1. Information about classical Chinese
"Classical Chinese" is relative to "vernacular".
The first "wen" means written articles. "Yan" means writing, expressing, recording, etc. "Classical Chinese" means written language. "Classical Chinese" is the last word compared to "oral language". "Spoken language" is also called "literary". , means works, articles, etc., indicating the type of literature.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language" and "vernacular Chinese" means: "used in commonly used languages." "Articles written in straightforward spoken language".
In ancient my country, to express the same thing in spoken language and written language were different. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, Expressed in spoken language, it is "Have you eaten?" ", and to express it in books and language, it is "Fan? ". "Fan Fou" refers to classical Chinese. In ancient my country, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"
Classical Chinese is the treasure of Chinese culture. The ancients left us a large amount of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a large role in middle school Chinese courses.
What is classical Chinese?
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1. Classical Chinese is undoubtedly the main body of Chinese traditional culture. It can be seen that the history of China’s modern civilization is still very short, and it is still necessary to deconstruct or interpret traditional culture. The inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese.
2. Classical Chinese is knowledge. Yes, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is purely text. But classical Chinese is knowledge, and Oracle is also knowledge. Why. Why not learn oracle bone inscriptions? By the way, classical Chinese is the basis for further learning of oracle bone inscriptions and other traditional advanced writing.
3. Classical Chinese is also a skill. The expressions, descriptions, combinations, transformations, metaphors, metaphors, deductions... fully embodies the style of Chinese civilization in the expression of thoughts, masters the physical structure of classical Chinese, has a profound understanding of modern Chinese, and has a deep understanding of the structure of new Chinese. There will be "law" to follow.
4. "Classical Chinese" is the opposite of "Vernacular Chinese". The structure of this word is: Classical Chinese - Wen. "Yan" means language. "Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". It means two things: first, it indicates that the classical Chinese text is a kind of language; second, this language was later "written into words". The language of "transformed" also has two meanings: first, there can be a culture with language but no writing, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language but no writing; second, the language function withdraws from life and becomes history in the form of writing.
The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: a literary style of language that has been written down.
In addition to archaeological research, classical Chinese is also used. Is there any "future"? In other words, is there any application value in life? I think there is, but it is only because people ignore the social life in some marginalized areas that the traditional form of life fades away. Modern applications are suspicious of or ignore classical Chinese. For example, in religious construction, some inscriptions are still written in classical Chinese, and the use of seal script is also mostly the same. This term can also encompass the cultural-historical relationship between language and writing. In a certain form, once a language—including dialect—is “wen”ized, written, or written, its language becomes “literary.” The charm is suddenly reduced, but the function of writing is doubled. Because language is usually passed down orally and is closely related to life. Language has not yet entered the cultural state. It is a preservation of life experience and does not have the extended performance of writing.
In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: Did people in ancient times also say this? I think this can be "feeled" by the difference in expression between written language and spoken language in the present tense. There is no big difference in structure and rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech was just more casual and popular than classical Chinese. The "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference. As for when we read classical Chinese today, of course it does not mean that we are repeating what the ancients said, but that we are reciting or silently reading a literary style.
When reading classical Chinese, you feel a very clear line of thought, just like occasionally reading the works of Western philosophers, which has the solemnity it deserves. 2. Information about classical Chinese
Classical Chinese is a written language in ancient China, which mainly includes written language based on the spoken language in the pre-Qin period.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, items used to record text had not yet been invented. Bamboo slips, silk and other items were used to record text. Silk was expensive, bamboo slips were bulky and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to be able to record text in To write down more things on a "one volume" bamboo slip, unimportant words need to be deleted. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the ruling class's habit of using "official documents" for their correspondence had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy.
Classical Chinese is a relative of vernacular. It is characterized by writing based on words, focusing on allusions, parallel antithesis, neat rhythm and no punctuation. It includes strategies, poems, lyrics, tunes, eight-part essays, Parallel prose, ancient prose and other literary styles. Mr. Wang Li, a famous linguist and educator, pointed out in "Ancient Chinese": "Classical Chinese refers to the ancient Chinese written language based on the spoken language of the Pre-Qin Dynasty and the language in the works of later generations of writers who imitated the ancient times."
Classical Chinese articles, that is, articles written in classical Chinese, are ancient classical Chinese works and works that imitated it in the past dynasties. As a stereotyped written language, classical Chinese has been used for two to three thousand years, from the pre-Qin scholars, the poems and poems of the two Han Dynasties, historical prose, to the ancient prose of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the eight-part essay of the Ming and Qing Dynasties... all belong to the scope of classical Chinese.
In other words, classical Chinese is the written language of ancient China and the source of modern Chinese. The first word "文" means beautiful.
The word "yan" means to write, express, record, etc. The word "classical Chinese" refers to written language. "Classical Chinese" is relative to "spoken language", and "spoken language" is also called "vernacular".
The last word "文" means works, articles, etc., and indicates the type of literature. "Classical Chinese" means "beautiful language writing", also called stylistic writing.
And "vernacular" means: "articles written in commonly used straightforward spoken language." For example, like now, "Have you eaten?".
In ancient my country, to express the same thing, it was different to use "oral language" (spoken language) and "written language" (written language). For example, if you wanted to ask someone if he had eaten, you would use spoken language. The verbal expression is "Have you eaten?" ”, but to express it in written language, it is “Fan?” ". "Fanfou" refers to classical Chinese. Here, the noun "fan" is used as a verb, meaning to eat.
Before 1919, all articles in China were written in classical Chinese. Now we "Ancient Chinese" is generally called "classical Chinese".
During the thousands of years of Chinese history, the spoken language has changed greatly, but classical Chinese has maintained a similar format, allowing users of different languages ??to "converse in writing." ” is a communication method that has a fixed format but is not very difficult.
3. Ask for Chinese language materials, especially about classical Chinese, as well as explanations and analysis methods of poetry
The basic question types for classical Chinese examinations are: multiple choice questions, fill-in-the-blank questions, and question and answer questions. First of all , multiple-choice questions, including interpretation and translation of words and sentences, and selection of the correct gist of the article. For this type of questions, if the answer can be determined, it is no problem. If it is uncertain, it is usually based on the elimination method and the understanding of the words and sentences is selected. In the end, If it conforms to the convention, it must be incorrect. You can also put it into the original sentence to see if it can be explained. As for the choice of the main theme of the article, the most high-sounding and longest one is basically correct! Fill-in-the-blank questions generally rarely appear. This type of question can be found in the multiple-choice and question-and-answer questions. Clues can be found in the questions. Or it is basic common sense. How can you guess based on the multiple-choice and question-and-answer questions? This is completely possible. For classical Chinese in the second grade of junior high school, It can't be too difficult. If you ask questions, you have to know how to organize the language. You can learn from the answers to multiple-choice questions and fill-in-the-blank questions. Try to use beautiful language and no obvious errors, and the teacher will give you points! In addition to remembering the above points, the classical Chinese texts you read outside class also require you to know more about the authors. Sometimes you don’t understand the meaning of classical Chinese texts. It doesn’t matter. You know what kind of articles this author often writes, and that’s fine. Once you guess the general gist of the article, the problem will be easily solved. In extracurricular modern writing, you should pay attention to commonly used rhetoric and expression techniques, and be familiar with their functions, such as: parallelism to enhance the momentum of the article; rhetorical questions/exclamations to strengthen emotions and arouse ** * Ming; to set off, to use stillness to set off movement, to combine movement and stillness, to use music and scenery to set off sadness... Moreover, when reading modern texts after class, try to answer with words from the article. If you can find the main sentence of the article, then talk more around it. Please mention it more often when answering questions, and your score will often be higher. 4. Information on classical Chinese
1. Separation of Chinese and Chinese. Linguistic research believes that written language is produced and developed on the basis of spoken language. The two influence and promote each other, and they are very closely related. Classical Chinese was formed on the basis of pre-Qin spoken language, but with the passage of time, classical Chinese gradually distanced itself from the spoken language of later generations. From the Han and Wei dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the official promotion and the need for imperial examinations, scholars deliberately imitated the language of the "Four Books and Five Classics" to write poems and articles, and regarded elegance as the norm. In this way, the distance between classical Chinese as a written language and the actual language used by people is getting wider and wider, resulting in the phenomenon of separation of speech and language.
2. Unchanging for a long time. Until the May 4th Movement, classical Chinese, as the dominant written language, was passed down and used from generation to generation, and its linguistic components remained basically unchanged. For example, some basic sentence patterns and the usage of commonly used function words in the pre-Qin period have been preserved in the classical Chinese of the past dynasties. Even the most active words among the three elements of language have strong stability in classical Chinese: some ancient words have The meaning has long since disappeared in spoken language, but it is still used in classical Chinese. Although people in later generations will inevitably incorporate some of the spoken language of the time into their imitations, thus bringing about some subtle changes to classical Chinese, on the whole, classical Chinese still basically maintains its original appearance in terms of vocabulary system and grammatical system.
3. Concise writing. Most of the important classics in ancient my country were written in classical Chinese, and many of these immortal works have always been known for their simplicity and conciseness. It can be said that classical Chinese itself contains concise factors: first, monosyllabic words are dominant in classical Chinese, and there are relatively few disyllabic and multi-syllable words; second, classical Chinese is often omitted, and it is very common to omit subjects, objects, predicates, and prepositions. . In addition, famous writers in the past dynasties paid much attention to refining language and emphasized "small words and big meanings", so a strict and concise style of classical Chinese was formed.
4. Ancient and difficult to understand. As time passes, classical Chinese, which is separated from spoken language, becomes increasingly difficult to understand. Weird sentences, uncommon and ancient words, and many unfamiliar names, rules, and systems... all these become elusive "myths" in the eyes of beginners. Therefore, annotating ancient books and solving difficult problems has always been one of the tasks that literati and scholars have been diligently pursuing.
5. Translation of classical Chinese
Original publisher: *** Asia
How to say him in classical Chinese Part 1: How to say him in classical Chinese First person: also called "self-proclaimed". Commonly used "I," "I, Yu, Yu", etc., as well as the emperor's proper title "朜" and "古". They can usually be translated as "I", "we", "mine", "our". Example: 1. Already got the shoes, he said: "I am dying to hold on to it." "Zheng Ren Buys Shoes" - I have got the shoes, but he said: "I forgot to get the size." "I" is used at the beginning of the sentence, as the subject, instead of "I". 2. I don't say anything because I know my son is far away from me. "Gongshu" - I know what methods you use to deal with me, but I won't say it. "I" is used at the end of the sentence to replace the speaker. As the object. 3. The more I hear, the more I feel sad. "Snake Catcher" - The more I listen, the more sad I feel. "I" is used at the beginning of the sentence, replacing the obedient person, that is, Liu Zongyuan, as the subject. 4. To observe Fu Baling's victory is in a lake in Dongting. "Yueyang Tower" - I see the beautiful scenery of Baling, all concentrated on Dongting Lake. The word "Yu" is used at the beginning of the sentence, replacing "I", as the subject. 5. I am the emperor, how can my words be childish? ——I am the king of a country, how can I go back on my words? "I" is the self-proclaimed "I" of the emperor. 6. A lonely person has Kong Ming, just like a fish has water. "Longzhong Dui" - I have Kong Ming, just like a fish has water. The word "lone" Used at the beginning of a sentence, replacing Liu Bei, as the subject. Second person: also called symmetry, commonly used "er, ru, female, ruo, nai, and" etc. It is usually translated as "you, your, you, yours." Example : 7. Er'an dares to underestimate me! "The Oil Seller" - How dare you despise my archery skills! The word "er" is used at the beginning of a sentence to address the old man who sells oil on behalf of him. It is translated as "you" and is used as the subject. 8. Your heart is so stubborn that it cannot be broken through. "The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain" - Your thoughts are stubborn, so stubborn The state of being irreversible. The word "Ru" is used at the beginning of the sentence to refer to the "wise old man" translated as "you" as the subject. 9. Confucius said: "You, do you know what you taught your daughter?" "Ten Principles of the Analects of Confucius" ——Confucius said: "Zhong Yu, do you understand everything I taught you? 6. What are the classical Chinese texts?
There are countless of them!
Ancient poetry: "Three Hundred Tang Poems" "Three Hundred Poems from the Song Dynasty" and "Three Hundred Songs from the Yuan Dynasty"
Ancient literature: "Poems of a Thousand Families", "The Book of Songs", "The Classic of Filial Piety", "The Book of Changes", "The Analects of Confucius", "Book of Rites", "Shang Shu", "Spring and Autumn Period" "Warring States Policy" "Laozi" "Zhuangzi" "Han Feizi" "Mencius" "Mozi" "Xunzi" "Sun Tzu's Art of War" "Thirty-Six Strategies" "Guiguzi" "University? Doctrine" "Zhuzi's Family Instructions" "Yan Family" "Xun", "Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals", "Chu Ci", "Forbearance Sutra", "Diamond Sutra", "Zi Zhi Tong Jian"
"Cai Gen Tan", "Night Talk around the Lu", "Xiao Chuang You Ji", "Aphorisms" "Lian Bi" "Hundred Family Surnames" "Young School Qionglin" "Enlightenment of Rhythm" "Six Taoist Strategies and Three Strategies" "A Hundred-War Strategy" "Longwen Whip Shadow" "*** Language" "Youmengying"
"Traditional Records", "Zhitan", "Zeng Guofan's Family Letter", "Shishuo Xinyu", "Couplets", "Occasionally Posted by Leisure Interests", "Mengxi Bi Tan", "Suiyuan Poetry Talk", "Literary Mind Diaolong" and "Laughter" "Lin Guangji"
Historical categories: "Historical Records", "Three Kingdoms", "Hanshu", "Houhanshu"
Among them, "Wen Xin Diao Long" and "Long Wen Bian Ying" are the teachings of later generations. How people write is very helpful for the study of ancient Chinese. "Couplet" and "Proverbs Lianbi" are more like the grammar of ancient Chinese.
In addition, "Yang's Son" in the first volume of the fifth-grade Chinese language. 》 7. Materials on classical Chinese and ancient poetry
Modern essays, compositions and classical Chinese in the high school entrance examination are commonly known as the "three major sections"
Among them, it is most likely to achieve "one point." The section on "Everything is a lot" belongs to classical Chinese. As for the other two sections, there is rarely such "Haikou". The word "should" in the title shows that "Everything is a lot" is something that everyone has worked hard on. It is the best thing that candidates can do.
Therefore, it is understandable that many students focus on reviewing classical Chinese at this stage and strive to achieve 42 points (full score), not even one point is less.
However, to prepare for a rainy day, it is still necessary to carefully analyze the requirements for classical Chinese reading in the past two years before the exam, and formulate a strategy for scoring points in classical Chinese in the "first model", "second model" and even the high school entrance examination.
1. We must have classical Chinese in mind (42 points). The question sheet analyzes the spirit of "carrying on the past and opening up the future, and creating new things while maintaining stability" in the proposition department. We can find that classical Chinese is a window for implementing the word "stability", 2009 —The question types have not changed in the two years of 2010, which is also the basis for "carrying on" in 2011. In order to deepen the impression, I have recorded the table below: (the order of the questions is completely copied according to the high school entrance examination paper): Part of the assessment target question numbers and question types Question points (1) Dictation of ancient poems 1-6 Fill in the blanks in upper and lower sentences 6 18 points 42 (2) Understanding and appreciating ancient poems 7-8 Explanation, multiple choice questions 2 4 points nearly 10 (3) Wen Chang, sentence translation, Grasp the main idea 9-11 Fill in the blanks, sentence translation, main idea selection 3 8 points 19 (4) Content words, sentence translation Understand the main idea 12-15 Interpretation and punctuation, sentence translation, answer questions 4 12 points nearly 29 2. Write down and appreciate ancient poems, you can "Two into one" Although the silent writing of ancient poems is in the form of filling in the blanks, it seems that there is no need to understand the elements. However, the second question is about appreciation of ancient poems. This question has two sub-questions. Take 2010 as an example: Question 7 , in the poem ("Looking at Dongting Lake and presenting it to Prime Minister Zhang"), "Tai Qing" means. Question 8, the correct understanding of the following is ( ).
A The sentence "Bari Lake is level" describes the calmness of the water in Dongting Lake. B "The Waves Shake Yueyang City" describes the crumbling scene of Yueyang Tower.
C The last two couplets express the author's desire to love the mountains and rivers and return to the countryside. D The whole poem euphemistically expresses the author's political ambition to show off his talent.
The answers are as follows: Question 7: Sky, Question 8: D. However, many students answered incorrectly, and the reason is not complicated, because when they recited ancient poems, they did not deeply understand the meaning and creative intention of each sentence. If they understood the meaning, then "Tai Qing" naturally means "sky" , then it is obvious that questions A and B in question 8 are wrong.
Some people say that "poetry expresses ambition and song expresses emotion", and the "ambition" in it is the creative purpose of the poet (ci). Obviously the answer is "D". Therefore, the "combined" review of ancient poetry recitation and appreciation questions is not only beneficial to dictation, but also promotes appreciation, achieving a win-win situation.
3. According to the pictures, you can get twice the result with half the effort by "searching" for classical Chinese texts in class. There are three types of questions for classical Chinese texts in class: literary knowledge, sentence translation, and content understanding. Literary common sense: Examine the source and author of the article, in the form of fill-in-the-blanks, please see text note ①, and now use the list method to prompt.
The dynasty title of the subject author comes from "Inscription on the Humble Room" Liu Yuxi Tang "Complete Tang Dynasty" "Ai Lian Shuo" Zhou Dunyi Song "Zhou Yuan Gong Ji" "Oranges exceeding the standard are accumulated" Yan Ying Spring and Autumn Period "Yan Zi Spring and Autumn Period" "Injury" "Zhongyong" Wang Anshi, one of the eight great masters of the Song, Tang and Song Dynasties, "Collected Works of Mr. Linchuan" "Zhou Chu" Liu Yiqing's "Shishuoxinyu" of the Southern and Northern Dynasties "Born in sorrow, died in peace and contentment" Mencius, one of the representative figures of Confucianism in the Warring States Period, known as "Ya Sheng" ""Mencius" "The king looked at the left and right and talked about him" Candidates can continue to fill in the remaining sections. Sentence translation: accurate and smooth.
Pay attention to the following situations: ① Flexible use of parts of speech; ② Different meanings in ancient and modern times; ③ Multiple meanings of a word; ④ Common words; ⑤ Special sentence patterns, and the usage of six function words. Please see the sentence translation title in "Night Tour of Chengtian Temple" in 2010: "Huaimin is not asleep either, walking with each other in the atrium."
When translating, grasp the keywords "Xianyou" and "Yu", and adjust the postpositioned preposition phrase "Yu Tingzhong" according to modern Chinese habits. The answer is: Zhang Huaimin was not asleep either. (We then) walked in the courtyard together. Content comprehension questions: Generally, students are tested on their understanding and opinions of the characters and things described in classical Chinese articles. They may also want to understand the ideological content expressed in the article.
If it is an excerpt, it is inextricably linked to the full text. Here is an example of Question 11 in 2010: Which of the following incorrect understandings is ( ).
Sentence 1 of A explains the time, place and cause of the night tour. The second sentence of B expresses the congeniality between the author and Zhang Huaimin.
Sentence 3 of C describes the quiet and empty scene in the courtyard of Chengtian Temple. Sentence 4 of D reveals the author’s complicated inner feelings after being demoted.
Answer: A. This question adopts a multiple-choice form, and four options are designed based on the summary of the meaning of the sentence and the author's emotion. The first sentence of option A only explains the time of the night outing, but not the location. It is obvious that the incorrect understanding of item A is incorrect.
There are 30 classical Chinese articles in the class, involving 26 authors. It is recommended to focus on the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties. For example: "The Story of Xiaoshi Tan" (Liu Zongyuan) in 2009, and "The Night Tour of Chengtian Temple" (Su Shi) in 2010.
Even so, you still need to review it comprehensively, and you must not miss anything, otherwise you will "not pick up which pot". 4. Extracurricular classical Chinese reading should be based on in-class extension. Extracurricular classical Chinese reading is the bottleneck for full marks in the classical Chinese section (42 points) and must be treated with caution.
Extracurricular classical Chinese essays (12 points), the length of the essay is generally about 100 words, and the essay contains no less than 1-2 annotations. Judging from recent years, the classical Chinese texts in the high school entrance examination are mainly fables and biographies, which can also be called "note style".
There are four topics in the essay. Take the 2010 extracurricular questions as an example to digest and understand.