China's imperial examination system ended in Guangxu (1905), the originator of the Sui Dynasty, and has been implemented for more than a thousand years. A large number of intellectuals with high cultural quality appeared in China, which had a far-reaching impact on the ancient system of China. Elected, so have the opportunity to enter the upper class, the political power of officials at all levels. 1000 years, the imperial examination system was constantly changing and developing, and by the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was basically amorphous. It is of great significance to explore the maturity and development of the imperial examination system in Sui and Tang Dynasties, understand its contents and learn from the ancient Chinese imperial examination system.
The main prototype of the backstage was accepted.
With the establishment of the Northern and Southern Dynasties before, the number of officials of various regimes has gradually reached more than nine since Wei and Jin Dynasties. In 220 AD, Cao Pi of Wei Wendi took the advice of private prime minister Chen Qun and became the board of directors. Chiang Kai-shek is located in the whole country, established Little Chiang Kai-shek and selected some experienced central officials. Therefore, it is also known as "the size of Chiang Kai-shek in the nine-level system." Chiang Kai-shek's evaluation of the state's responsibility for every shot of talent is the same as that of his ancestors. The results are divided into nine evaluations: up, up, down, up, down, down, down, under relevant circumstances. (1) As a result, Chiang Kai-shek was May-ling Song, Chiang Kai-shek was Chiang Kai-shek, and Chiang Kai-shek was Si Tuleideng, and then the board of directors elected private ministers. The strength of the aristocratic patriarch, because the local situation of the increasingly large aristocrats in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is very common and positive, almost all the aristocratic children quoted "the potential family situation of high-level and low-level non-poor families" in talent evaluation, and the nine-product official method was completely reduced to a tool for the aristocratic patriarch to develop its own strength.
a & gt
In February (58 1) of the first year of Dading, Jingdi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wen of Sui took the place of Emperor Zhou, changed his country name to Guangzhou, and Huang Jianyuan opened Chang 'an, which was called Wendi in history. After Emperor Wendi came to power, he attached great importance to the selection of talents. He is very aware of the disadvantages of the Nine Grades System and began to reform the talent selection system. In the third year of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (583), a decree was officially issued to stop those who "fuck the Weaver Maid and seize the sky gun" and instead judge the strength of talents, so that all countries could serve for three years. In the 28th year of Emperor Yangdi's Huang Kai (598), Emperor Wendi, the resource manager of Zhao Ming, the capital official of Emperor Yangdi, selected the personnel power and became a senior bureaucrat. However, due to the lack of such supervision and management, these senior bureaucrats inevitably follow the futile things, and there are quite a few problems in operation, so they have carried out reforms. From then on, Wendi's son died, and Yang Di Emperor Yang Gu succeeded to the throne. Because in April of the third year of Yang Di (607), Wen Chao was a famous person, and in the name of filial piety, he heard the virtue of incorruptibility, justice can brush shoes, and the constitution is indomitable and upright, and his studies are excellent and sensitive, and his literary talent is worth ten subjects in Xiao Zhuang. Because the law was promulgated in five years (609), Zhu Jun, a scholar with the same talent, surpassed Qin Shen, a neutral official in Xiao Zhuang, Rembrandt, which is worthy of reasonable behavior in public affairs; Integrity, must be strong royal four families (3) "
At this time, several imperial examinations, although only the imperial court occasionally made a name, were followed by the imperial examination system. According to the classics of the imperial examination system, Jinshi and Si Er are in the 14 China Du Electrification Volume, which is a real prototype. Policy issues of Ming Jing Jinshi examination. The policy of asking about current affairs, the government, the judiciary and other aspects, asking about scholars and pop stars, the content of the imperial examination this time is still relatively small, and the imperial court is only used to let talents make contributions in time when choosing the imperial court, so the influence of the imperial examination in the political life of the country is not big enough.
Second, the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty gradually matured.
Extremely brutal rule, after Yang Guang, Yang Di, the emperor of Sui Dynasty, was overthrown by the uprising wave between the north and the south of the Korean Peninsula for 37 years. In the Tang Dynasty, the Southern Expedition was established. The small and medium-sized landlord class established in the Tang Dynasty to absorb knowledge and professional knowledge once followed the imperial examination system of the Sui Dynasty, and Tang Wude re-established scholars and scholars for four years. 1 1 Four years later, in April, Zuwu, the governor of Bachelor State Ding, Bai Mingjing, scholars Shi Jun and Jin Shishun were appointed to inspect, re-examine and collect the reasonable sanitation in rural areas. , every June 10, pay tribute to the object of 20 15 15. " Therefore, Tang Gaozu Wude four years, decided to restore Sui, Jinshi, Jinshi, Ministry of Industry, Wude five years, officially opened the Ministry of Industry. On June 4th, the ninth year of Wude (626), the second son Li Shimin launched a mutiny and killed his younger brother. His brother built Yuanji, held Tangyuan hostage, and made him a prince, which is known as the power of Xuanwu in history. Shortly after the Stand Gate incident, Emperor Yuan of the Tang Dynasty, who was abdicated by Li Shimin, was called Emperor Taizong. In the Tang Dynasty, systematic policies were constantly reformed. _ ^ \ T
1) empire
Officials and scholars, since the Tang Dynasty, the continuous prosperity of private education has trained a large number of talents with high cultural quality. During the Zhenguan period, there were more than 8,000 students (4) studying in state universities in China alone. Among the imperialist forces, it is called "healthy behavior" to be sent to Shangshu Province to take the imperial examination because of passing the examinations of academic circles at all levels; Teach yourself, and then send it to the local government to guide you to vote and pass the exam. After paying tribute to the local people, he was sent to Beijing to take the imperial examination. In the Tang Dynasty, the "rural tribute crime" was strict, and only businessmen or workers were allowed to participate. It should be said that the more enlightened students they are, the main source of the imperial examination is their hometown contribution.
The main content of item (b) is the content of the imperial examination.
Two imperial examinations were held in the Tang Dynasty. Frequently, imperial examinations are held in different disciplines every year, which are held temporarily by the emperor's decree. The system is often used for different purposes when selecting talents. This is a very different test content, the source of candidates, and the frequently cited test methods. Its long-term and fixed advantages have become the most important part of the empire. This paper discusses the most frequently cited here. The main objects often cited are: Jinshi, Ming Jinshi, Faming, Meiji Mingsuan, Sanshi, Kaiyuan Ritual, and young men.
Policy theory and political strategy of five countries in The Scholars. In order to select a senior talent with a sense of macro-overall situation, the candidate needs to have no suggestions, suggest that the country implement them, and even punish them. In this way, after the senior high school entrance examination, a small number of students will drop out of school and then be named.
The purpose of this branch is obvious and false, aiming at selecting familiar professional knowledge of calligraphy and Chinese characters for judicial personnel and selecting talents; The purpose of the operators of law and knowledge is to choose mathematical talents who are proficient in arithmetic, and more people are despised by the world than the imperial examination. This is not important.
Historical choice is proficient in historical records, later Han books, later Han books, one talent and three histories, historical records, later Han books and three all-round talents; Ethan was opened in the 20th year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and the fifty volumes of Ethan was compiled. After the Taoist exam, the boys made the children under four years old familiar with a classic, the Taoist classics such as Filial Piety, Laozi, Zhuangzi and Liezi, and the contents of the exam, The Analects of Confucius. The above kinds are often held, so their position in the empire is not very important.
Therefore, Ming Jing, Jinshi and Empire are the two most important themes. The main contents of the trial strategy of adding two subjects in Sui and Tang Dynasties are constantly changing. In the eighth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan (634), a history book of probation can be added, and in 2002 (680), an examination of Emperor Gaozong can be posted tomorrow, and in 2002 (68 1), an article by Jia Yonglong on the examination of taxis can be added. Tang Xuanzong Tianbao (742-756): Before Ming Jing tried, you posted it. It's time to try Jing Yi, and try the strategy for the last time; Scholars try to paste first, try poetry and fu, and finally try strategies. At this time, Mingjing and Jinshi emphasized that Mingjing's sticker is the poetic weight of justice in Mexico.
Tomorrow's so-called "cong" is a book with two ends closed and a line left in the middle. The three words in this line are pasted on paper for candidates to fill in. This is called pasting, which is a bit like filling in the blanks today. "Mo Yi" is the scripture and annotation of the exam, and it is easy to be deceived after the early oral exam, rather than the written test named after "Mo Yi". This method is more mechanical. Examiners often find some uncommon sentences in their questions, and candidates also find this rule, so they will pay attention to the topic of custody, and completely ignore and understand the original intention of the book.
Try to make the examiner's political, economic, military and other questions need to be answered by the candidates, just like today's composition question, which is the most critical part of the exam. The best candidates can stand out and work here.
In addition to a very important exam-taking strategy, another important content of becoming a scholar is poetry and wealth. In 2002, Tang Gaozong Yonglong gave examination papers and asked questions on the spot, mainly referring to proverbs, practical styles and expressions. , and then gradually became a special trial poem.
& gt The poetic style in the Tang Dynasty was at its peak, which was tailored by dignitaries, writers and poets from all walks of life. Whether scientific exploration makes poetry stand tall or not has a great influence on its own imperial examination results. Some candidates have become the subject of many poems. Before the exam, they often hand in their work with some celebrities, hoping to help them and submit papers. Zhu Qingyu, a candidate in Jianjiang, is the most famous example of the first "Zhang Shui" and aunt's makeup before dawn in recent experiments. "Did the bride's room stop candlelight last night and smell her husband's thrush in a low voice?" This is a bit like Zhang Ji's poem. I am very happy, and I have also gained a poem, a pop music star. "Yue Nv's new makeup has exposed her heart. It is not enough to think about your people in Wan Qi. Brother Ling is worth thousands of dollars! " Zhu Qingyu's poem The Scholars. Of course, Zhu Qingyu is lucky or small. Because of the back door of investment, some bigwigs are forced to take the civil service exam, so no one can be admitted to a real talent, and some talented candidates fall into Sun Shan. Du Mu, a great poet, put forward his masterpiece "A Fang Gong Fu", which was greatly appreciated by examiners and recommended by others, but because of previous arrangements, Du Mu was in the top five.
(3) Those who study both the Ming Dynasty and the Confucian classics will get Davenport.
Ming Jing emphasizes rote learning, and it is relatively easy to get some of the most critical contents. Therefore, epigraphy is difficult to write poems, and epigraphy often appears much higher than gold. "Tomorrow, thousands of scholars may get the first level of 1 12 times, which is the first two times." ⑥ There are only a few scholars, up to 30 at a time. More importantly, epigraphy is difficult to test, and it can test the wisdom of scholars who are generally genuine and knowledgeable. Many people gave their lives, but they didn't get it. Therefore, there is a "30-year-old Ming Jing, younger than the scholars said, and a 27-year-old great poet. Jinshi, poetry says: Cienta is the youngest in 17, and few empires like him under 30.
& gt Candidates take part in an investigation conducted by the Personnel Department (later the Ritual Department). Basically, even in high school, Wu forces began to gather in February of the first year (689). "In the Los Angeles City Hall, people who have contributed to Japanese policy issues are counted. ⑦ The secret exam that has been ordered to be pasted in the second interview of civil servants is still the precedent of "winning the election" and "pasting" in the open Song Dynasty, although the system was named by the board of directors in two ways in the Tang Dynasty.
The results will be announced at this time. This candidate will never be famous in the world. There are many banquet activities, such as: Wenxi Banquet, Qujiang Banquet, Lantern Festival next month, the topic of Big Wild Goose Pagoda, the son of the new city and making friends with dignitaries. For convenience, we will deepen our career and establish our own interpersonal relationship.
Of course, Jinshi does not mean that he will soon become a "public official", or even the personnel department after the election review, so that he can participate in the formal "World Peace Examination". He means that he can take off the linen from the qualified selection examination, put on official clothes, leave the etiquette and materials of the civil service officials to the personnel department, and then conduct the selection examination, and say that "the examination is broken because the relevant examination time is generally there." All four are qualified and can be awarded to officials, "pay attention to officials", then all successful candidates will be "singing officials" after being awarded by the public. Candidates who pass the "passing" exam will not be awarded eight to nine positions in the general office. If any candidate fails or does not take the "exam" or "test", there are two ways. One is to ask someone to recommend him, and the recommended person will be an assistant to the local government after a certain period of time, and then spell the recommended bigwigs. The second phenomenon is common in different administrative regions in the middle and late Tang Dynasty.
Third, the significance of the maturity and development of the imperial examination system in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Some people say that Emperor Zhenguan was glad to see the new Jinshi coming out of the side door. "The hero in the world is my enough man!" In his view, the imperial examination system is a means to achieve excellent results in the world. In fact, the maturity of the imperial examination system in Sui and Tang Dynasties will not only affect the political process in China's history, but also shape the value orientation of China intellectuals' cultural psychology and personality traits.
(A) China intellectuals since the imperial examination system.
The main source of the imperial examination system has been realized for more than 1000 years, which has had a far-reaching impact on China society and China feudal society. A key figure will have a great influence on the culture, politics and economy of many China, and on many politicians who later took part in the expedition. Military strategists, writers and historians passed the imperial examinations, thus becoming the basis for their contributions to the upper class. Liu Yanpei studied Lu Zhi, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Bai Juyi and Liu Yuxi in the Tang Dynasty. They are born scholars. As the intellectual representatives of a country and a nation, they gave birth to the imperial examination system, and their mental outlook and mental state are forming a scientific system.
(B) the imperial examination system
The mental state of intellectuals has an important influence, which is essentially a "beauty" and a "golden house". The study life of many scholars is wealth and honor. They have been trying to get a meat grinder since they were very young. Stone is the son of the empire, has become a bureaucrat of the ruling class, a vassal of the ruling imperial power and a tool of ruling. Because the joy after the victory, of course, also fell to the ground. The elimination rate is 98%, and most people can't set foot on the space to display their talents in their careers. Many old boys-born scholars are thoughtful old pedants, who devoted their lives to stereotyped writing and devoted themselves to imperial examinations. It should be said that the existence of China's imperial examination system and the mental state of intellectuals reflect the unyielding and dramatic roots of the imperial examination system, which can explore the world, be fair and honest, be honest and clean, have different qualities and be obedient.
(3) The backward part of the imperial examination system had an important influence on the politics of China in later generations.
Under the wing of the declining feudal system, the negative factors that presided over the imperial examination system continued to prove this point. The imperial examination system in Song Dynasty was only partially improved in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the most important thing was to establish three subjects of the imperial examination system paradigm. In essence, the imperial examination system has been declining because of the ruling class. The imperial examination system of Ming and Qing dynasties began to become rigid, and the writing of eight-part essay was being studied hard, which made a lot of reading and had no idea about world affairs, national economy and people's lives. This bureaucratic imperial examination system is greatly discounted. The imperial examination system has become a tool to imprison intellectuals who think they are destroying talents.
Mature and perfect after-sales service, four conclusions after a hundred years.
The imperial examination system, ruling class and culture of China in ancient Sui and Tang Dynasties contributed a lot of bureaucrats and literati, enriched and perfected the rule of feudal society, and finally reached the peak of prosperity. However, in the next few centuries, the decline of feudal system, the influence of various forces and instability at home and abroad, and the rules of the Qing Dynasty gradually led to the destruction of the imperial examination system, which could not be reformed and collapsed with the feudal system.
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