I have compiled some relevant information, I hope it will be beneficial to you!
Regular script is also called official script, or real book. Its characteristics are: square shape, straight strokes, can be used as a model, hence the name.
The characteristics of regular script mainly include the following three aspects:
① The strokes are straight, the structure is neat, the workmanship is better than stippling, and the charm is better than structure. Honesty without stopping, neatness without informality. The ancients said, "Opening a mold is like running a horse", "Big characters are hard to be seamless, and small characters are hard to be generous." The important thing is to fly cleanly.
(2) The strokes develop regularly, forming the "eight-character method of eternal characters". It is both a writing method and a writing method. All strokes of regular script are summarized in eight methods. Each stroke is not isolated, but echoes other strokes. The eight strokes of the word Yong have their own names according to their positions, so I won't repeat them here.
(3) It is a typical regular script writing method to start and put pen to paper with three folds and move around the pen. The ancients said: "It is really useful to fold more ... If you want to stay less, you will be strong." The pen center is more sleek.
The origin and characteristics of regular script;
Also known as "true script" and "official script", it originated in the late Han Dynasty and used the advantages of official script and cursive script to form fonts. On the one hand, regular script absorbs the advantages of symmetrical structure and clear strokes of official script, and also absorbs the simple spirit of cursive script; On the other hand, the irregular meandering structure of cursive script is corrected, and the zigzag pen shape of official script is changed to straight, and the square flat shape is changed to square. Therefore, for cursive script, regular script is to turn grass into righteousness; For the official script, it is to simplify the complex. The appearance of regular script marks the final finalization of Chinese characters into square characters. With the permission of ideographic system, the unity of conciseness and beauty is realized to the maximum extent. The strokes and strokes of seal script and official script are simplified, and the font is clear, easy to distinguish, the strokes are symmetrical and the style is harmonious. Regular script is the standard font of modern Chinese characters. Common printed regular script includes Song Dynasty (old Song Dynasty), imitation Song Dynasty, long imitation Song Dynasty, regular script, boldface, and various font sizes.
Regular script is one of the main calligraphy styles in China, also known as regular script, regular script, regular script and regular script. Because it is square, it is named model. It came into being at the end of Han Dynasty and prevailed in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The Tang Dynasty was the golden age of regular script. Regular script is gradually degenerated from official script after a long period of development and evolution. As early as the Eastern Han Dynasty, we could see some regular script on bamboo slips, silk books and utensils, and the square characters in Xiping Book of Songs and Zhang Qianbei's square strokes actually started regular script.
The characteristics of regular script, on the whole, regular script is rectangular, the structure is closer than official script, and the pen is also very rich and delicate. Writing behavior is also more flexible and convenient than official script. Since its establishment, regular script has replaced the orthodox position of official script. After long-term trial, it is proved to be a script with good combination of practicality and artistry. It has been the official font adopted by the government for thousands of years, and it has also become a big one in the history of calligraphy. We often say "truth, grass, official script and seal script", and regular script is the first of the four. Zhong You should be the first person to contribute to the creation and establishment of regular script.
Small regular script
Lower case, as the name implies, is the lower case in regular script, which was founded by Zhong Yao in the Wei Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms. He is the most outstanding authoritative official script master, and his regular script style is also born out of Han Li, and his brushwork is very vivid. However, the structure is wide and flat, the horizontal painting is long and the vertical painting is short, and the legacy of official division still exists. However, the model method is ready, and it is actually the ancestor of the official book. When Wang Xizhi came to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he studied the lower case calligraphy more carefully and made it perfect, which also set a good appreciation standard for China's lower case calligraphy.
There is not much difference between the center of gravity of writing fine print and the coordination of strokes. As for the pen, it is slightly different. Small print should be round, beautiful, straight and neat; Big characters should be magnificent and heavy. Use the back front (hidden front) to write big characters and the back front to receive pens; You don't have to use sharp edges to write fine print, but use sharp edges to collect pens. For example, when writing a horizontal line, the pen is pointed or pointed, and the pen is round; Write vertically, start or pause, and receive the pen sharply; Skimming the pen to make it fat: hold the pen to make it fat, and at the same time bend slightly from left to right, with vivid and emotional strokes; Point should be sharp and round, pick should be sharp and sharp, bend inside and outside, and hook should be half bent and half straight. The pen is flexible and limitless. In particular, the whole word should be written in different strokes, but in harmony. A line of words is patchwork, but it has always come down in one continuous line. If there is, it will naturally run through and look like a pearl necklace.
The development history of regular script;
Zhong You (151-230), a native of Wei Yingchuan Changshe (present-day Henan) in the Three Kingdoms, served as a teacher and was named "Zhong Taifu". Cai Yong, a calligrapher of Zhongyou, is good at all kinds of calligraphy, especially official script and regular script. He concentrated simple elements in regular script, and broke the routine in official script, making official script even and square. Thus, Zhong You became the ancestor of regular script. Later, he and Wang Xizhi were called "Zhong Wang" together. His works handed down from generation to generation include bulletin board, festival table, birthday table, quarterly recommendation table and meta-adjustment table, among which the bulletin board is the most famous.
After Zhong, the most famous are Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi. Wang Xizhi (AD 303-36 1) was born in Linyi, Eastern Jin Dynasty. From the chief to the general of the right army, they will review the internal history, so they are called "Wang Youjun" and "King of Internal History". His calligraphy has reached the height of "the more expensive the better", and he is regarded as the best generation of "book saints" in ancient and modern times and in Beijing. His regular script handed down from generation to generation is in small letters, and his representative works include Huang Tingjing (see Figure 2-25), Lun, Bei and Farzam Kama Labadi.
Wang Xianzhi, Amethyst, is the seventh son of Wang Xizhi. He studied with his father since he was a child and was rarely famous. People respectfully address him as "Xiao Wang". His regular script works have only been handed down in the thirteen lines of Luo Shen Fu. There are nine lines in Song Dynasty and four lines in Jia Sidao's calligraphy. Together, we carved 13 lines on the jade, so it is called thirteen lines on the jade plate.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were wars in the Northern Dynasty, but these northern minorities were influenced by the cultures of the Central Plains and the South and produced new cultures. In calligraphy, stone carvings prevailed in the Northern Dynasties. In the history of calligraphy, we call the stone carvings of the Northern Dynasties "Northern Monuments". It opened a new era in the history of regular script. Wei Bei is the most popular stele in the north, so we often call it the calligraphy style of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Because these stone carvings are mostly from the hands of lower-level calligraphers, they are rough and sparse, and often typos and other words abound. The names of the authors are too numerous to be verified. Stone carvings in the Northern Wei Dynasty mostly appeared in the form of tombstones, epitaphs and cliff statues. The more famous ones are Longmen 20 Pin, Song Gaoling Temple Monument, Zhang Xuan Epitaph, Zheng Wengong Monument, Zhang Menglong Monument and Cui Jing Epitaph. Among them, the "Longmen Twenty Products" is to pray for strangers or turn over the undead. Carved into a Buddha statue on the cliff of Longmen in Luoyang, Henan Province, with an inscription, it is called a statue. Later generations chose 20 kinds of the most exquisite calligraphers, collectively known as "Longmen Twenty Products".
Calligraphy in the Sui Dynasty was also based on stone carving. There are mainly Longzang Temple Monument-later generations praised it as "the first monument in Sui Dynasty", Su Xiaoci's epitaph, Dong's epitaph and so on.
The Tang Dynasty is a prosperous dynasty in the history of China, and literature and art are also the most glorious era of the Tang Dynasty, especially the golden age of calligraphy. A large number of calligraphers and excellent calligraphy works have emerged. Thanks to the advocacy of Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, calligraphy was incorporated into education, selection of scholars and official system. Regular script entered its heyday in the early years of the Tang Dynasty. There were many calligraphers in the early Tang Dynasty, among which Ou Yangxun, Yu Shinan, Chu Suiliang and Xue Ji made outstanding achievements. Their four families were collectively called "four schools in the early Tang Dynasty" by later generations.
An officer who keeps his word sees the prince, which is called "Ouyang leads the prince". His regular script is well written, with strict statutes and stable structure, which contains danger and strangeness. His regular script is regarded as the ultimate rule of regular script by later generations. The representative works of regular script, which are called "European style" or "variable style", include the inscription of Liquan in Jiucheng Palace, the birthday tablet of Huangfu, the inscription of Buddhist stupa in Huadu Temple, and the inscription of Wenyanbo in Yugong. Especially, it is famous for the inscription of liquan in Jiucheng Palace. This monument, referred to as "Jiucheng Palace" for short, can best represent the European style, and critics often call it "the original script" and "the crown of true books". Its pen is steady and plain, with a long structure, delicate and dangerous. Therefore, the monument is very famous, widely copied and destroyed, washed and chiseled by later generations, and lost its original appearance.
Yu Shinan, whose real name is Bo Shi, is an official to secretary supervisor, whose name is Yongxing County, and the world is called "Yu Yongxing". He is a clever teacher and got a biography of Wang Xizhi. His regular script is inherited from the two kings, mentally defensive and gentle. Only the Confucian temple tablet and the order to break evil in small letters have been handed down from regular script. The Monument to the Confucius Temple is the work of Yu Shinan in the middle and old age, and it has won the standard of thirteen lines in the jade edition, which is beautiful, round and lifeless. Huang Tingjian, a calligrapher and writer in the Song Dynasty, once wrote a poem praising: "Yu Shuzhen watches seal cutting in the Confucius Temple, and two thousand gold can be bought." This shows the preciousness of this monument.
Chu Suiliang, the word "Liang", was the official to advise doctors, secretariat and officials, and was named Duke of Henan, which was called "Chu Henan" in history. He reads better than Emperor Taizong. He got the essence of Sui stele, and joined Yu Shinan and Wang Xizhi, which broadened his body. His representative works include: Preface to Wild Goose Pagoda, Monument to Mr. Meng, Monument to Yique Buddhist Shrine, Ni Kuanzan, Yinfu Jing, Fangbei and so on. Among them, the preface to the sacred teachings of Yanta best represents its style. This monument is a masterpiece of his later years, which is famous for its thinness and hardness. As soon as this monument came out, Chu Shudun became a fashion.
Xue Ji, whose name is Heitong, is called "Xue Shaobao" in the world. Xue Ji's regular script is close to Chu style, but more interesting. At that time, there was a saying that "knowledge of Chu can be bought without losing its festival". His works handed down from generation to generation are few, and he is even more famous for "Xin Xing Zen Master Monument".
Besides these four schools, Ouyang Tong, Zhao Mo, Feng Chengsu, Jing Ke and Zhong Shaojing are all famous calligraphers. However, their influence seems to be inferior to that of the early Tang Dynasty. We say that although the four schools in the early Tang Dynasty had their own methods, they never broke away from the traditional elegance and elegance created by the two kings. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, an innovative calligrapher emerged in the calligraphy field. He started his own school and became an epoch-making figure in the history of calligraphy. He is the most important and outstanding calligrapher in the late Tang Dynasty-Yan Zhenqing.
Yan Zhenqing, whose real name is Chen Qing, is the magistrate of Pingyuan, the official minister, the prince and the founder of Lufeng County, and is known as "Yan Lugong" in the world. He was honest and honest, and was the leader in the Anshi Rebellion, fighting against the rebels. Tang Dezong and Li Xilie rebelled, while Yan Zhenqing killed for persuasion and died unyielding. Yan Zhenqing created a new style of calligraphy-Yan Ti, outside the two kings system, with his own character, knowledge and progress in calligraphy art.
Yan Zhenqing's regular script can be roughly divided into three stages of development. "Multi-Tower Sensing Monument" and "Dong Fangshuo Painting Collection" are his early works. Its characteristics are: rigorous and distinct, Fiona Fang has both, a little proper limit, and the straightforwardness of the characters takes the opposite trend. The Story of the Sage and Fool Leaving the Pile and the Temple Monument of Guo Jingzhi of Taibao are representative works in the mid-term, which are characterized by taking more circles with pens, drawing thick and thick vertically, and holding back alternately. Yan Bei, Ma Gu Xian Tan Ji, Yan Wei Zhen Jia Miao Bei and Li Bei are his later works, which are characterized by meticulous horizontal painting, heavy vertical painting, rich and broad words, calm and square. Yan Zhenqing has made great contributions to the history of calligraphy in China, and his regular script is an excellent model for future generations to learn.
After Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan made great achievements and had a far-reaching influence on later generations.
Liu Gongquan was a famous calligrapher in the late Tang Dynasty. He was good at regular script, calligraphy and cursive script, among which regular script was the most vigorous and called Liu. He learned from each other's strong points and created his own unique style "Liu Ti". After Yan Shu, it had a great influence on later generations and was called "Yan Gu". There is one thing that makes Liu Gongquan famous through the ages, and that is admonition. Mu Zong is a bad king, but he is also arty. One day, he asked Liu Gongquan for his brushwork. Liu replied: "With a pen in your heart, your heart is always there." This statement not only shows the internal relationship between ideological cultivation and calligraphy art, but also obviously contains irony and exhortation, so it is passed down as a "pen admonition" story by later generations. His representative works include: Shence Army Monument, Mysterious Tower Monument, Li Sheng Monument, etc. Especially known as the "Shence Army Monument". This tablet was written when he was sixty-five years old. It is written with a pen and has the reputation of "Yan Liu Jin Gu". The world commented that this monument was "the first miracle in his life, with neat wind and gentle temperament."
After the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, during the three or four hundred years, calligraphy research flourished, but the inscriptions were sparse. Although many people are good at books, they are not as good as Tang people. The famous "Su Shi, Huang, Mi Fei and Cai" in Song Dynasty (referring to Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang) also opened up new artistic conception in running script, and regular script only inherited the previous generation, with nothing new.
Since 127 1, Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty, unified the whole country and established the Yuan Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, which lasted for more than 90 years, it can be said that it was a retro era of calligraphy. Zhao Mengfu should be the first to achieve the greatest success.
Zhao Mengfu, also known as Zi 'ang, is a Taoist from Song Xue, Ou Bo and Crystal Palace. He was an imperial clan in the Song Dynasty and was highly appreciated by Yuan Shizu. In Renzong, he was formally worshipped by Rong Lu, a bachelor and doctor of Hanlin, and was named Wei Guogong and Shi after his death. The Biography of Zhao Mengfu in the History of Yuan Dynasty said that his "seal, pen, minute, official script, truth, line and cursive script are the best in ancient and modern times, so the title of the book is the world." We often say "Yan, Liu, Ou, Zhao". Among them, Yan, Liu and Ou came from the Tang Dynasty, and Zhao Mengfu came from the Yuan Dynasty. He crossed the times and kept pace with the Tang Dynasty directly, which shows Zhao Mengfu's position in the history of calligraphy. His calligraphy enveloped the book world in the Yuan Dynasty and became popular in the book world. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, even calligraphers carved books with Zhao Ti, which shows that Zhao Mengfu's calligraphy had a great influence on later generations.
He tried to chase after the two kings, with beautiful structure, round brushwork, gentle and elegant appearance and strong and beautiful heart. Another feature of Zhao Zi is its practicality. When studying Europe and Yan, we often have this experience: it is difficult to learn Europe, but it is difficult to learn Yan customs; Learning from Zhao Ti can often save you trouble. Zhao's pages have left us many precious legacies, and his works handed down from generation to generation are probably unprecedented. The representative works of regular script are: Miao Yan Temple, Shenyou Temple, Danba Monument, Sanmen Monument and Qiue Monument.
1368, Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the Yuan Dynasty and established the Ming Dynasty, which lasted for 276 years. In this nearly 300 years, we have hardly broken through the barriers of Zhao Mengfu. Wen Zhiming, Zhu Yunming, Wang Chong and Dong Qichang, among them, Wen Zhiming is the best.
Formerly known as Bi, it was called "Wen Hengshan" in ancient times. It was once the imperial edict of imperial academy, so it was also called "Wen Daizhao". He was not clever when he was a child. He took a student exam when he was young. Because of poor handwriting, I ranked third, so I can't take a higher provincial exam. This was a very embarrassing thing at that time. It was a great blow to him, but it didn't discourage him. Instead, it made him study hard. He used other people's rest and games to practice calligraphy silently. He usually writes meticulously, and he rewrites it if he feels dissatisfied. This habit continued into old age. I'm afraid his great achievements are related to this habit. His calligraphy is famous for its neatness and standardization. Small print, in particular, is more important to the world, with profound skills, rigor, simplicity, stability and beauty. However, the lack of change in his calligraphy is his defect. His representative works in lower case are Qian, Lisao Jing, Yuefu and Fu Xue.
The seal script and official script in Qing dynasty surpassed the previous generation, which has been discussed before. As for regular script, it can be said that it is an era of inaction. If there are outstanding achievements in regular script in the Qing Dynasty, it is Zhao in the late Qing Dynasty.
Zhao, whose real name is called Sad Temple. He is a talented artist who is good at painting and seal cutting. His regular script is vigorous and steady; Under the influence of Bao calligraphy theory at that time, he specialized in the North Monument, and through his own efforts, he got rid of the overbearing spirit in the North Monument and created a fresh and unique calligraphy style. His works include People in Southern Tang Dynasty and Moliukeng.