Qian Mu: Notes on the Three Books of Song Dynasty Dynasty-"Jin Si Lu" 11 Teaching (Part 1 and 2)
(Eleven) Part 1
Teaching of the 11th Item way. Reciting the above chapters, it can be seen that the Neo-Confucianists at that time paid great attention to their studies, which is also the focus of their teaching. Learning and teaching are both related to the entirety of life, so we can only talk about the Tao but not the formula. Modern people's method of studying and speaking is based on Chinese characters. The method is also a technique and a Tao, and it also belongs to the whole. Therefore, the method can only be achieved by combining the Tao. Without learning, there is no skill, and the skill is also the Tao. Nowadays, when people talk about technology and methods, they all have a utilitarian meaning and a technical meaning, and moral principles can be ignored. This is by no means the purpose of traditional Chinese culture.
(11) Part 2
There are twenty-one teaching methods in Volume 11 of "Jin Si Lu". Ming Dao said: "Whenever you make a statement, you want to imply the meaning. Don't make those who know the virtues disgusted, and those without virtues are confused." Today's note: The teacher must leave a place for the scholars, and let the scholars find their own way. The teacher only shows the way, not the way. Too much talk. Drawing on its origins enables scholars to inspire themselves. If a scholar is ignorant, talking too much will only increase confusion. Thank you to Cai Yan: "Teaching by words is not as good as teaching by example." This is also what I mean. However, teaching by example is limited and there are many ways to teach by words. Shang Cai's words are ultimately not as profound as Ming Dao. Western philosophy likes to talk about everything. If what you say is correct, it is difficult for those who hear it to understand. Therefore, it is logical and organized so that people must know it, but it is difficult to distinguish, leaving no room for scholars. Therefore, there is a saying that I love my teacher and I especially love the truth. In fact, even if it is said that I discovered the truth, it can also be said that it was enlightened by the teacher. Why must I say that I am and the teacher is not? What's more, the book cannot fully express the meaning, and the words cannot fully express the meaning. The meaning is difficult to express, and people may not know it. Confucius said: "If a person does not know something but is not stunned, he is not a gentleman." It is important to use what you know as teaching, but it is still up to the scholar to seek it out. Both sides should have some connotations.
Ming Dao also said: "Zi Hou is the best at teaching with etiquette. Let the scholars have something to hold on to." Today's note: The scholar has his own ground to hold on to, so there is no need to rely on the teacher. If you stick to it in your own body, then teaching by words is not as good as teaching by example. It is better to change your words and learn by words than by learning by yourself. Learning from oneself is equivalent to learning from oneself. The first sentence of the first chapter of "The Analects of Confucius" says: "It is not a pleasure to learn and practice it from time to time." This requires scholars to reflect on themselves and make their own tests. Pleasure and displeasure must be understood by the learner, and cannot be mastered by the teacher. Nowadays, people also say that truth can only be obtained by being objective. Just like Confucius, it is not pleasant to learn and practice it from time to time. It is just his own experience, so that others can also experience it personally. He does not force others to believe it. This is to leave room for scholars, and it can also be said to be a courtesy. Today, people think that Confucius' words are illogical, unorganized and subjective. I don’t know that teaching lies with oneself, but learning lies with others. Therefore, Zhu Xi must compile this catalog with a series of teachings.
Ming Dao also said: "Scholars of language use principles that they have not yet understood. Not only do they not understand the principles thoroughly, but they also underestimate the principles." Today's note: For example, Confucius spoke of benevolence, because each scholar's realm is They are different, so their words are also different. Nowadays, people must take Western philosophy as an example to write an article on Confucius's philosophy, or Confucius' thoughts. If Confucius' words about benevolence are unclear, unorganized, and unsystematic, then those words can make people understand. But it is true that the status of the word benevolence is also underestimated. Westerners have indeed underestimated their so-called truth, so everyone has to invent a truth. However, there is still no fixed opinion, and this truth is still being debated. Then what is teaching and what is learning.
Yichuan said: "Storytelling must not be an ancient idea, and it will make people weak. Scholars must devote themselves to it, cultivate themselves, and make themselves comfortable. If you tell it all in one day, it will only teach you poorly. Even if it is like the Han Dynasty It is said at the end of the day that lectures are recited, but this is not necessarily true." Today's note: Teachers must teach students to be well-educated, and only then can they be self-sufficient when their own minds grow. Explaining all the truth in one sentence will make the scholar weak. Westerners must be good at talking about everything when they write books, and they can still talk about everything when teaching. It is also good to give lectures in gatherings. People hold one theory, and everyone wants to explain it all, and they compete with each other. The speaker does not intend to teach, and the listener does not intend to learn. It is meant to express, or create. Since ancient Chinese people said it, I am afraid it should be called thin.
"Recent Thoughts"·Volume 11·Teaching
1. Mr. Lianxi said: Being strong and kind means being righteous, being straight, being decisive, being strict and persevering, and being capable. Solid; evil, for fierceness, for narrowness, for strong beam. Gentle and kind, for kindness, for obedience, for Xun. Evil means cowardice, inexhaustibility, and sycophancy. But the one who is in the middle is the harmonious one, the middle one is the right one, the way of attainment in the world, and the thing of the saint. Therefore, the sage establishes a teaching so that people can avoid their evils and make progress within it.
——Zhou Dunyi's "Tongshu·Shi"
2. Mr. Yichuan said: In ancient times, when a child was born, he could eat and speak and teach him. The method of studying in a university should be based on Yu. When a person is young and has no idea of ??what he is thinking, he should put the maxims in front of him. Although he does not know it yet, he should use it to fill his ears and stomach, and he can practice it for a long time. , if it is inherent, even if it is confused by other words, it will not be able to enter. If you do not hesitate, if it lasts a little longer, your private thoughts will be born inside, and the public debate will be used outside. If you want it to be pure and complete, you will not be able to achieve it. ——"Er Cheng's Collected Works" Volume 6 "Letter to the Empress Dowager"
3. The ninth chapter of "Guan" says: "Observe his life, a gentleman has no fault." "Xiang" says: "Observe "His ambitions are not flat when he is born." The biography says: Although a gentleman is not in power, he still observes his virtues and uses them as rituals. Therefore, he should be cautious about himself and observe his life. If he never loses to the gentleman, then others will not lose. Whatever you want is transformed. You can't just stay in your position and be content and do nothing. ——"Cheng's Yi Zhuan·Guan Zhuan"
4. The way of the saint is like nature, and it is different from the understanding of others. His disciples became familiar with him, and then they became more aware of his lofty ideals. If it is not possible, then the hope will be too lazy. Therefore, one should always obey the teachings of saints. When a funeral is imminent, one should not hesitate to help, as is the normal behavior of a gentleman. "Don't be trapped in sprinkling" is particularly close. And those who are in their own way not only make those with lower talents try to reach them, but also those with higher talents dare not approach easily. ——"Cheng's Classics"
5. Mr. Mingdao said: Those who are worried about their children's lightness and handsomeness should only teach them how to read classics and not write. All the children who play well will win their ambitions. As for letters and letters, I have recently become a Confucian scholar, but I have always been good at writing, but I have also lost my ambition. Like Wang, Yu, Yan, and Liu, there are people who are sincerely good people. Do you know that you have seen people with good books? Once your life's energy is used for this, it will not only be a waste of time, but also hinder the path, which is enough to lose your ambition. ——Volume 1 of "Er Cheng's Suicide Notes"
6. If you don't see the interest in teaching, you will not be happy to learn. The songs and dances you want to teach are like the three hundred poems in the ancient "Poetry", all written by the ancients. For example, "Guanyong" and the like, it is the beginning of the establishment of a family, so it is used by the people of the country and the country, and people in the country will hear about it every day. The words of these poems are simple and concise, which is not easy for people to understand today. If you don't want to write a poem, it might be helpful to teach the children how to sweep and clean in order to cope with the big things, so that they can sing about it day and night. ——Volume 2 of "The Second Suicide Note"
7. How many talents are there in the world! Just because the Tao is not clear to the world, nothing can be accomplished. In addition, the ancients "inspired by "Poetry", established themselves in etiquette, and achieved success in music." How can people today achieve this? The ancients wrote songs in "Poetry", but today's people generally sing songs, even if they are children in the streets, they are all used to hearing what they say and understand their meaning, so they can rise in "Poetry". The teachers of later generations are Confucian, but they still don't understand their meaning. How can they blame scholars? It is not allowed to "be inspired by "Poetry"". The ancient rituals have been abolished, human relations are unclear, and even family management cannot be regulated. This cannot be "based on rituals." The ancients had songs to nourish their temperament, sounds to nourish their ears and eyes, and dances to nourish their blood, but these are not available today, so it is impossible to "achieve happiness". It was easy to become a useful person in ancient times, but it is also difficult to become useful today. ——Volume 18 of "Er Cheng's Suicide Notes"
8. Confucius taught people, "If you are not angry, you will not be enlightened; if you are not angry, you will not be angry." If you don't wait for anger and are angry, you will know that it is not solid; if you are angry, you will not be angry. , Trouble and then develop, then it is abundant. Scholars must think deeply about it, and then explain it to them. Beginners must explain it to others, otherwise they will not be the only ones who don't understand, and it will also stop people from asking questions. ——Volume 18 of "Er Cheng's Suicide Notes"
9. Mr. Hengqu said: "Be respectful, abstain from restraint and make concessions in order to show courtesy." The most benevolent and the most loving Tao. If oneself is not enlightened, others will have no way to advocate, the way will not be broad, and the teaching will not be successful. ——Zhang Zai's "Zhengmeng Zhidang"
10. "Xue Ji" says: "Advancing without caring about safety will make people unable to be sincere and teach people not to use their talents." If people are not safe, Then go into it; without explaining it, tell it again, just to make this show in life. Not caring about safety, not being sincere, and not using up your talents are all acts of neglect. It is difficult to teach people, so you must make the best use of their talents and never let them go to waste. Look where you can and tell them. The wisdom of a sage is like that of a cook trying to cut an ox. He knows all the gaps and there is room for the blade to be thrown, and there is no way for the ox to be intact. People's talents are enough to make a difference, but if they are not sincere, they will not use their talents to their full potential. If you say you do it out of necessity, how can you be sincere! ——Zhang Zai's "Book of Rites"
11. In ancient times, children were able to respect others. If the elders support him, then both hands will be in the hands of the elders. When asked, he kept his mouth shut and answered. If you are disrespectful, you will be unfaithful. Therefore, when teaching children, first be calm and respectful.
——Zhang Zai's "Book of Rites"
12. Mencius said: "People are not enough and suitable, and government is not enough and right. Only adults can understand the king's heart." It is not the king's heart, but the king's heart. As for visiting scholars, although they discussed similarities and differences, they did not want to go to school. Just sorting out his mind and returning it to the right place is not a small improvement! ——Zhang Zai's "Mencius said"