'an City bidding for peonies and showing off their luxury, and finally said: "A bunch of dark flowers are rich for ten households." "Meetings" sympathizes with poor girls who find it difficult to get married. "Wounded Friends" laments the miserable life in a land of bitter festivals, and "Suffering House" satirizes the wealthy families who build buildings at a cost of "millions per project." "Not Going to Official" satirizes power-hungry people in their eighties and nineties who refuse to retire. "Li Mai" expresses dissatisfaction with not erecting monuments for good officials but hypocritically praising certain people. "Five Strings" expressed regret that many people at that time did not understand traditional culture. It can be seen that they are all criticizing, lashing and complaining. It is a powerful exposure of the dark politics from Dezong Zhenyuan to Xianzong Yuanhe, and it hurts the ruling class. No wonder "when you hear "Qin Zhongyin", the powerful and powerful people look at each other. The color has changed." Bai Juyi was also very proud of his "Qin Zhongyin". In a poem after the completion of the 15th volume of his poetry collection, he said: "One piece of "Eternal Sorrow" is charming, and ten "Qin Yin" are close to the truth. Sound."
"New Yuefu" was written at about the same time as "Qin Zhongyin". It is another important group of poems in Bai's allegorical poems. There are 50 poems in total. The time span between Gaozu Wude and Yuanhe is larger than that of "Qin Zhongyin", and the content is also more extensive. Bai Shi said about his Yuefu poems in his poem "Report to the Tang Dynasty": "I am also a disciple of the king, so why do I do anything so gloomy? I can't cry out loud, so I turned it into a Yuefu poem. There are no empty words in each chapter, and every sentence must be in compliance with the rules. The merits are great. Gao Yuren's admonition is that it is more painful than a poet's words. It is not about the excellence of the palace rules, but also about the wonderful words. I hope that the emperor will know about it." It can be said that he wrote "New Yuefu" and his final comment on "New Yuefu". Good explanation.
The famous works "Charcoal Seller", "Du Lingsou", "Liao Ling", "Xinfeng Broken Arm Man", etc., which are widely recited by people, are chapters in "Xin Yuefu". Each poem has a clear and strong central idea, which is clearly stated in the preface: "The palace market is bitter", "The farmers are distressed", "The female workers are greedy for their labor", "Stop working on the side", "Worry" "The cost of sericulture", "Nian Hanjun", "precepts to seek immortality", "Buddhism in Buddhist temples", "corrupt officials", etc., criticize, satirize, speak passionately, show no mercy, and even shout out loudly . These poems are clear about love and hate. In addition to satire, they also include praise. These poems fully explain what Bai Juyi opposed and praised. They are a true expression of the author's heart. He clearly declared in the "Preface to New Yuefu" that these poems were "written for the king, for the ministers, for the people, for things, for things, not for literature." "The things are verified and true", claiming that what he wrote are all real events, and it also shows the fighting spirit of a young and middle-aged poet to correct the evil. In terms of poetic style, it inherited the fine traditions of the Book of Songs, ancient Yuefu poems and Du Fu's songs, and adopted the free syntax of folk songs at that time to form its own creative style.
In short, Bai Juyi's "Qin Zhongyin" and "New Yuefu" are the most combative works among all his poems. Together with "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" and "Pipa Song", they are the best parts of Bai Juyi's poems. It is also the most precious part of ancient Chinese poetry.
Bai Juyi divided his poems into four categories. In addition to allegorical poems, there are leisure poems, sentimental poems and miscellaneous poems, most of which are also very good. Generally speaking, early poetry is more valuable than later poetry. Because of the treacherous life in his life, his later poems no longer had the edge they had in his youth and middle-aged years, which is very regrettable.
As a great poet and a talented poet, Bai Juyi's creative talents are multi-faceted. His poems are not only diverse in artistic form, but also diverse in ideological content and artistic style. One of the biggest characteristics of white poetry is that the language is easy to understand and clear, but at the same time, it has been refined over time and has undergone a lot of artistic processing. There has been a legend in the poetry world that an old woman also interpreted Bai poetry. In "Tongyin Tongzhao" by Ming Dynasty poetry critic Hu Zhenheng, Song Dynasty poet Zhang Wenqian once saw the record of Bai Juyi's poem manuscript and said that "most of the changes in the original work are not consistent with the original work." This shows that Bai Juyi wrote and revised poems diligently and seriously. . His poems have reached such an artistic level because the author has worked so hard to achieve them.
Bai Juyi's poems had been widely circulated during his lifetime and were very influential, which made him quite proud. Bai Juyi said in "Nine Books of the Yuan Dynasty": "Three or four thousand miles from Chang'an to Jiangxi, in rural schools, Buddhist temples, reverse journeys, and boating, there are often people who write poems about servants; common people, monks, widows, and virgins. Yuan Zhen also said about Bai Juyi's poems, "In the past twenty years, there were all kinds of writings on the walls of forbidden provinces, temples, post offices, and the mouths of princes, concubines, and horses." As for those who wrote copies of Mole Street and sold them in the market, or kept them for drinking and drinking, they were everywhere. "It is extremely rare for one person's poems to have such social effects in the contemporary era. Not only that, Bai Juyi's poems also gained great international fame and many foreign readers at that time. They were written and written in Japan, Silla (today's North Korea), Nichinan (today's Vietnam) and other countries. According to historical records, Emperor Saga of Japan at that time copied many of Bai Juyi's poems, hid them in his secret palace, and recited them secretly. The Khitan king personally translated the white poem into Khitan characters and ordered his ministers to recite it.
It goes without saying that Bai Juyi’s poems have had a significant and far-reaching impact on the poetry of future generations. Bai Juyi’s poems will always be loved by people all over the world and spread throughout the ages.
Du Mu:
Du Mu (803-853 AD), courtesy name Muzhi, was born in Jingzhao Wannian (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province) and the grandson of Prime Minister Du You. In the second year of Yamato, he was awarded Jinshi Scholarship and was awarded the title of School Secretary of Hongwenkan. He served as a staff member in other places for many years, and later served as supervisory censor, editor of the History Museum, Shanbubu, Bibu, Si Xunyuanwailang, Huangzhou, Chizhou, Muzhou governor, etc., and finally became a Zhongshu Sheren. An outstanding poet in the late Tang Dynasty, especially famous for his seven-character quatrains. He was good at poetry, and his "Afang Palace Fu" was passed down to future generations. Paying attention to military affairs, he wrote many military papers and also commented on "Sun Tzu". There are twenty volumes of "Collected Works of Fan Chuan" handed down to the world, compiled by his nephew Pei Yanhan, including four volumes of poems. There are also one volume each of "Fan Chuan Wai Ji" and "Fan Chuan Bie Ji" supplemented by the Song Dynasty. "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty" collects eight volumes of Du Mu's poems. Most of the poems in the late Tang Dynasty are soft and subtle, but Mu's poems are sharpened by sharpness. People call it Xiaodu to distinguish it from Shaoling. Qijuelong has the spirit of Yiyunyuan, and all the families in the late Tang Dynasty let him alone.
His personal nickname is "Xiao Du" to distinguish him from Du Fu. Mu Zhi is ambitious, good at talking and fighting, and prides himself on his ability to help the world.
ICBC cursive script. "Xuanhe Shupu" says: "Mu's writings are vigorous and vigorous, which is similar to his articles." Dong Qichang's "Rongtai Collection" said: "After I saw Yan and Liu, Wen Feiqing and (Du) Muzhi were also famous Ye." It is said that his book "has the charm of the Six Dynasties". Among the handed down ink writings is "Zhang Haohao's Poems". He has many works, including the Collected Works of Fan Chuan, Volume 147 of "Old Book of Tang", and Volume 166 of "New Book of Tang". "Zhang Haohao's Poems", written in cursive and ink, was written by Du Mutai in the eighth year of Taihe (834), when he was 32 years old. The post is a hemp paper, 28.2 cm long and 162 cm wide, with 46 lines and a total of 322 words. It can be seen from the entire poem that his calligraphy has the charm of the people of the Six Dynasties. The original work is now in the Palace Museum. This calligraphy work has continuous momentum and smooth ink. Because it is a poem, it has a simple and unpretentious beauty. At the beginning and end of the volume, there are inscriptions, inscriptions and seals of people from the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. It was collected by Zhihe Branch of Song Dynasty, Jia Sidao of Ming Dynasty, Xiang Zijing of Ming Dynasty, Zhang Xiaosi of Qing Dynasty, Qing Biao of Qing Dynasty, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Xuantong Imperial Households and Zhang Boju. It has been recorded in "Xuanhe Shupu", "Rongtai Collection", "Life Spectacular", "Daguanlu", etc. Du Mu is famous for his poetry, so the title of his book is concealed by the title of his poem. This book is engraved into "Qiubitang Dharma Notes". There are photocopies in Enguangshi and Japan's "Showa Dharma Collection".
Wen Tianxiang: Wen Tianxiang (1236-1283), male, was born in Luling, Jizhou (now Ji'an, Jiangxi). His original name was Yunsun. He also had the courtesy name Lushan and Songrui. He named himself Wenshan and was a national hero.
Wen Tianxiang's family history:
"Futian Wenshi" is a descendant of Wen Weng, the prefect of Shu County in the Western Han Dynasty. During the Five Dynasties and the Later Tang Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang's ancestor Wen Shi migrated to Jizhou, Jiangxi and opened Luling in Jizhou. A descendant of the Futian Wen family in Chunhua Township.
Wen Tianxiang said this in the article "The Facts of Mr. Ge Zhai, the First Gentleman": "The first gentleman tried to test the genealogy. The Wen family moved to Ji from Chengdu, and his ancestor Bingran was the fifth (seventh generation - editor) Living in Yonghe Town, Emperor Gaozu Zhengzhong moved from Yonghe to Futian. "The Chronicles of Mr. Wenshan, the Right Prime Minister and Privy Envoy of Song Dynasty Shaobao" (hereinafter referred to as "Chronicles") also says: "The Wen family of Luling came from Chengdu, the sixth generation of Gong. The ancestor Bingran lived in Yonghe Town in the 8th generation (Editor), and the ancestor Zhengzhong moved to Futian in the 5th generation (Eighth generation - Editor). "So it is not true that some people regard Wen Tianxiang as a Hakka.
Select Gong. After becoming a scholar, he took the name of Tianxiang and won the first prize in the fourth year of Baoyou (1256). He successively served as the official of Ning Haijun Jieduan, Langguan of the Ministry of punishment, Jiangxi Tixing, Shangshu Zuosilangguan, Hunan Tixing, and Zhiganzhou. In the first month of the first year of Emperor Deyou of the Song Dynasty (1275), the Song army's Yangtze River defense line collapsed, and the imperial court issued an order to organize troops. King Ma Qin. Wen Tianxiang immediately donated his family's money for military expenses, recruited local heroes, and formed a rebel army of more than 10,000 people, and marched to Lin'an. The Song court appointed Wen Tianxiang to inform Pingjiang Prefecture and ordered him to send troops to rescue Changzhou, and immediately ordered him to rush to Dusong Pass. . Due to the fierce offensive of the Yuan army, although the Jiangxi rebels fought bravely, they ultimately failed to stop the Yuan army.
In the first month of the following year, the Yuan army came to Lin'an, and all the civil and military officials fled. Wen Tianxiang, the right prime minister and secret envoy, sent him out of the city to negotiate with Boyan in an attempt to make peace with the Yuan army. When Wen Tianxiang arrived at the Yuan army's camp, he was detained by Boyan. Seeing that the situation was over, Empress Dowager Xie had no choice but to surrender the city to accept the land from the Yuan army. Surrender.
The Yuan army occupied Lin'an, but Lianghuai, Jiangnan, Minguang and other places were not completely controlled and occupied by the Yuan army. Therefore, Boyan tried to lure Wen Tianxiang to surrender and use his reputation to deal with it as soon as possible. The endgame. Wen Tianxiang preferred to die, so Boyan had to escort him to Zhenjiang. Wen Tianxiang took the risk and escaped. After many hardships and dangers, he arrived in Fuzhou on May 26, the first year of Jingyan (1276), and was appointed by Song Duanzong Zhao Bing. Prime Minister Right.
Wen Tianxiang was extremely dissatisfied with Zhang Shijie's autocratic government and had disagreements with Chen Yizhong, so he left the Southern Song Dynasty and established a government in Nanjianzhou (now Nanping, Fujian Province) as the governor to command the resistance. Yuan. Soon, Wen Tianxiang moved to Tingzhou (now Changting, Fujian), Zhangzhou, Longyan, Meizhou and other places to contact the anti-Yuan rebels in various places and persist in the struggle. In the summer of the second year of Jingyan (1277), Wen Tianxiang led the army. Meizhou sent troops to attack Jiangxi. After winning a great victory in Yudu (now Yudu, Jiangxi), he attacked Ganzhou with heavy troops and attacked Jizhou (now Ji'an, Jiangxi) with a partial force. Li Heng, the Xuanwei envoy to Jiangxi in the Yuan Dynasty, successively recovered many counties. Wen Tianxiang launched a counterattack in Xingguo County. Wen Tianxiang was defeated, took in the remaining troops, and retreated to Xunzhou (formerly in the west of Longchuan, Guangdong).
In the summer of the first year of Xiangxing (1278), Wen Tianxiang learned that the Southern Song Dynasty had moved to Yashan. In order to get rid of the difficult situation, he asked to lead his army to join the Southern Song Dynasty. Due to Zhang Shijie's firm opposition, Wen Tianxiang had no choice but to give up and lead his army to retreat to Chaoyang County. In the winter of the same year, the Yuan army launched a massive attack. While leading his troops to retreat to Haifeng, Wen Tianxiang was attacked by Yuan general Zhang Hongfan and was defeated and captured.
Wen Tianxiang attempted suicide by taking poison, and was taken to Yashan by Zhang Hongfan, who asked him to write a letter to recruit Zhang Shijie to surrender. Wen Tianxiang said: "I can't protect my parents, how can I teach others to betray their parents?" Zhang Hongfan refused to listen and repeatedly forced Wen Tianxiang to write letters. Wen Tianxiang then copied the poem "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" he had written a few days ago to Zhang Hongfan. When Zhang Hongfan read these two sentences, "No one has died since ancient times, his loyalty will be remembered by history." He couldn't help but be moved and stopped forcing Wen Tianxiang.
After the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty in Yashan, Zhang Hongfan asked the Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty for instructions on how to deal with Wen Tianxiang. The Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty said: "Who has no loyal ministers?" He ordered Zhang Hongfan to treat Wen Tianxiang politely and send Wen Tianxiang to Dadu (today's Beijing) and was placed under house arrest in Huitong Pavilion, determined to persuade Wen Tianxiang to surrender.
The Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty first sent Liu Mengyan, the former prime minister of Zuo of the Southern Song Dynasty who surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty, to speak to Wen Tianxiang and persuade him to surrender. Wen Tianxiang was furious when he saw Liu Mengyan, and Liu Mengyan had to leave in anger. Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty asked Zhao Xian, Emperor Gong of the Song Dynasty, who surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty, to persuade him to surrender. Wen Tianxiang knelt on the ground, cried bitterly, and said to Zhao Xian: "Sir, please come back!" Zhao Xian had nothing to say and left in dismay. Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty was furious and ordered Wen Tianxiang's hands to be tied and put on wooden shackles. Imprisoned in the cell of the Soldiers and Horses Division. Wen Tianxiang was imprisoned for more than ten days before the jailer loosened his bonds. It took another half a month before they took off the wooden shackles.
Polo, the Prime Minister of the Yuan Dynasty, personally opened a court to interrogate Wen Tianxiang. Wen Tianxiang was escorted to the lobby of the Privy Council, where he stood tall and raised his hand, only bowing his hands to Polo. Polo ordered Wen Tianxiang to kneel down. Wen Tianxiang struggled hard and sat on the ground, still refusing to give in. Polo asked Wen Tianxiang: "What else do you have to say now?" Wen Tianxiang replied: "Things in the world rise and fall. Nations have been destroyed and slaughtered in all dynasties. I am loyal to the Song Dynasty, and I just want to die early!" Polo was furious, Said: "You want to die? I won't let you die. I want to imprison you!" Wen Tianxiang was not afraid and said: "I am willing to die for justice, and I am not afraid of being imprisoned!"
From then on, Wen Tianxiang Spent three years in prison. While in prison, he received a letter from his daughter Liu Niang and learned that his wife and two daughters were slaves in the palace and lived like prisoners. Wen Tianxiang knew that his daughter's letter was a hint from Yuan Ting: as long as he surrenders, his family can be reunited. However, although Wen Tianxiang was heartbroken, he did not want to lose his integrity because of his wife and daughter. In a letter he wrote to his sister, he said: "To collect the willow girl's letter, it is painful to cut the stomach and intestines. Who does not have the love of his wife and children? But when things come to this point today, Yu Yi should die, it is his fate. What can I do? What can I do! ... But Liu Nu and Huan Nu can be good people, and their father can't control them. They choked with tears."
Life in prison was very hard, but Wen Tianxiang endured the pain and wrote many poems. The third volume of "Guide Houlu", "Song of Righteousness" and other majestic and immortal masterpieces were all written in prison.
In March of the 19th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1282), the powerful minister Ahema was assassinated. The emperor of the Yuan Dynasty ordered the confiscation of Ahema's family property, investigated Ahema's crimes, and appointed Heli Huosun. For the right prime minister. Heli Huosun proposed governing the country with Confucianism, which was highly agreed by the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. In August, Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty asked the ministers at the meeting: "Who is the virtuous prime minister between the southern and northern prime ministers?" The ministers replied: "The northerners are not as good as Yelu Chucai, and the southerners are not as good as Wen Tianxiang." So the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty issued an order to plan Wen Tianxiang was awarded the title of high official. Some of Wen Tianxiang's old friends immediately informed Wen Tianxiang of the incident and persuaded Wen Tianxiang to surrender, but Wen Tianxiang refused. On December 8, Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty summoned Wen Tianxiang and personally persuaded him to surrender. Wen Tianxiang still bowed to Yuan Shizu without kneeling. Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty did not force him to kneel down. He just said: "You have been here for a long time. If you can change your mind and treat me with loyalty to the Song Dynasty, then I can give you a position in Zhongshu Province." Wen Tianxiang replied : "I am the prime minister of the Song Dynasty. The country is destroyed, and I only want a quick death. I don't want to live for a long time." Yuan Shizu asked again: "Then what do you want?" Wen Tianxiang replied: "I hope one death is enough!" Yuan Shizu was very happy. Angry, he ordered Wen Tianxiang to be executed immediately.
The next day, Wen Tianxiang was escorted to Chaishikou execution ground. The supervisor asked: "What else does the prime minister have to say? If you respond, you can avoid death."
Wen Tianxiang shouted: "Just die, what else is there to say?" He asked the supervisor: "Which side is the south?" Someone pointed him in the direction, and Wen Tianxiang knelt down to the south and said, "My affairs are over, and I feel no guilt!" So he pulled his neck to be executed and died calmly. After his death, a poem was found in his belt: "Confucius said to become benevolent, Mencius said to obtain righteousness, but the righteousness is exhausted, so benevolence is the best." What do you learn from reading the books of sages? Now and from now on, I have nothing to be ashamed of. "Wen Tianxiang was only forty-seven years old when he died.
Gong Zizhen:
A thinker and historian in the late Qing Dynasty. A Gong Zuo, courtesy name Se. A native of Renhe, Zhejiang (now Hangzhou) .
In the first year of Daoguang (1821), he became the secretary of the cabinet and served as the proofreader of the National History Museum. He became a Jinshi in the 19th year and resigned from the post. Returned. In the 21st year, he died suddenly in Yunyang Academy, Jiangsu Province. Gong Zizhen initially inherited his family's academic origins, starting with writing and exegesis, and then gradually involved in epigraphy, catalogue, poetry, geography, and classics and history. His "Spring and Autumn Gongyang Study" had a profound influence. Faced with the increasingly serious social crisis during the Jiadao period, he abandoned the study of textual criticism and exegesis, and focused on managing the world. He wrote "Ming Liang Lun" and "Ming Liang Lun" in his youth. Articles such as "The Opinions on the occasion of Yi and Bing" exposed and criticized the long-standing disadvantages of feudal autocracy. His thoughts paved the way for Kang Youwei and others to advocate reforms in order to become stronger. Unable to achieve his ambition, he turned to Buddhism, but his ambition to "manage the world for practical purposes" was not depressed. He supported Lin Zexu in banning opium and suggested that Lin Zexu strengthen military facilities and prepare to fight against the British invaders. Gong Zizhen pursued "upgrading the law" throughout his life. ", although it was not realized until his death, it had a beneficial impact in many aspects. In terms of social outlook, he pointed out that the root cause of social unrest was the disparity between rich and poor, and called for the reform of the imperial examination system and the application of "the classics for practical application" In terms of philosophical thought, he expounded the views of the Tiantai Sect in Buddhism and proposed that "there is no good in human nature" and "all good and evil come from behind". In terms of history, he issued a call to "respect history" and devoted himself to it. He discussed the history and geography of northwest China. In literature, he proposed the theory of "respecting emotions" and advocated that poetry and people are one. He was rich in poetry and prose, which was compiled by later generations into "The Complete Works of Gong Zizhen"
Zhang Yanghao:
1270-1329, named Ximeng, born in Jinan, Shandong Province. He was famous for his outspokenness and courage in admonition. During the drought, he came back to fight the drought and died of exhaustion. His collection of poems includes "Residence in Xiaoyuefu in Yunzhuang", which mostly writes about the joy of Linquan.