The Paris Commune was the first dictatorship of the proletariat in human history.
Nowadays, people in China can only understand the struggle scenes of the Paris Commune through historical books and pictures.
However, in the late Qing Dynasty, a young China man happened to witness this great event in Paris and left a valuable account. His name was Zhang Deyi.
The earliest translated name of "Paris Commune" comes from the book Three Stories of Wonders by Zhang Deyi, a diplomat of Qing Dynasty.
Zhang Deyi is a native of Tieling, Liaoning Province. He was born in the 27th year of Qing Daoguang (A.D. 1847) into a declining family of Banners. His family was poor since childhood, and he attended a private school with the help of his uncle. But he is "intelligent ..... young, generous and ambitious". So study hard and persevere.
At the age of fifteen, Zhang Deyi was admitted to the first foreign language school in China at that time-Beijing Tongwen Hall with her academic achievements, and she was one of only ten students in this school. After studying hard for three years, he graduated with honors.
Zhang Deyi
1866, the five years of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, was an important year in the history of Sino-foreign relations.
This year, when Zhang Deyi was 19 years old, she was appointed by the Qing government to take part in China's first overseas tour group to visit Europe. He toured France, Britain, Belgium, Netherlands, Hamburg, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Prussia and other ten countries with the group, and enjoyed the world customs.
outside the closed-door Qing dynasty, there is such a civilized and civilized place! This living reality opened Zhang Deyi's eyes.
originally, the Qing government sent people abroad this time, in order to know the inside story of foreigners and "explore their advantages and disadvantages", but Zhang Deyi focused his attention on the observation of the novel culture in Taixi (Europe), in which he became very interested in drama culture.
After returning to China, Zhang Deyi wrote The Adventures of Sailing, which recorded his observations in detail. Many recorded images of drama activities described the grand occasion of European drama activities. He was the first person in China to introduce European and American drama.
In June p>187, the "Tianjin Religious Plan" happened in China. Under the oppression of the foreign powers, the Qing government sent Chonghou, three ministers of trade, to France to apologize, accompanied by Zhang Deyi as an interpreter.
On November 16th, 187, after they went abroad from Shanghai to France, they were just catching up with the Franco-Prussian War. The French government could not receive them, so they had to wait in Marseilles.
On March 15th, 1871, Chonghou sent Zhang Deyi to Paris to inquire about the current situation. On March 17th, Zhang Deyi arrived in Paris, just in time for the Paris workers to hold the Paris Commune Uprising on the 18th.
During the Paris Commune Revolution in p>1871, China was still in the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, and there was little communication between China and foreign countries, so there was hardly any reflection about the Paris Commune in China. But just the day before the Paris Commune Revolution broke out, it happened that Zhang Deming entered Paris and became a witness of this social change.
on March 18th, Zhang Deyi wrote down the events that thiers held a military meeting and sent troops to attack garde nationale's position, Montemar in the north of Paris and other places, as well as the scene that government troops defected and captured senior officials such as General Taikang alive under the inspiration of the people's power.
on March 19th, Zhang Deyi wrote down the scene that thiers fled to Versailles after the uprising of Parisian workers. In particular, he wrote down the scene of the Paris Commune insurgents dying after being captured, which was touching.
On March 2th, Zhang Deyi rushed to Versailles to witness many uprising people being taken to Versailles. He recorded: "There are two lines of women, although their clothes and shoes are worn out and their faces are dusty, their majestic spirit overflows their brow."
On June 3rd, Zhang Deyi went to Paris from Versailles and witnessed the opposition's pursuit of the massacre insurgents. In his diary on June 6, he wrote: "More than 1,8 insurgents were taken to the execution ground, including more than 1 women. Although they were bound by their arms, the weather was magnificent and graceful."
In addition, Zhang Deyi described the scene of the Paris barricade in his diary during this period: "At the entrance of a small lane, there are often stones, loose soil, tables, wooden boxes and baskets filled with odds and ends to build a fence, and bullets can't penetrate." His description of soldiers shooting captured commune fighters "blindfolded with black belts" was particularly thrilling.
Zhang Deyi has been to Europe and the United States all his life, spent 27 years abroad and kept a lot of diaries. He named these diaries as Nautical Stories, Re-narrating Stories, Three Stories and Eight Stories, with a total of about 2 million words.
Among them, Three Stories of Wonders recorded a large number of historical facts of the Paris Commune.
As a native of China, Zhang Deyi described the great feat of the Paris Commune uprising with objective pen and ink, which became a rare historical material and witness for orientals to record the Paris Commune.
In p>1876, Zhang Deyi was stationed in Britain as an interpreter with the minister, which was the first time that China sent an envoy to a foreign country.
In p>1887, Zhang Deyi went to France as an attache. In 1896, he served as Counsellor to Japan; In 192, he was awarded the second official title and became the British ambassador. In 196, he returned to China.
in p>194, on behalf of the Qing government, Zhang Deyi signed the "Regulations on Labor Protection" in London, England, without giving the British any privileges in China.
Surprisingly, Zhang Deyi was also a foreign language teacher of Emperor Guangxu.
After the Revolution of 1911, Zhang Deyi died in Beijing in 1918 at the age of 72.
Zhang Deyi is worthy of the title of tourist, writer, calligrapher, diplomat and translator in the 19th century. Many precious historical materials left by him are worth studying and learning.