Since the discovery of bronzes, human culture has jumped from primitive society to a new stage of civilization, and bronzes have become a distinctive symbol of the times.
Half of China's 5,000-year history of civilization was cast with brightly feathered bronzes. Judging from the earliest bronzes that appeared before 2000 BC, Erlitou culture in the Central Plains of the Yellow River Basin (that is, the eastern suburb of Luoyang, the ancient capital of the 13th Dynasty) and Qijia culture in its upper reaches have a history of more than 4,000 years, which has become a bronze age lasting more than 2,000 years and occupies an important position in the history of Chinese civilization. In the early Bronze Age, it was the Neolithic Age, and only pottery products were scattered, but in the late Bronze Age, they were replaced by porcelain and iron products. Therefore, in the long history of bronzes for more than two thousand years, its products are colorful and its craftsmanship is brilliant. There are all kinds of bronze dings as a symbol of power, as well as all kinds of court ritual vessels, sacrificial vessels, wine vessels, containers, daily necessities, furnishings and handicrafts, such as statues, pots, cups, cans, bells, lamps, stoves, etc., and their shapes are also spread all over dragons, tigers, cows, horses, sheep and deer. From daily necessities to musical instruments, from ornaments to weapons of war. It can be said that the starry and varied Modern Man completely records the history of China's civilization, and it is also evidence that the royal family, court, Houmen and Ors in previous dynasties were luxuriously decorated before their death, and pursued immortality after their death, and were buried with them expensively and richly.
All the ancient civilizations in the world have experienced the Bronze Age, and only ancient China endowed bronzes with important social significance, profound spiritual connotation and highly perfect artistic forms. The achievements of ancient bronze art in China were mainly embodied in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, which lasted for more than two thousand years. Since modern times, a large number of bronzes have been unearthed, which has gradually clarified the long-term hazy ancient history of China.
China entered the class society from the Xia Dynasty, and the bronze manufacturing industry symbolizing national political power, military power and theocracy was completely monopolized by nobles. The manufacture of these bronzes is based on the will, needs and aesthetic wishes of the nobles. After more than 20 centuries of development and evolution, Chinese bronzes can be divided into the following periods:
development period
time division
Primitive period
descendant
Fashion prevailing period
The Shang Dynasty moved its capital to Yin (now Anyang, Henan Province) to the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which was about the period from Wuding King of Shang Dynasty to the west.
Maturity of Western Zhou Style
Late Western Zhou Dynasty to Early Spring and Autumn Period
The prevailing period of Eastern Zhou style
Mid-Spring and Autumn Period to Warring States Period
The tripod in bronze ware was originally a very common cooker in ancient times, but its practical significance gradually weakened and became a symbol of power. The legend of Jiuding in Zhu Xia shows the important position of bronzes in the minds of the ancients. The event of "Winning the Central Plains" in the Spring and Autumn Period is the continuation of this concept. Nowadays, the discovery of Wuding in Shang Dynasty, the largest bronze ware in ancient China, can make us feel the spirit shock of the tripod.
Two. An overview of ding culture
Ding is the representative of bronze culture in China. In ancient times, the tripod was regarded as a heavy weapon for the founding of the country and a symbol of state and power. People in China still have a sense of tripod worship, and the word "tripod" has been endowed with extended meanings such as "honor", "honor" and "grand", such as keeping promises, making famous, helping each other at its peak and so on. Ding is also a ritual vessel for meritorious service. In the Zhou Dynasty, monarchs or princes and ministers had to cast a tripod at major celebrations or receive awards to show their achievements and record the grand occasion.
Ding was endowed with sacred color, which originated from the legend of Jiuding. Ding was originally an ancient cooking utensil, equivalent to the current pot, used to stew and hold fish. Xu Shen said in Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Ding, three feet and two ears, the treasure of five flavors." There are three-legged tripod and four-legged Fang Ding. The earliest tripod was made of clay, and later there was a bronze tripod made of bronze. Legend has it that Yu Xia once collected the gold of nine animal husbandry and cast Jiuding under Jingshan Mountain to symbolize Kyushu, and carved fascinating figures on it to alert people and prevent them from being hurt. Since the legend of Zhu Yu's nine cauldrons came into being, the cauldron has developed from an ordinary cooker to a national heavyweight vessel. From Shang Dynasty to Zhou Dynasty, "Dingding" was the capital or established a dynasty. The country was destroyed, Ding moved, Xia dynasty was destroyed, Shang dynasty was prosperous, Jiuding moved to Beijing, and Shangdu. With the demise of Shang Dynasty, Zhou Chaoxing and Jiuding moved to Beijing.
There is an allusion to "winning the championship" in history, which comes from "Three Years of Zuo Zhuan Gong Xuan", to the effect that Chu Zhuangwang came to Luoyang to crusade against foreign enemies and inspect the army on the site of the Emperor of Zhou. King Ding of Zhou sent Doctor Wang to comfort him and took the opportunity to ask about the size. Wang Yue: The government is virtuous, the tripod is small and heavy, the monarch has no way, and the tripod is big and light. The Zhou Dynasty established a tripod for the Central Plains, and its power was a godsend. The weight of the tripod is not appropriate. Chu Zhuangwang won the championship, which means replacing the Zhou Dynasty. The result was severely reprimanded by the king's angel. Later, the plot to usurp the throne was called "winning the championship."
Ding is the witness of civilization and the carrier of culture. According to the legend of Zhu Yu Jiu Ding, it can be inferred that China had bronze smelting and casting technology as early as 4000 years ago; The bronze ding of Shang Dynasty unearthed underground proved conclusively that Shang Dynasty in China was a highly developed bronze age. The "Simuwu" Dafang Ding collected by China History Museum is a bronze tripod in the late Shang Dynasty. Rectangular, four legs, height 1.33cm, weight 835 kg. This is the largest bronze ware in Shang Dynasty. Ding belly has the word "Simuwe", which was cast by Shang Zhouwang as a sacrifice to his mother Wu. Da, Da and Mao He unearthed in the Qing Dynasty are all famous bronzes in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The inscriptions on bronze wares such as Ding recorded the laws and regulations of Shang and Zhou Dynasties and historical facts such as conferring titles, offering sacrifices and conquering. And handed down the seal script of the Western Zhou Dynasty to later generations, forming a bronze calligraphy art with high aesthetic value. Ding is therefore more valuable and becomes a more important historical relic than other bronzes. Li Zehou, an aesthetician, believes that Chinese bronzes, with their unique tripod as the core, are thick and solid, with hideous and mysterious patterns and deep carvings, and are the most aesthetic bronze works in the mature period of China bronze art.
Although the word "Ding" in modern Chinese characters has undergone many changes, such as Oracle Bone Inscriptions, inscriptions on bronze, seal script and official script. Up to now, it still retains the style and physical characteristics of "Ding", which is almost integrated with its characters and has rich cultural connotations. I. Introduction to the United Nations Organization
From 65438 to 0945, representatives of 50 countries drafted the Charter of the United Nations at the meeting of United Nations international organizations held in San Francisco. After China, France, the Soviet Union, Britain and the United States and most other signatory countries ratified the Charter, the United Nations was formally established on1October 24, 1945. 65438+1October 24th became United Nations Day. Today, almost every country in the world has joined the United Nations. The United Nations has 19 1 Member States.
target
According to the Charter, the purposes of the United Nations are: maintaining international peace and security; Develop friendly international relations; Cooperate to solve international problems of economic, social, cultural and human welfare nature, and enhance respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms of all mankind; And form a center to coordinate the actions of all countries to achieve the above goals.
structure
The six organs of the United Nations are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat. However, the United Nations family is much larger,
Two. United Nations action
United Nations peacekeeping operations are an important tool for maintaining peace. At present, 87 countries have provided about 47,650 United Nations military and civilian personnel and conducted 65,438+05 peacekeeping operations around the world.
United Nations environmental conventions promote the reduction of acid rain in Europe and North America, reduce marine pollution around the world, and gradually stop the production of various gases that destroy the ozone layer of the earth.
● The United Nations and its agencies, including the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme, are the main driving force for the development of poor countries, providing assistance worth more than $30 billion every year.
● Immunization saves 3 million children's lives every year, but nearly 3 million children die from preventable diseases. The United Nations Children's Fund, WHO, the World Bank Group, private foundations, the pharmaceutical industry and governments have jointly launched a new initiative, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, aimed at reducing child mortality to zero.
The World Food Programme provides about one-third of the world's food aid every year.
● Make air traffic all over the world safer through the rules and regulations agreed by the International Civil Aviation Organization.
The appeal of the United Nations raises $6,543.8 billion annually to provide emergency assistance to victims of war and natural disasters.
A global campaign coordinated by WHO eliminated smallpox all over the world. Another WHO campaign eradicated polio in America, with the goal of eradicating polio all over the world by the end of 2005.