1. Ancient coins: coins that can be cast by hand in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties from knives to 19 12; 2. Modern coins in China: coins from the end of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty to 1949 (including mechanism metal coins); 3. Paper money: refers to ancient paper money before the Qing Dynasty and bank paper money, bank notes and temporary vouchers after the Qing Dynasty; 4. Modern coins: generally refer to the first, second, third, fourth and fifth editions of RMB, circulating commemorative coins, non-circulating commemorative coins, exchange certificates and gold and silver commemorative coins issued after 1949.
The method of distinguishing the authenticity of ancient coins;
Voice identification method: the longer the age of ancient coins, the more impurities such as tin and lead are lost, and the duller the sound is. On the contrary, the closer you get, the clearer your voice becomes. Observe the copper color method: the materials of ancient coins are generally divided into bronze, red copper, brass, white copper and so on. Copper coins are easy to break, brass coins are not easy to break, and white copper is mostly used as sample coins. Before the Ming Dynasty, most coins were made of bronze, but there were no brass coins. If you find brass coins before the Ming Dynasty, you should be more careful. Cooking method: Red-green rust or black rust adheres to ancient coins, while real money rust is naturally oxidized and has strong adhesion. Coins with suspicious rust color can be boiled in boiling water for 30 to 40 minutes. Rust is fake, and real rust is not easy to remove. Steel needle test method: the rust of ancient coins is hard. Press the steel needle vertically downward, and the steel needle will fall immediately after letting go. False rust is a mixture of real rust and adhesive, which has certain elasticity, so the steel needle is not easy to fall off. Style judgment method: each coin has its own style characteristics: the knives and cloth coins in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were all cast by craftsmen, and the words Gu Zhuo were beautiful and simple; Influenced by the Buddhist literature of the Western Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, its coin characters are slender, flexible, charming and exquisite. Tang, Song and calligraphy are closely combined, and most of them are made by celebrities, giving people a dignified, steady, graceful and lovely feeling as a whole; The currency of Liao Dynasty was loose in Qian Wen, but tight in Xixia and Qian Wen. The main characteristics of money in Ming Dynasty are square and blunt. The post-imitator can imitate its shape but it is not easy to convey its spirit, which provides an important basis for identification. Contrast version method: the mother money used to cast money in the early days was also carved by hand, and there will be some differences between coins. If you find a batch of coins, their versions are exactly the same, and even some defects are not bad at all, you should suspect that there is a possibility of counterfeiting. Composition analysis method: With the help of modern spectrum, chemical capacity and scanning analysis of electronic instruments, the metal composition of ancient coins is qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed, with high accuracy and reliability. Using the ultrasonic sounder, the internal structure can be seen clearly, and counterfeit money such as engraving, digging and spelling can be changed.
Qian Wen, an ancient coin: the pre-Qin knife, cloth and gold cake were all engraved in the form of big seal script. From Qin and Han Dynasties to Sui Dynasty: Qian Wen belongs to Xiao Zhuan, and its Xin Mang rings of fire and cloth are hanging needle seals. Northern Zhou Dynasty: Buquan was printed with jade ribs, and the five elements of Dabu and Yongtong Wanguo were printed with iron lines, and Han Xing Lishu was cast. Tang: Literature prevailed in official script, and Tang Kaiyuan was an "eight-part script", belonging to official script. Southern Tang Dynasty: Qian Wen belongs to seal script, official script and original works. Qian in the Northern Song Dynasty: Calligraphy styles include seal script, official script, truth, line and grass. Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties: using authentic works or seal script, Liao and Qian are closely related to official script. There are also Mongolian, Manchu, Hui, Xixia and other minority languages. The Qing army spent money casting: red brass, less red copper. Read regular script Qian Mianwen, recite the name of "Bao X" on the left and right, and write down the value. The official casting of the Qingganlong celebration: casting dragons and phoenixes on the back, auspicious eulogy. Such as "the son of heaven lives forever", "the country is rich and the people are safe", and so on. Jiaqing has "five generations under one roof" and "ten elders" for thousands of years. Birthday coins: Qian Wen's "Tortoise Birthday", "Tortoise Birthday", "Fudeshou", "Longevity", "Long live the Millennium" and "Longevity in the East China Sea is better than that in the South Mountain", with designs such as immortals, turtles, cranes and auspicious clouds on the back. Bao Tong in Chongzhen bears the word "longevity", which is cast by both officials and people. In the first year of Nurhachi's destiny, he cast Chinese money: Manchu, four characters, no circle; Bao Tong of Destiny is cast in Chinese. Emperor Taizong, Tian Cong and Jiang Qian, wore Manchu crosses on his back and Manchu words on his right. Shunzhi Bao Tong: There are five kinds of money; There is a Chinese character and a penny on the bare back, and two complete Chinese characters and China's money on the back. Kangxi Bao Tong: Imitate the Five Styles of Shunzhi, full of Chinese money, and then cast small money. Yongzheng: making money imitates the five styles of Shunzhi money In addition to the year number on the front, there are two full characters on the back. The name of the money minted by Fu Bao Bureau is sometimes Chinese characters. Bao Tong, Gan Long: There are two types: the ordinary type and the dangshi type, and the word "dangshi" is punched on the back of the dangshi type. The fineness of Qianlong money is different successively, and it varies from place to place. Five years before Qianlong, casting money was called yellow money without tin, and green money after tin was added. Jiaqing Daoguang: There are nineteen kinds of money names, such as Jiquan, Zhizhi, Jin, Su, Chang, Fu, Zhejiang, Wu, Nan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Guang, Gui and Yun. On the back of the money is Dongbao, and Kangxi money is used in Manchu. Xianfeng: It is very complicated to invest a lot of money. Judging from the valuation, Xianfeng money can be divided into fifteen grades, from yipin to pawn money, with the name of the casting bureau and different characters on it. Pay attention to the collection of clear money with many words on the back. Guangxu Bao Tong: Small money, but now we see more small money. Xuan Tong: Machine money made in Guangdong is the most popular. The word "Guang" is written in Manchu and Chinese on the back, and the words "Kuping", "qian yao" and "Baoguang" are written horizontally. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Copper coins are the main ones, and all coins are in Chinese. The words "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" and "Taiping Shengbao" are used on the front, and the words "Tianguo" on the back are arranged at the top, bottom, left and right of the perforation respectively. There are also many kinds of "Tianbao" on the front and "Taiping" on the back, and it is impossible to tell which one was cast in which province. There are several styles of calligraphy in Qian Wen, such as real calligraphy and Song style. There are many counterfeit and counterfeit money in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. In the early Ming dynasty, people were forbidden to trade gold and silver with paper money instead of copper coins, following the example of Mongols. However, it was soon changed to pay equal attention to both silver and banknotes, mainly banknotes, supplemented by coins. Ming dynasty had more money than Yuan dynasty, but not as good as other dynasties. When Zhu Yuanzhang summoned Wu Gong, he set up Baoquan Bureau in Jiangxi, casting five kinds of large, medium and large treasures. This kind of big money in the early days is now worth thousands, so pay attention to it.
Knowledge of ancient coins: Qian Rong: That is, Qian Fan is the mold for casting coins. Qian Rong is divided into yin and yang. The former directly invests money; The latter is used to create models, so it is called model mother. "Rong" means "Rong" and is a mold of money. Model materials include pottery, stone, copper, iron, lead and so on. Gold plating: processing and carving various figures and patterns on coins. As early as Tang Kaiyuan, there were carved patterns on coins. For example, lotus symbolizes many children. This currency is not only a competitive product, but also can be mixed with circulating coins, which has duality. Wheel connection: the strokes of the wheel are connected with the outer Guo. Sub-wheel: the strokes are not connected to the outer Guo, and there are pits far apart: the ancient coins are rusty. They were called new pits soon after they were unearthed; It has been unearthed for a long time, but it still has rust, so it is called name money: the names cast on the surface, such as Qi Fahua, Tang Guotong Bao, Dasong Yuanbao, Dayuan Bao Tong (Basibawen), Daming Bao Tong (Nanming), Dasong (Southern Song), Dayuan and Daming (Nanming), are all "name money". Qian Wen's four words: press up, down, left and right readers, meaning "direct reading"; Press up, right, down and left, which is called "rotating reading" or "right hand reading"; Press up, left, down and right to indicate "left-handed reading"; The word "Qian Wen" is called "horizontal reading" according to the left-right reading method, such as "half Liang" and "five baht". , also called "sequential reading"; "Reading around" is like "Pearl Weight 122" in the pre-Qin period, so it must be "reading around". Imitation of thin gold book: A style of writing created by Song Huizong and Evonne, calling itself "thin gold book". Based on regular script, the strokes are elegant and vigorous, so it has the reputation of "iron pen and silver hook". That is to say, Daguan Bao Tong and Chongning Bao Tong are both pawnbrokers in Qian Wen, and Jin Dading and Bao Tong also imitate thin gold calligraphy. Beibi and Gubi: The earliest primitive currency in China, which was unearthed in Nuwa's tomb and Shan 'an in Yinxu, Henan, about 3,500 years ago. The early Beibi was given by Shang Wang. Bone shells appeared in the middle of Shang Dynasty and were carved from animal bones. Six-character Dao: It was cast from the late Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period. Its shape is "Dao", and its six-character "Seven stoves help prosperous and prosperous China" is the most peculiar. At present, a six-character knife is worth about 7000 yuan. Ant-nose money: Ant-nose money was cast in the early Warring States period, which is a copper coin that simulates the original form of shell money. The appearance of copper shell opened the precedent of metal coinage. Treasure of silver dollar: it is the earliest official silver dollar in China, of which 7 yuan, a Guangxu ingot made in Guangdong Province, has 2 points, and the current reference price is180,000 to 200,000 yuan; 7 yuan, Guangxu Yuanbao made in Hunan Province, 2 points, with a reference valuation of 200,000 to 250,000 yuan; Guangxu ingot made in Shaanxi is 7 yuan and 2 cents, and the reference price is160,000 to 200,000 yuan.