Emperor Kangxi loved calligraphy since childhood
Emperor Kangxi loved calligraphy since childhood, but he was in his twenties when he really started practicing. Since the 1th year of Kangxi (in 1671), when a lecture was held on the Confucian Classics (since Han and Tang Dynasties, the emperor had specially set up an imperial lecture seat to discuss the Confucian Classics-Editor's Note), the lecturers Xiong Cilv and Fu Dali arranged the teaching contents according to the requirements of "the study of emperors", and only paid attention to the governance and implication in the chapters of the Four Books, but did not approve of the emperor's distraction in learning to write. In February of the 11th year, Emperor Kangxi called Fu Dali to Maoqin Hall and said, "As for the leisure time of listening to politics, there is no shortage of cold and heat, but only reading and writing." So I wrote a line for him to watch. Fu Da-li's view later said, "The emperor's calligraphy is perfect ... but the learning of a gentleman is different from that of a Confucian scholar. Writing has nothing to do with it, and I am afraid of the Eucharist. " Emperor Kangxi said, "Honesty is not here. I don't specialize in calligraphy either, but I love calligraphy in my spare time. I know what you said. "
In February of 16th year, with the turning point of the war to pacify San Francisco, Emperor Kangxi had a new idea about the rule of Taoism. While advocating Neo-Confucianism, he publicly proposed to cultivate culture and education and to mold his "elegance" with literature and calligraphy, so he ordered the Hanlin official to submit the "poems and lyrics he made and the true cursive script" from time to time for further study. At that time, Shen Quan, the Zhan Shi of Zhan Shi Fu, was famous for his good calligraphy. Emperor Kangxi often called him to Maoqin Hall to learn calligraphy, and asked him to write big characters, small characters, cursive "Thousand Characters" and "Hundred Family Names" for the convenience of copying. It also made people say: "I am good at calligraphy, so I am good at calligraphy, so I write various styles in time for imitation. In October of this year, Emperor Kangxi gave orders to university students Le Dehong and Mingzhu: "I watch writing from time to time, and there are no knowledgeable people in the attendants, so I can't cope with the theory. Now I want to choose two people who are knowledgeable and good at books in the Hanlin, who are always around and pay attention to literary meaning. " After repeated brewing, Zhang Ying and Gao Shiqi were finally selected to join the study in the south of the value, accompanying them around and practicing calligraphy. In order to facilitate their calling from time to time, they also ordered to allocate houses to live in the imperial city. His works have a clear political tendency
Twenty-one years ago (1682), Emperor Kangxi was basically in the stage of tracing and studying other people's books and stickers, and then his calligraphy gradually matured. In the next 4 years, he kept writing and frequently presented poems, inscriptions, plaques, lists, fans, etc. written by his relatives to the courtiers or places he passed by, which became an important part of Emperor Kangxi's political life.
most of Kangxi emperor's calligraphy works have clear political inclination and significance, except those for celebrating the New Year and visiting places of interest. First, it clearly embodies the ideological tendency of worshipping Confucianism and attaching importance to education. Emperor Kangxi's respect for Neo-Confucianism is clearly reflected in calligraphy. For example, on May 2, 16th year, the lecturers Lashali, Chen Tingjing, Ye Fangai and Zhang Ying were given one in regular script "Qing Shenqin" and one in cursive script "Gewu". In November of the 23rd year, Emperor Kangxi made a southern tour to pay tribute to the Confucius Temple, inscribed a plaque for Dacheng Hall's book "A Teacher for All Generations", and ordered the great scholars Mingzhu and Wang Xi to declare: "The most holy virtue is the same as the heaven, the earth, the sun and the moon, and it is brilliant and vast, beyond reproach. I have always studied Confucian classics, and I think to the utmost. If I want to praise them, I can't quote them. In the special book, the word' eternal teacher' hangs in the forehead hall, and Feiyun promotes the holy religion and also shows the future. "
secondly, we should vigorously commend loyal officials and honest officials. It is the consistent practice of Emperor Kangxi to commend loyal officials and reward honest officials by means of imperial inscriptions, plaques and hand scrolls. According to records, he personally wrote inscriptions for Fan Chengmo and Ma Xiongzhen, who were loyal and unyielding victims of the "San Francisco", and wrote an inscription for the book "Loyalty to the Sun" in Fan Chengmo's temple in Fuzhou. There are also many examples of praising honest officials through calligraphy. In November of the 23rd year, Emperor Kangxi gave Yu Chenglong, the magistrate of Jiangning, a scroll of calligraphy, and sent an edict: "I am in the capital, that is, I heard that Yu Chenglong, the magistrate, is honest. Today, I am fortunate to visit this place, just like what I have heard before. I wrote a scroll with my hand. The words I wrote are not worthy of your rank, especially because of Jia Er qing., to show my praise. "
thirdly, close the friendship between the monarch and the minister. Emperor Kangxi believed that "the monarch is the head of state and the minister is the confidant", and that the monarch and his ministers should "be United as one, have a sense of ambition, and be negligent." As early as the stage of copying calligraphy, he noticed the unique role of calligraphy in communicating the relationship between monarch and minister from the precious words of his book by his recent ministers, which was the main reason why he continued to give ministers personal calligraphy tablets, banners and scrolls in the future, and made this matter gradually become an important part of his political life. For example, in August of the 21st year, university students Du Lide and Feng Pu retired from their old age and returned to their hometowns, and Emperor Kangxi personally wrote imperial poems and scrolls of Tang poems to show their "kindness and care". Emperor Kangxi also presented a large number of calligraphy works accumulated daily to his ministers. For example, in May of 1941, Emperor Kangxi sent more than 14 scholars, Jiuqing, Hanlin, Zhanshi and Kedao officials to Baohe Hall, and presented them with imperial calligraphy.
fourthly, it embodies the idea of appeasement to overseas dependent countries. In August, 21, the Qing court sent the Imperial Academy to review Wang Ji and others to Ryukyu to reward the king of that country. Emperor Kangxi exhorted his envoys to "be general, be lenient, and be kind to others", and at the same time he wrote the four words "Zhongshan is the land of the world" to make him award the Ryukyu King to broadcast culture and education to his country. In April of the following year, The Cabinetshi Read Mingtu and others went to Annan to receive an award, and Emperor Kangxi awarded King Li Wei G the four characters of "loyalty, filial piety and defense of the country". After observing the imperial pen, the Japanese officials said: "This award will make Annan desolate in Wan Li, look up to the sky and algae, and have a sense of seeing the sacred dynasty." Although the minister's words are exaggerated, they generally tell the intention of Emperor Kangxi to give books. The ingenious use of "book" embodies the superb ruling art
The calligraphy activities of Emperor Kangxi are by no means a mutual compliment between ordinary literati, but have rich political connotations and become an important means to close the relationship between monarch and minister and implement political intentions and ruling thoughts.
The calligraphy activities of Emperor Kangxi, like "erudite and erudite" and "six trips to the south of the Yangtze River", successfully won over Han scholars, improved the relationship between Manchu and Han, and won the recognition of the Emperor himself and Manchu rule to the greatest extent. Emperor Kangxi personally ruled the country, especially after the San Francisco Rebellion, and deeply realized that in addition to vigorously promoting the policy of worshipping Confucianism and attaching importance to education, the most important thing was to strive to master and master the culture of the Han nationality, thus continuing the orthodoxy and governance of * * *, and fundamentally solving the contradiction between Manchu and Chinese. Therefore, he decided to mold his elegance, and the most important measure he took was to study literature and calligraphy.
in the history of China, calligraphy had a profound influence on the literati society. A person's handwriting is an important reference for his ideological depth and style. Emperor Kangxi found that his growing calligraphy skills made his officials, especially the Han literati, admire him, and the awarding of calligraphy works made them grateful, so calligraphy works became an important item for the literati. Emperor Kangxi and Han courtiers also established a harmonious and pleasant relationship between monarch and courtiers in frequent rewards. Relying on the ancient art of calligraphy, Emperor Kangxi found a new meeting point and a bridge to communicate emotions with Han scholars, and he quickly won the universal recognition of Han scholars.
Emperor Kangxi once said that he "has a little leisure in politics and is quite good at writing". A large number of historical data show that his calligraphy activities are mainly centered on improving the relationship between Manchu and Han, while his hunting activities are mainly centered on maintaining the relationship between Manchu and Mongolia and preserving the martial spirit of his nation forever. "Book" and "Shooting" are typical representations of his literary martial arts, and the clever use of "book" just reflects his superb ruling art.
(chengjichun)