Southern Song Dynasty (1 127? 1279) was established in 153. In the past, people had a low evaluation of its historical position. First, I think that since the founding of the Southern Song Dynasty, there have been old problems brought by the Northern Song Dynasty's mother. As far as poverty is concerned, during the Southern Song Dynasty, the tax exploitation was heavy, the military expenditure was huge, and financial difficulties were numerous. The indiscriminate issuance of paper money led to soaring prices and poor people. On the weak side, he lost many battles against gold in the early stage and was forced to sign humiliating peace talks. After the downfall of the Jin Dynasty, it was constantly harassed by the Mongolian and Yuan armies, and the land was shrinking day by day, and it was finally doomed to be attacked and destroyed. Second, it is considered that the Southern Song Dynasty is a corrupt society that indulges in ease and does not strive for progress, which is not enough for future generations to follow suit.
For decades, with the in-depth study of the history of the Southern Song Dynasty, historians gradually began to change this view, and realized that the Southern Song Dynasty was still a very important dynasty in the history of China, and it was also a dynasty with great contributions, which had the most far-reaching influence on later generations. It deserves our attention and study. However, it is undeniable that up to now, there are still many people who despise and belittle the Southern Song Dynasty based on some superficial phenomena, or limited to traditional records or even novelists' words. Even some scholars who recognize the historical position of the Southern Song Dynasty always think that it is a partial regime after all, and it is not the same as the Han and Tang Dynasties.
In fact, this evaluation lacks an overall understanding of the domestic and international environment of the Southern Song Dynasty, only talks about the Southern Song Dynasty, and lacks a comprehensive understanding of the Southern Song Dynasty countries, especially ignoring the achievements made in politics, economy, ideology, culture, science and technology, and the great contributions made by the Southern Song Dynasty in inheriting Chinese civilization, so it is one-sided.
I. Prosperous social economy
The southern crossing of the Song Dynasty and the brutal rule of the Jurchen nobles over the people in North China and the Central Plains caused a large number of people in the north to move southward, bringing sufficient labor, advanced production technology and rich production experience to countries in the Southern Song Dynasty. They worked hard with the local people, which greatly promoted the social and economic development of the South.
First of all, agricultural production technology made remarkable progress in the Southern Song Dynasty. First, there are many kinds of farm tools. At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, Wang Zhen recorded as many as 105 kinds of farm tools in agricultural books. The farm tools used in Ming and Qing Dynasties all appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty. The main farm tools have also been improved in structure, especially the Qu Yuan plough invented in the Tang Dynasty, which was more flexible and light in the Southern Song Dynasty and suitable for paddy field farming. Plough carving and plow wall are divided into different parts, so that cultivated soil is above and raw soil is below, which is beneficial to crop growth. At this point, China's traditional farming has reached a perfect level, which has been used to this day. Second, pay attention to intensive cultivation, application of topdressing and? Next to the stadium? Technically, in order to increase soil fertility and popularize multiple cropping system and interplanting system of rice and wheat miscellaneous grains, early and late rice planting was pioneered, thus greatly increasing the yield per unit area. In the Tang Dynasty, the yield per mu in Shangtian was only about two stones; Jiangdong and Zhejiang in the Southern Song Dynasty? Does Ueda collect five or six stones per mu? It has more than tripled. In addition, with the migration of a large number of people from the north to the south, the demand for wheat surged, and with the encouragement of * * *, farmers in the south began to plant wheat generally. Compared with the Northern Song Dynasty, there were fewer disasters in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the popularization of rice-wheat double cropping system contributed greatly. ? When Su Hu matures, will the world be enough? This is how proverbs come into being.
Secondly, handicraft production developed rapidly in the Southern Song Dynasty. During the Northern Song Dynasty, although the overall level of handicraft production in the south has caught up with the north, there are still many production departments above the south. During the Southern Song Dynasty, with the development of agricultural production, a large number of northern craftsmen went south, and advanced production technology was passed down, which made the handicraft production in the south reach a new level. Except for mining and metallurgy, which is still backward due to resource constraints, other production departments such as textile, porcelain, shipbuilding, paper making and printing all surpass the north.
Furthermore, on the basis of the development of agriculture and handicrafts in the Southern Song Dynasty, the commodity economy was more developed, which was manifested in the prosperity of cities, commerce and handicrafts, and the unprecedented activity of overseas trade. The largest city in the Southern Song Dynasty was the capital city of Lin 'an. During the reign of Xianchun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1265? 1274), there are only 186330 households in the urban area (Qiantang and Renhe counties). If there are five households, it will reach 99 1650. Together with the huge floating population, there are about1400,000 people in the city. 14 16 During the European Renaissance, the population of London, the most famous metropolis, was only 3. About 40 thousand. No wonder Kyle? After Poirot arrived in Hangzhou, what did he think of it? Something quite luxurious, jaw-dropping, amazing? [ 1] (p246)。
Second, splendid culture.
The Song Dynasty was the most glorious period of China's ancient culture. After the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Wenhua continued to prosper in the southern region.
First, the formation of new Confucianism and the confrontation between Confucian schools. The Southern Song Dynasty finally formed the mainstream Taoism represented by Zhu, Huxiang Studies represented by Hu Anguo, Hu Hong and Zhang Xie, Shu Studies represented by Li Dao and Lu Jiuyuan, and Xin Studies represented by Lu Jiuyuan. In addition, the East Zhejiang Martial Arts School also rose under the sharp and complicated situation of ethnic contradictions and class contradictions. There are Yongjia School represented by Yulie Wang, Yongkang School represented by Chen Liang and Jinhua School represented by Lv Zuqian. Before Li Zongchao, hundred schools of thought contended.
Second, the great development of school education has promoted the popularization of culture and academic prosperity. School education in the Southern Song Dynasty was divided into central official schools, local official schools, academies and private schools, which all made great progress in the Southern Song Dynasty. For example, in the second year of Jiatai in the Southern Song Dynasty (1202), only three Jinshi took part in the make-up exam in Central imperial academy. More than 70,000 people, about 250 times as many as in the early days of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty [2] ("Worship Confucianism"). Although the Northern Song Dynasty advocated the study of prefectures and counties for many times, it was really popularized in the Southern Song Dynasty. There were 397 academies in Song Dynasty, including 3 10 in Southern Song Dynasty [3], about four times as many as in Northern Song Dynasty. Famous academies such as Bailudong, Xiangshan and Lize are important places for scholars of various schools to give lectures. In order to meet the needs of the imperial examination, private schools and village schools spread all over urban and rural areas. The great development of school education effectively promoted the popularization of culture and academic prosperity in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Third, historiography is unprecedentedly prosperous. Scholars in the Southern Song Dynasty are familiar with dynasty politics and stories, and have a strong sense of responsibility for the country and the nation. Many people hope to summarize historical experience and lessons through historical research for the reference of the ruling group. On the other hand, the Southern Song Dynasty attached great importance to the rule of culture, and there were more people who should study than ever before, and there was a great demand for history books. Many people make a living by writing, engraving and selling books. This promoted the unprecedented prosperity of historiography in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the historical works handed down, especially the contemporary history, greatly surpassed the Northern Song Dynasty. The rigorous attitude and meticulous textual research of historians in the Southern Song Dynasty have always been praised by later generations. Their historical works have left valuable historical materials for later generations, and their patriotic thoughts have also had a great influence on later generations.
Fourth, the prosperity of literature and art The Southern Song Dynasty was a prosperous period of ancient Chinese literature and art, and Ci was the most representative literary form in the Song Dynasty. According to the statistics of Tang Guizhang's Song Ci, among 873 writers whose native place and age can be tested, there are 227 writers in the Northern Song Dynasty, accounting for 26%. There were 646 people in the Southern Song Dynasty, accounting for 74%. Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji, Lu You, Jiang Kui and Liu Kezhuang were all outstanding poets in the Southern Song Dynasty. Although the status of Song poetry is not as good as that of Tang poetry, the number of poems and writers in the Southern Song Dynasty greatly surpassed that in the Northern Song Dynasty. The poets who moved from the north to the south in the past were Chen and Chen. what's up Four poets of ZTE? Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda, You Mao; Zhao Xu, Ji Xu, Weng Juan and Zhao Shixiu were all from Yongjia (now Wenzhou, Zhejiang). Jianghu school represented by Dai Fugu and Liu Kezhuang; After the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty? Poems by adherents? Wen Tianxiang, Xie Ao, Fang Feng, Lin Jingxi, Wang Yuanliang, Xie Fangde and others. In addition, painting, calligraphy, sculpture, music, dance and opera in the Southern Song Dynasty all made great progress. At the same time, officials in the Southern Song Dynasty attached great importance to the search and arrangement of books, and private collections were far better than those in the previous generation.
Third, scientific and technological achievements lead the world.
The Southern Song Dynasty was also the most glorious period in the history of China's ancient scientific and technological development, as the British scholar Joseph Needham said. For historians of science and technology, the Tang Dynasty was less meaningful than the Song Dynasty, and the atmosphere of the two dynasties was different. The Tang Dynasty was humanistic, while the Song Dynasty paid more attention to science and technology. Whenever people look for a specific historical data of science and technology in China's literature, they often find that its focus is in the Song Dynasty, whether in applied science or pure science. ? [4] (Introduction) This statement is true. However, if we compare the Southern Song Dynasty with the Northern Song Dynasty, I'm afraid Joseph Needham said the Southern Song Dynasty is more appropriate.
First of all, three of China's four great inventions, namely, the compass, gunpowder and printing, made greater progress in the Southern Song Dynasty than in the Northern Song Dynasty. At that time, the compass had developed from a simple floating single needle to a more complex compass needle; During the Shaoxing period in the Southern Song Dynasty, as a regulation of local officials, a barrel made of long bamboo poles was invented to spray flames during the War of Resistance Against Gold. Guns? This is the earliest primitive tubular firearm in the world. Since then, people in the Southern Song Dynasty have invented the use of projectiles? A rifle? ; Zhou Bida, a civil servant in the Southern Song Dynasty, carved his works with movable type printing invented by Bi Sheng, becoming the first person to really apply movable type printing in historical books.
Secondly, in terms of agricultural science and technology, the Agricultural Book written by Chen Fang in the Southern Song Dynasty is the earliest existing agricultural book about agricultural production technology and management in South China. This book studies the technology of land use planning for the first time and puts forward outstanding opinions on sericulture planting and agricultural management.
In addition, in the field of mathematics, Qin and Yang Hui are outstanding representatives of mathematicians in the Southern Song Dynasty. Qin wrote Shu Shu Jiu Zhang, which developed the numerical solution (positive and negative cholesky decomposition) and simultaneous one-time congruence solution (great derivation and one technique) of arbitrary high-order equations, and its research was ahead of Europe for more than 500 years. Yang Hui, a native of Hangzhou, wrote more than ten kinds of mathematical works, which not only recorded a large number of mathematical problems and algorithms in ancient times, but also conducted in-depth research on many problems. As listed in his book? Vertical and horizontal map? It is the earliest systematic research and record of Rubik's Cube in the world. He reformed the multiplication and division algorithm, which played an important role in promoting the invention of China's abacus in Ming Dynasty.
Finally, in medicine, the branches of medicine in the Southern Song Dynasty were more complete, and almost every branch had famous doctors and masterpieces. For example, Chen was proficient in surgery and gynecology, and The Complete Collection of Good Prescriptions for Women was still regarded as the standard by gynecologists until the Qing Dynasty. Li Xun, a surgeon, compiled a prescription for checking carbuncle on the back, which was well received by the people. Wang Zhizhong's Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Wen Ren's Emergency Moxibustion reflected the highest level of acupuncture at that time. Song Ci's Collection of Injustice is the first monograph on judicial inspection in the world, which not only laid the foundation of ancient forensic medicine in China, but also had a wide influence on the later world forensic medicine.
To sum up, the Southern Song Dynasty is a very important dynasty in the history of China, and also a dynasty with great contributions, which has a far-reaching impact on later generations and deserves attention and research.
References:
Zuo Shi Ikeda. Study on the geographical history of water conservancy in China [M]. Japan: Japan Life Society, 1940.
[2] Vae. Manuscripts should be compiled in Song Dynasty [m]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1957.
[3] Cao Yesong. General situation of academies in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties [a]. Weekly of Institute of Language History, Sun Yat-sen University: Episode 10 [c]. The release time is from February 1929 to February 1930.
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[4] Joseph Needham's History of Science and Technology in China [M]. Beijing: Beijing Science Press, 1990.