Feng Congwu is a master of Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism and Wang Lu Neo-Confucianism in Ming Dynasty, and also the leader of Lindong Party in Northwest China.
Feng Congwu is engaged in academic writing at home, but he is also keen on giving lectures. In order to publicize his academic views and political opinions, he borrowed Baoqing Temple at the south gate of Xi 'an (now Xi 'an Shuyuanmen Primary School) as a lecture place. Feng Congwu had many followers. Soon, the audience reached thousands, and even Shaanxi local officials in the Ming Dynasty came to attend the lecture. At that time, people commented on it: if published, it would be a real suggestion, which would directly shock the world; When you retire, you become a great scholar, and your books are overflowing.
Baoqing Temple has a small space and a small room, so it is difficult to become a place for long-term lectures and teaching. In the thirty-seventh year of Wanli (1609), Shaanxi Governor Wang Keshou and provincial judge Li Tianlin set aside land to build Guanzhong Academy in Xiaoxi (West) Garden on the east side of Baoqing Temple in accordance with Feng Congwu's wishes.
Guanzhong Academy covers an area of tens of acres in the early days. The core building is the "Cloud Hall", with six rooms in and out, and the space is vast. Blue tiles and red columns, solemn and solemn, are places for lectures and meetings, and their names are taken from the sentence of "allowing trance" in the Doctrine of the Mean. Around the hall, there are four big houses (classrooms) and six rooms (dormitories). There is a half-acre square pool in front of the hall, with a vertical pavilion in the pool, and the masonry is a bridge; Behind the hall is a rockery called Little Flower Moon. He also planted various famous trees, such as Sophora japonica, pine, cypress and plum. For a moment, the wind is loose and the moon is bright, and the flowers of Sophora japonica are fragrant, "turning into a grand view." Three years later, Wang Daoheng, the new minister of military affairs, built the "Shidao Zhongtian Pavilion" at the back of the academy to worship Confucius and collect Confucian classics. After continuous repair and expansion, it had reached a considerable scale in the late Qing Dynasty and became the largest institution of higher learning in northwest China.
Guan Xue was founded by Zhang Zai in the Northern Song Dynasty, but it was gradually depressed in the Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin and Yuan Dynasties because of the rise of Zhuzi. However, in the Ming Dynasty, it flourished because of the revival of Lu (), and in the late Ming Dynasty, it was completed by Feng Congwu, who became the first person in Guanzhong after that. Li Erqu said: "Guan Xue School, Zhang Zi opened first, Ye Jing took over martial arts, and Mr. (Xu Shao) combined his achievements, which greatly boosted the wind of the imperial clan." (Answer to Dong Junbo, Volume 17, Zhonghua Book Company 1996) Therefore, we can't bypass Feng Congwu's thought in studying snow management in Ming Dynasty. However, Zhang Zai's Guan Xue, which was based on ethics and advocated Qi, changed several times after Zhang Zai's death. First, Zhu Lu graduated from the second school, and then "Guanzhong people" also "arrived at the door of Cheng Zi"; Following Zhuzi's spread to the north, Xu Luzhai spread Zhuzi thought to the north, and Guanzhong scholars, such as Gaoling Confucianism, "learn from Zhuzi when singing together"; In the Ming Dynasty, Yangming school rose in the southeast, and Weinan Nanyuan was good at spreading its theory, which was the beginning of Wang learning in Guanzhong. After decades of circulation, "Wang Xue is especially prosperous", such as Lu studied under Zhan Ganquan and was beheaded by Wang Men's disciple Zou Dongkuo (the first meaning), which shows the versatility of Guanzhong scholars. Since I studied under (Jing Mi 'an), influenced by it, I have been able to "unify Cheng, Zhu, Lu and Wang" and embark on my own academic path. Huang Zongxi listed Feng in Ganquan Xuean, but his Guan Xuezong style, which was initiated by Zhang Zai and advocated integrity, left a deep impression on me. Faced with the increasingly rampant academic situation in the late Ming Dynasty, I was able to take saving the disadvantages of the times as my responsibility, form my own independent academic style, and started the transition from western learning to practical learning in the late Ming Dynasty.
2. Classical Chinese, Feng Congwu, with clear pronunciation and mellow voice (1557~ 1627), was a famous thinker, educator and scholar in the late Ming Dynasty.
In the seventeenth year of Wanli (1589), he was a scholar and went to the Ministry of Industry to establish Guanzhong Academy, which was called "Confucius in Guanzhong" in history. Feng Congwu is a master of Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism and Wang Lu Neo-Confucianism in Ming Dynasty, and also the leader of Lindong Party in Northwest China.
Feng Congwu is engaged in academic writing at home, but he is also keen on giving lectures. In order to publicize his academic views and political opinions, he borrowed Baoqing Temple at the south gate of Xi 'an (now Xi 'an Shuyuanmen Primary School) as a lecture place.
Feng Congwu had many followers. Soon, the audience reached thousands, and even Shaanxi local officials in the Ming Dynasty came to attend the lecture. At that time, people commented on it: if published, it would be a real suggestion, which would directly shock the world; When you retire, you become a great scholar, and your books are overflowing.
Baoqing Temple has a small space and a small room, so it is difficult to become a place for long-term lectures and teaching. In the thirty-seventh year of Wanli (1609), Shaanxi Governor Wang Keshou and provincial judge Li Tianlin set aside land to build Guanzhong Academy in Xiaoxi (West) Garden on the east side of Baoqing Temple in accordance with Feng Congwu's wishes.
Guanzhong Academy covers an area of tens of acres in the early days. The core building is the "Cloud Hall", with six rooms in and out, and the space is vast. Blue tiles and red columns, solemn and solemn, are places for lectures and meetings, and their names are taken from the sentence of "allowing trance" in the Doctrine of the Mean. Around the hall, there are four big houses (classrooms) and six rooms (dormitories).
There is a half-acre square pool in front of the hall, with a vertical pavilion in the pool, and the masonry is a bridge; Behind the hall is a rockery called Little Flower Moon. He also planted various famous trees, such as Sophora japonica, pine, cypress and plum. For a moment, the wind is loose and the moon is bright, and the flowers of Sophora japonica are fragrant, "turning into a grand view."
Three years later, Wang Daoheng, the new minister of military affairs, built the "Shidao Zhongtian Pavilion" at the back of the academy to worship Confucius and collect Confucian classics. After continuous repair and expansion, it had reached a considerable scale in the late Qing Dynasty and became the largest institution of higher learning in northwest China.
Guan Xue was founded by Zhang Zai in the Northern Song Dynasty, but it was gradually depressed in the Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin and Yuan Dynasties because of the rise of Zhuzi. However, in the Ming Dynasty, it flourished because of the revival of Lu (), and in the late Ming Dynasty, it was completed by Feng Congwu, who became the first person in Guanzhong after that. Li Erqu said: "Guan Xue School, Zhang Zi opened first, Ye Jing took over martial arts, and Mr. (Xu Shao) combined his achievements, which greatly boosted the wind of the imperial clan."
(Answer to Dong Junbo, Volume 17, Zhonghua Book Company 1996) Therefore, we can't bypass Feng Congwu's thought in studying snow management in Ming Dynasty. However, Zhang Zai's Guan Xue, which was based on ethics and advocated Qi, changed several times after Zhang Zai's death. First, Zhu Lu graduated from the second school, and then "Guanzhong people" also "arrived at the door of Cheng Zi"; Following Zhuzi's spread to the north, Xu Luzhai spread Zhuzi thought to the north, and Guanzhong scholars, such as Gaoling Confucianism, "learn from Zhuzi when singing together"; In the Ming Dynasty, Yangming school rose in the southeast, and Weinan Nanyuan was good at spreading its theory, which was the beginning of Wang learning in Guanzhong.
After decades of circulation, "Wang Xue is especially prosperous", such as Lu studied under Zhan Ganquan and was beheaded by Wang Men's disciple Zou Dongkuo (the first meaning), which shows the versatility of Guanzhong scholars. Since I studied under (Jing Mi 'an), influenced by it, I have been able to "unify Cheng, Zhu, Lu and Wang" and embark on my own academic path.
Huang Zongxi listed Feng in Ganquan Xuean, but his Guan Xuezong style, which was initiated by Zhang Zai and advocated integrity, left a deep impression on me. Faced with the increasingly rampant academic situation in the late Ming Dynasty, I was able to take saving the disadvantages of the times as my responsibility, form my own independent academic style, and started the transition from western learning to practical learning in the late Ming Dynasty.
3. Are there any sensitive words in The Biography of Ming History 124? Volume 236 biography 1240 Li Zhi (Yang Keli) Tang Jinsun (Zi Bixian) Li (Yu Yili) Jia Yu Li Zhi, the word Ru Pei.
Father inherited, moved from Datong to Jiangdu and became an official in Fujian. In the five years of Wanli, he was a scholar, planted by Jishi Shu, and awarded the Imperial History.
Ten years of winter, dead, Zhang is still using things. The commander of his party, the Royal Guards, knew that Xu Jue was in the Forbidden City, wanted to read the chapter and play things, and planned to make an imperial decree as before.
The Juzheng Party leads by the rank of Lord, and the rank of Lord is better. Diya's title is correct and guaranteed, but it has not been made.
Jiang Dong, the leader of the remonstrance, raped Jue, and said that the minister of war had sex with Jue in order to get the official department, which should be reprimanded. Emperor prison, on death, magnum.
Twelve major crimes of planting and sending bail. The emperor was angry and deserved it.
The emperor knows the reasons for planting east and west. Next year's trip to plant the garden will be supported by the Ji government, so please forgive the ban on officials' employment set by Guan and follow it.
The emperor used Xu Xuemo, the minister of rites, to place Bushou Palace in Dayu Mountain. Plant a line of thoughts and say that the land is not good.
I want to fight for the East, but I can't. Next year, the factory will return to North Korea.
Imperial sheep can be immediately known to be pursued by the emperor. The three of them are closely related and attach great importance to Wu Zhonghang, Zhao Yongxian and Shen Sixiao.
Rulers avoid practicing the Bank of China and use talents, and plant three people's pets to the detriment. Will argue about Lu Ding and discuss the right and wrong of Mobu's guarding the palace, relying on others, the pawn was dismissed.
At the beginning, Yuan Wailang Yong Yingke of the Ministry of War, Lu Qian, assistant minister of Shanxi Province, and Dai Guangqi, a political official of Henan Province, were examiners after having obtained the provincial examinations, and engaged in learning, teaching and respecting privately. If you are defeated, it's Rufa's business.
He added: "He Dai, the assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites, wrote the imperial examination plan for his successor, and Gao Qi, the assistant minister, tried it in Nanjing on the topic of' obeying life', which was obviously a kind of persuasion." College students, Yu Youding, Xu and other masters also said that examiners should stop at literature and art and know their names, and it is not appropriate to take this as a crime. Please check with the official department to decide whether to stay.
Yang Wei, a senior minister, changed his prose to the theme, leaving aside ignorance. At this point, Lu ignored the purpose of the book and fell into an ignorant rebellion. This Lou sat down.
Zhi, Dong Zhi, Yang Sizhi, a fellow official, and Wang Shizhen, the manager, are not equal in nature, and they violate the rules. Dong Zhi said: "Both sons have been admitted to this subject, and they are not satisfied with this Yan Lu subject.
Although Wei Wei lived in the right place, he was really charming when he went. "When the line, said ehud Shapiro and beg.
The emperor wanted to comfort him when he stayed, so he called this Lu back and solved it in two ways. There is a ding, the country does not swear this Lu, and there is no way to be honest.
The state has repeatedly slandered troublemakers, referring to the Bank of China and taking Xian as the party. Bank of China, using sages to argue and seek, language is invading the country, especially using sages.
The position that the country cannot avoid. So Zhao Jin, deputy suggestion Shi Xing, Shang Lin, Pan Jixun, Yang Zhao, assistant minister Shen Li, Lu Guangzu, He, Chu, Chun of Dali, and all of them gave things to Qi, suggestion and so on. And it is extremely inappropriate to go.
Zhang Zhenghu, Nanjing Langzhong Wang Yingjiao, Li, Cai, etc. He also criticized those who demanded the loss of the three ministers. The Bank of China also said: "The law forbids courtship.
If you attack, please leave a legacy, assist the minister, play the group, praise the merits, and seal the chapter. This flattery is extremely shameful.
For more than 200 years, if there is no official department to propose a breakup, it will gradually disappear and will not last long. "The emperor left three ministers, and those who accused him were like brocade.
Later, Chyi Yu died for Liu in Nanjing, but he failed to recover. The emperor took advantage of the situation to take revenge, was sheltered by Minister Yin, and was planted alone and learned from the East, so he could be a traitor. Suddenly want expensive, the wind shows courtiers.
On the other hand, Liu, the commander-in-chief of the Royal Guards, lives in seclusion. The emperor ordered the cabinet to guard against all five people, including Qiu Zun, Yu Maoxue, Zhi and Dong.
It is not advisable to move suddenly when the strength is equal. The emperor went against the minister's wishes. Although he said he would sleep, he still wanted to use plants.
In a short time, Pan Jixun, the minister of punishments, planted a traitor and falsely accused him of deceiving the monarch. Jixun sat down and cut his party membership. The emperor then wrote to the official department to plant an old servant and a young lady, and Dong Fangzhiguang Lu was appointed as a noble lady, and added a note.
Detainees benefit, and they are free of seeds. In April of 13th year, there was a great drought in the world. Cai said in his speech: "In ancient times, there were powerful officials in the court and unjust people in prison, so there was a great drought in the world.
The number of plants is what people say:' Supreme calls me son and likes me every time I look at it.' It's so reckless.
Your majesty wants to waste the snow, and the ministers of punishments waste it, so don't allow the snow first. Today's drought is really due to planting. "
He also said: "one is to force the country to deal with the country, which is good for the future;" China Bank is a forced job, but it is better than its own. If it works, it will be toxic. Well, today's drought is still small. "
Other languages are absolutely crazy. The so-called Shangshu is also called Training.
Sparse, no report, suggestion Gong Maoxian, Sun Yuxian followed. Dong Zhi said angrily, "Thinking of filial piety, going to the Bank of China, using sages, Zhang Yue and Zou Yuanbiao as officials, being loyal to nature and not moving, I am really party member, and I am happy to travel.
This refers to planting love for the party, so planting is still not the secret of being an official. I would rather not be an official first. "Not allowed.
He also shouted loudly: "The traitors are pregnant with the private interests of Feng and Zhang, and they can't make rootless remarks, so they can pour out their opinions." Ask for dismissal.
Under the cabinet, when the line and other posts. Please ask the name of the traitor. The emperor still wants to solve the problem in two ways. While sleeping in the cabinet, he exhorts the imperial court: "From now on, advise the ministers to deal with the matter as it is, take care of the overall situation of the country, and don't destroy the public with private interests. Offenders will be investigated. "
Planting and going to the East are not allowed. It can be said that it is inappropriate to give advice to Qi and Wu.
The newspaper said, "We are worried about the drought. Why do ministers argue? " Naiji In July, Gong Zhongqing, the imperial censor, illegally planted it, and the Bank of China thought that filial piety was an evil minister, and the emperor hated it and destroyed it.
The world's ministers and Gu Zhong's suggestions even talked about saving, but they just didn't listen. At the right time, I actually made the first contribution of Dayu Mountain with the words of learning.
In August, the service is booming. Wang Xijue, a college student and botanist, was recommended to North Korea because he could stand in the east and taste. Therefore, what was important at that time was to fold the face. When the three of them went to school, Xijue was the first to record, and the first achievement was stone. When they go to school, they can learn from it. It can be a sin, so they said, "If there are stones, they should be beaten. Please change the map.
It is to learn from Hume and advocate that he discuss with private will and praise his success with relatives and friends. Today, those who cut stones to protect the longevity palace stand in different places.
Vagueness is easy to move, if you play chess, it is not my loyalty to seek the country. As the saying goes, "When the coachman first read it, the factory owner's opinion was straight, and it was better to argue that Longshan was not as good as Dayu.
It's been two years now, and this proposal suddenly came into being. The minister is well aware of its purpose. "
The emperor blamed the three men for not helping the minister by burying their masters, so as to take away their salary for half a year. Three people recommended assistant minister Zhang Yue and Taichang He Yuan to be buried by Ming Xi.
When they didn't want to talk, Xijue suddenly said that he was ashamed to be led by Zhisan and couldn't stay because he had done eight unfair things. In a word: "Zhang and Feng's prison is a prerequisite.
4. Poems praising Mencius: 37 1 Poems were collected from Meng Mu's Tomb, Mengfu, Meng Mu Forest Tomb Temple, San Qian, Meng Mu, Duan Jitang and Zisi Academy. Ming Chenghua recorded three moves of Confucius and Mencius, Jiajing recorded three moves, Wanli recorded three moves of Mencius, Apocalypse recorded three moves, Qing Yongzheng recorded three moves, Guangxu recorded three moves, Zouxian recorded all previous dynasties.
The time limit for poetry collection in this book began in the Han Dynasty and ended in the late Qing Dynasty. During this period, all the poems about Mencius or Meng Mu and Zisi, who are closely related to Mencius, contained in the above-mentioned stone carvings and historical records will be collected.
When collecting relevant information, this book adheres to the principle of using original materials. Where there are both stone carvings and prints, stone carvings are used, or if the stone carvings are destroyed and printed in multiple versions, the earliest version is used.
The contents of this book include: paying a visit to the cemetery of Zou Guo, leaving a name, paying a visit to the ancestral temple of Zou Guo, paying attention to the monument of Mencius, and the prime minister of Taishi praised the monument of Zou Mencius, and visiting the famous poems of Yasheng for the first time. Poems of Mencius Temple in Past Dynasties/china confucius foundation Library Download Public Comment Book Review Zou, the hometown of Mencius.
It was called Zhuilou in the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhuilou in the Warring States Period, and Lixian in the Qin and Han Dynasties. Later known as Zouxian County, Zoucheng City is located in its territory.
There are tombs and temples of Mencius, as well as Meng Mu Sanyun, Duanji, Zisi's The Doctrine of the Mean, Zisi Academy, Zisi Temple and other ancient relics, sites and memorial buildings related to Mencius. Such as the mausoleum of a hill, the temple hidden by cypress trees, and the vicissitudes of life, it is a holy place for people to mourn, pay homage and worship Mencius in past dynasties, and it is also a holy place for Confucianism to seek roots.
When people come to pay homage to Mencius, they are always driven by an emotion. After mourning, memorial and sacrifice, this emotion will be comforted, further sublimated and even full of emotion. Of course, this kind of emotional expression is the most elegant form.
"Zou Chengnan went to a famous temple, and the monument was full of poems." "The topic is half-poor, maybe seven?" This is the worshipper's praise and exclamation of many poems in the Meng Temple.
However, the Mencius Temple was not built after the death of Mencius, but was built by Daofu Kong, the 45th grandson of Confucius, in the fourth year of Jingyou in the Northern Song Dynasty (1037). At that time, Mencius was once again admired by Mr. Sun Fu, Mr. Hu Yuan and Mr. Shijie, but it was not officially recognized.
It was not until the sixth year of Yuanfeng (1083) that Zou Guogong in posthumous title. Subsequently, the Meng Temple moved from the side of Meng Tomb of Four Seasons Mountain, which is more than 30 miles away from Zoucheng, to Dongguo, Zoucheng.
Because of the low terrain, it is easy to be flooded. Xuanhe three years (1 12 1), donated by Xu Jian of Yi Shi, moved from Dongguo County to the left outside the south gate, that is, the current address. So before the Northern Song Dynasty, there were no inscriptions on Mencius Temple.
However, as early as the Western Han Dynasty, there were tributes to Meng Mu. These praises, praising Meng Mu every day, are actually triggered by Mencius. While praising Meng Mu, they also include the praise of Mencius.
Liu Xiang of the Western Han Dynasty said to Mencius Fu in Biography of Lienv: "If you don't learn, you will have it, and if you don't break it, you won't stand. Zi Sui became a virtue, the highest in the world. "
Zuo Fen of the Western Jin Dynasty praised Meng Mu, saying, "Breaking the machine makes it prosperous, and robbing tombs is widely used.
Be wise and courteous, and describe the Holy Way. "This is the bud of poems about Meng.
The poems dedicated to Mencius in the Northern Song Dynasty did not exist in the Mencius Temple, but in the poetry collections of some scholars and politicians who respected Mencius. For example, Han Qi, who is as famous as Fan Zhongyan, wrote "Praise of Mencius", which further affirmed Han Yu's praise of Mencius in the Tang Dynasty: "If it is wine, it stops at Mencius."
"Compared with his great achievements, the ratio of cover to cover." "After Confucius, there is only one person."
Wang Anshi, on the other hand, sang seven verses: "You can't move your soul, but you should read it, which is the vane of thinking." Why don't you think the world is too pedantic, so there are people who comfort loneliness. "
Become a confidant of Mencius after thousands of years. Although the Mengmiao Temple was founded in the Northern Song Dynasty, there is still a process for people to accept it.
Before people could write poems, Jurchen drove Huidi and Qin Emperor away, and Zouxian became the ruler's territory. Because there is no human being, there is no one in the Meng Temple.
"The first teacher established a teacher to respect Kong Ji, whose soil is still grass." This is; The lament left by Zhao Ding's visit to the temple.
Worshipers quietly come to the Meng Temple, or carve inscriptions on tablets, or hide them in bottles for the future. Although the poems of Meng in the Jin Dynasty were rare, the poems of Meng in the temple of Meng began to appear in the Jin Dynasty.
The Mongolian rulers of the Yuan Dynasty chased Confucius and Mencius to the highest title, one was Dacheng Zhisheng Wang Wenxuan, and the other was Zou Guoya Gong Sheng. Even Mencius' parents were named "Guo Gong" and "Mrs. Guo Xuanxian" respectively.
At this time, the Meng Temple was rebuilt and expanded, and the number of believers in the temple increased day by day. But, somehow, few people have titles and recite them.
The few poems left are only at the end of the inscription. For example, Zhang Jing, a professor of Descendants of Confucius and Mencius, pleaded for Mencius in The Monument to the Temple of Mencius: "Who should I give up if I want peace?" I'm comfortable with what I met, and I don't care. Who knows I'm sad? "After Ming Taizu unified the country, although it worshiped Confucianism, it was greatly disgusted when it read the words" land interface "and" resentment "in Mencius. He not only ordered Liu Sanwu to write "Mencius Festival", deleted chapter 85 of "Mencius", but also expelled Mencius from the Confucius Temple.
In the case of Mencius being left out in the cold, local officials in Zouxian county are still scrambling to rebuild the Mencius Temple. Gui Meng, the first magistrate of a county, wrote after visiting the temple: "The old house is covered with moss and rain, and the temple is covered with ancient wood.
Seaweed recommends a glass of water to break the foundation, which is intended to have little effect. "。
Because the Meng Temple is close to the ancient road, there are Zhucheng and two post stations in Zouxian County. Passing court officials came to the temple in an endless stream, praising Mencius with the most beautiful poems. For example, in the book "Song of Sacrifice to Meng", the master wrote: "Mount Tai rocks match the rafters and achieve blazing.
Life is a saint, alcohol is alcohol, and benevolence is benevolence. The peony is auspicious, and the Taoist priest declares himself, but he does not fall ... "This is a sacrifice to the Lord, Meng Shi.
Xue Shu in Hedong wrote a poem: "By the ancient road of Zouguocong Temple, pines and cypresses have light smoke. Worship in the Que for a thousand years, and spread in Xu Anni for nearly a hundred years ... "This stone carving is embedded in the wall of the temple.
Later, Wang Huashang, Shao Shao and others competed for their rhyme. On the other hand, Zhu Chen and Li Wei respectively "invented the life name of Mencius" with five-character ancient prose rhymes.
Many people recite the same topic, and it is not uncommon for one person to recite many topics. For example, Lu Yingtian, an official of Dongguan in Rudong, wrote three poems about self-policing, and Tingshan people wrote six poems about five-character ancient style, the seven wonders with the theme of Mencius Temple, Menglin Temple, and Xu, a successor of Yangming Studies.
5. What are the characteristics of "forbidden books" in the period of Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty? Yang Wenxuan, Yang Ling proofread and Shu Dagang reviewed. Yang Wenxuan and Yang Ling proofread.
Confucianism founded by Confucius was mainly manifested in Confucian classics in the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the early Han Dynasty, Huang Lao was highly respected, and Confucianism was mainly spread among the people.
The two emperors, Wen and Jing, began to attach importance to learning and opened up the road of offering books, and books on the wall of stone houses gradually appeared. He also established a doctor of Confucianism.
For example, Zhang Sheng and Chao Cuo are doctors of books, Yuan Gusheng and Han Ying are doctors of poetry, and Hu Wusheng and Dong Zhongshu are doctors of spring and autumn. Although the status of Confucianism at this time was not as good as that of Huang Lao, it gradually gained legal status and began to move towards temples.
In Dong Zhongshu's words, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone" and established the "Doctor of the Five Classics". With the opening of the financial road and the prosperity of Confucianism, the era of "prosperous Confucian classics" and "prosperous Confucian classics" appeared.
In the Han dynasty, Confucian classics were taught, and legalism was emphasized. According to Records of Historical Records, History of Han Dynasty and History of Later Han Dynasty, the source of learning from foreigners is clear, with branches still dry and leaves flourishing.
"What the teacher said, what the younger brother suffered, he dared not enter or leave a word; If you learn from your teacher, you don't need it "(History of Confucian Classics by Pixirui). The study of Confucian classics in Han Dynasty also emphasized "learning Confucian classics for practical use".
Confucian classics are not only an important tool for enlightenment, but also provide a theoretical basis for national policies and etiquette systems. Shangshu and Chunqiu can be imprisoned, poetry can be satirized, rivers can be ruled, and Yi and Hong Fan can push disasters aside.
Confucian classics are highly valued by the supreme ruler. The emperor often called scholars of Confucian classics to discuss doubts about the Five Classics. The Shiquge Conference in Ganlu of the Western Han Dynasty for three years and the Baihuguan Conference in Zhangsi of the Eastern Han Dynasty were the most authors.
Confucian classics in Han dynasty can be divided into modern prose and ancient prose. The difference between modern prose and ancient prose is first manifested in words, and then the interpretation of Confucian classics is also different.
The Confucian classics of fourteen doctors founded by scholars in the Western Han Dynasty all belong to the Confucian classics of modern literature. Since Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty "lifted the ban on carrying books", people in the county have discovered ancient books and documents written in ancient Chinese.
For example, the books presented by Hejian come from the people, the books of King Lu * * * come from Confucius, and there are many ancient books in the pre-Qin period. In addition, there are ancient classics such as Zuo's Chunqiu in the secret pavilion, and Fei's Yijing and Mao's poems are also circulated among the people.
The study of Confucian classics in modern literature and the study of Confucian classics in ancient literature were originally kept by their own families, passed on and passed on, and lived in peace. When mourning for the emperor in the Han Dynasty, Liu Xin demanded that Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, Shi Mao, Yi Li and Wen Gu Shangshu all be established as academic officials, which was strongly opposed by modern writers, so the debate on Confucian classics began.
Although Confucian Classics did not become a formal knowledge in the late Han Dynasty, great scholars in the early Eastern Han Dynasty, such as Huan Tan, Ban Gu, Zheng Xing, Du Lin, Chen Yuan and Jia Kui, were all ancient writers. Many people who study ancient Chinese are attached great importance to it. Studying China's ancient classics has actually enjoyed the same political treatment as studying China's modern classics.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ma Rong, Xu Shen, Fu Qian, Zheng Xuan and other ancient classics masters emerged. Zheng Xuan broke the barrier between China's modern prose and ancient prose, and fused China's modern and ancient classics.
He recorded Confucian classics all over the world and collected the achievements of Confucian classics in Han Dynasty. At this point, Confucian classics in Han dynasty entered its heyday.
By the Three Kingdoms period, Confucian classics had become a spent force. Facing the challenges of Lao Zi, Zhuangzi, Shi Shi and other cultures, Confucianism is also developing in a diversified direction.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were political divisions, frequent wars and chaos. However, the turbulent political environment has not stopped the development of academic culture. "There are still traditions in academics, rules in characters, and innovations in cultural systems" (Qian Mu's Brief Discussion on the Relationship between Academic Culture in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and Family Status at that time).
The achievements of Confucianism in this period are mainly reflected in Confucian classics. Wang Bi's Notes on Changes, His Notes on the Analects of Confucius, Du Yu's Zuo Zhuan, Fan Ning's Notes on Gu Liang, Guo Pu's Notes on Erya and Kong Anguo's Notes on History all belong to the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
At that time, the genre of "Yi Shu" was created, and there were many mistakes, but all we could see was Huang Kan's On Yi Shu. Nine times out of ten, the Five Classics Justice compiled by Tang Kong Yingda and others was also taken from the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Scholars' contribution to Confucian classics in this period should not be underestimated. There are several characteristics in the development of academic culture in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. First, Confucianism and metaphysics are combined, and literature and history are equally important.
Second, Confucian scholars know the Buddha and the old. The third is academic inheritance, with more family learning.
Fourth, the style of study in North and South is slightly different. Biographies of Confucian scholars from the Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties mainly include the official history and various biographies of sages, but the epitaph is the most original and detailed record.
Epitaph originated in the pre-Qin Dynasty and was formed in the Han Dynasty. Cui Yuan and Cai Yong are both famous epitaphs in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
During the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty, it was forbidden to erect monuments, so tombstones were greatly reduced to burial tombs. Others put the stone in the tomb for a long time because they are worried that the tombstone will be damaged for a long time.
In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, epitaphs began to be independent from the category of epitaphs, so they were called "epitaphs". The epitaphs of the Northern Dynasties were relatively developed, represented by the Northern Wei Dynasty. There are a large number of epitaphs in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and their shapes are standardized (mostly square). The calligraphy style of local chronicles is also the first in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and it is called "Weibei Style" in the history of calligraphy in China.
There are fewer epitaphs in the Southern Dynasties than in the Northern Dynasties. People in the Southern Dynasties even thought that "the official system should not be regarded as a courtesy" (Wang Jianyu), but the language was even simpler.
Generally speaking, there are not many historical sites handed down from Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and they are really treasures. I consulted literature and cultural relics, and collected more than 50 articles with Confucian deeds, involving nearly 50 people. It is always an episode, for the sake of brevity.
Yang Ling proofreads Selected Works of Shu Dagang, and Guo Qi and Li review it. The Sui Dynasty ended the division between North and South, and the North and South academics gradually moved towards unity.
At the beginning of Sui Dynasty, the rulers paid more attention to Confucianism, and Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty implemented the policy of enslaving Confucian scholars. Confucianism once flourished: "After Qi, Lu, Zhao and Wei, there were many scholars, and they pursued their teachers for thousands of miles, and there were endless ways. The elegance of Zhongzhou has only been temporary since the Han and Wei Dynasties.
But in his later years, Wendi's energy was a little exhausted, so he was "unhappy and committed to punishment." At Renshou, he ordered the abolition of the study of the world. "There are only seventy-two disciples in one country." After Yang Di ascended the throne, he changed his attitude and restored the state of emergency. In history, it is said that "at the beginning of the emperor's opening, the state and county were prosperous in learning."
At that time, most of the old Confucianism had died. "Second, Liu (Liu Xuan) is outstanding, connecting the north and the south, the present and the future generations. The classics made by the system are just and sparse.