As we all know, Zi Tong Zhi Jian was written by Sima Guang in the Northern Song Dynasty. Maybe many people can't think of it. Up to now, there are still some remnants of Zi Tong Zhi Jian, which was originally written by Sima Guang. This can be said to be a very precious cultural relic. Although we can see a clear version of Zi Tongzhi Sword, many people still want to witness this primitive Sima Guang with their own eyes. This manuscript will be exhibited in Beijing in the near future. Let's have a look.
Sima Guang's manuscript, 33.8 cm wide and 130 cm long, has 29 lines and 465 words in the National Library. In the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Qianlong, Emperor Jiaqing and Emperor Xuan Tong all had seals, and Emperor Qianlong preferred them. In addition to sealing them, he also personally wrote "Sima Guang Tong Jian Draft". Since its promulgation, this volume has been circulated among the people in the name of reward.
The special event "Looking Back at Sima Guang in the Millennium" was held in Beijing.
"This book is indispensable between heaven and earth, and it is also a must-read book for scholars." In the Qing Dynasty, Wang Mingsheng commented on Sima Guang's Lessons Learned from the Same Experience in the Seventeen Histories. After the ups and downs of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, Sima Guang became the ideal scholar-bureaucrat image in the eyes of future generations, and is still praised by people today. This year is also the1000th anniversary of Sima Guang's birthday.
165438+ 10 17, the National Library held a special event "Commemorating the one thousand anniversary of Sima Guang's birth-looking back at Sima Guang in the Millennium" in Beijing. Besides, the only manuscript of Zi Tong Zhi Jian by Sima Guang, which exists in the National Library, is on display in the "Exhibition of Protection and Inheritance of China Traditional Cultural Classics" held by the National Classic Museum, so that the audience can read and appreciate Sima Guang's original works at close range.
Sima Guang (10 19- 1086) was born in Sushui Village, Xia County, Shaanxi Province, so he is called Mr. Sushui in the world. He used to be a military attache in the local area and a magistrate in Weicheng County, Huazhou. After arriving in Beijing, he successively worked in imperial academy, Dali Temple Cheng, Taichangyuan, History Museum, Official Department, Kaifeng House, Third Division and other departments. He also talked many times about the issue of establishing an heir in the book, which was deeply trusted by Song Renzong and Song Yingzong. After Song Shenzong acceded to the throne, he was appointed as a bachelor of Hanlin and a member of imperial academy. But he left the Central Committee because he opposed Wang Anshi's political reform.
As a Mirror, Sima Guang, together with his assistants Liu Ban, Fan Zuyu and Liu Shu, compiled the first chronological general history of China. From the 23rd year of King Wei Lie Zhou (403 BC) to the 6th year of Zhou Shizong's virtue in the next five dynasties (959 BC), the book recorded the deeds of 1362, with a total of 294 volumes, including 30 volumes of contents and 30 volumes of textual research.
After the book was compiled, Sima Guang wrote in the "History as a Mirror": "I am now a skeleton with dim eyes, few teeth and worn-out knowledge. I forgot what I did in front of me immediately. My energy is on this book. " It can be seen that "Zi Tong Zhi Jian" really embodies the hard work of Sima Guang's life.
You Biao, a professor from the School of History of Beijing Normal University, was invited to make an objective comment on Sima Guang's life in combination with relevant historical materials, focusing on the ups and downs of dynasties recorded in Zi Jian during 1362, the idea of governing the country by "ruling the Tao" and the value of Zi Jian in the study of traditional culture and history.
According to vernier's textual research, "the essence of cultivating the mind" and "the essence of governing the country" are two "thoughts of governing the Tao" emphasized by Sima Guang in his book. The so-called "essence of cultivating the mind" mainly refers to the cultivation and cultivation of leadership. "One is benevolence, the other is wisdom, and the third is martial arts". "Benevolence" refers to the great benevolence of the ruler. As the king of a country, he should "cultivate politics, promote education, nurture everything and support the people". The so-called "Ming" refers to the monarch's judgment and decision-making ability. A wise monarch should "know righteousness, know security, be virtuous and foolish, and distinguish right from wrong." Let's talk about "martial arts" again. The "martial arts" here is not force, but a king must have a strong and determined personality.
"There are three ways to govern the country: one is to be an official, the other is to believe in rewards, and the third is to punish." To sum up, the key lies in "employing people". You are mainly good at appointing talents. Rewards should be credible and punishments should be implemented. The cursor takes five employment standards implemented in Li Shimin in the Tang Dynasty as an example. In choosing a candidate for the monarch, we should choose someone who speaks the truth, has strong ability and virtue, and at the same time, we should be loyal and faithful.
In addition, the cursor also stressed that "Zi Tong Zhi Jian" is not entirely about politics, but it actually has rich and universal significance. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Fuzhi believed that Zi Tong Zhi Jian contained many contents, such as "Jun Dao", "Chen Yi", "country", "people's feelings", the foundation of being an official, the way of reading and educating people.
As a classic work, Zi Tong Zhi Jian is also closely related to the traditional culture of China. The emphasis on politics, unity, etiquette, benevolence and civilization embodied in the book is also the core concept of China culture. Sima Guang's value orientation is also reflected everywhere in the process of compiling "Learning from each other". Cursor explained that in Sima Guang's view, "orthodoxy" is unshakable. Taking the Northern and Southern Dynasties as an example, Sima Guang only regarded Qi Liangchen of the Southern Song Dynasty as king; The same is true of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries, which only remember the Five Dynasties and ten countries have no discipline, thus showing Sima Guang's "view of great unity".
In terms of compiling methods, Zi Tong Zhi Jian retains many contents recorded in historical books that have been lost at present. The book adopts the "three-stage method" to screen historical materials. At the same time, Sima Guang also collated Zi Tong Zhi Jian, repeatedly inspected the similarities and differences of historical materials, and collected different records and the reasons and basis for their selection. In addition, in order to facilitate reading, he also attached a table of contents of Zi Tongzhi Jian, with the year above and the number of volumes below as the program of the book.
After the Song Dynasty, rulers of all previous dynasties attached great importance to treating swords with purple, which became an important part of banquet education in the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Later generations' research on Zi Tong Zhi Jian also gave birth to the prosperity of Tong, which also had a wide and far-reaching influence in other countries and regions outside China.
There is a remnant manuscript in the National Library, which was written by Sima Guang. This manuscript is 33.8 cm wide and 130 cm long, with 29 lines and 465 words. It records the historical facts of one year from the Wang Dun rebellion in the first month of the first year of Yongchang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (322) to the end of Mu Rongchui's dispatch in February/KLOC-0 in the same year. Every historical event has a different number or ten numbers at the beginning, followed by the word "Yun Yun", which is the content of Volume 92 of the current edition, but there are many differences.
Zhao Qian, a research librarian of the National Library, interpreted the manuscript from the aspects of its shape, content and calligraphy.
This manuscript was drafted by Fan Chunren (the son of Fan Zhongyan) in a letter to the author and his eldest brother Sima Dan. According to Zhao Qian's explanation, paper was still a scarce resource at that time, and Sima Guang himself was frugal, so he crossed out the contents of the letter directly and drafted a reply in the blank space. At the same time, readers will find that some words will be particularly missing because they want to avoid the anonymity of the emperor at that time.
You can see the seals and handwriting of many collectors in the past dynasties on the manuscript, which can also be traced back to the historical inheritance of this historical treasure. In the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Qianlong, Emperor Jiaqing and Emperor Xuan Tong all had seals, and Emperor Qianlong preferred them. In addition to sealing them, he also personally wrote "Sima Guang Tong Jian Draft". Since its promulgation, this volume has been circulated among the people in the name of reward.
For the appreciation of such cultural relics, Zhao mentioned three aspects. First of all, from the perspective of cultural attributes, time and age constitute the necessary conditions for the precious value of cultural relics. Secondly, in terms of literature, taking this incomplete manuscript as an example, only more than 400 words reflect the compilation principles and style of Zi Tong Zhi Jian, which is comparable to the original. Finally, artistically, the manuscript still retains the handwriting and seals of Sima Guang, Fan Chunren and many collectors, which is of great significance.
It is reported that the National Library will continue to launch the "Genius Age" series of activities according to the special commemorative dates of important historical figures. The year after next, there were activities to commemorate the centenary of Zhang Zai's birth and Wang Anshi's birth. The National Library will combine the collection resources and pass on the ideological and spiritual heritage left by the ancients to today's public in the form of national map open class.