1. Ling Yin (Prime Minister) Ling Yin was the highest official title of the Chu State in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. He was the highest official who controlled political affairs and issued orders. The people preside over state affairs internally, preside over war externally, and have overall military and political power. Ling Yin is mainly held by talented people among the nobility of Chu State, and most of them are from the Mi surname (Xiong, Ruo'ao, _, Qu, Zhao, Jing, Peng). There are also a few people with foreign surnames. Ling Yin (Wu Qi, Huang Xie, Li Yuan) is really rare. (This is what it is called)
2. Yin. See the "Ling Yin" article. During the Warring States Period, the assistants of the Chu State Ling Yin were Zuo Yin and You Yin. For example, in "Hongmen Banquet", "Chu Zuo Yin Xiang Bo", Zuo Yin's status was slightly higher than that of You Yin. It is also a general name for ancient officials, such as Jingzhao Yin, Henan Yin, Zhou Yin, County Yin, etc.
3. Zuo Tu. The official names of the Chu State during the Warring States Period were comparable to those of later generations. The main responsibility is to admonish the emperor and recommend talents. "The Biography of Qu Yuan": "Qu Yuan's name was Ping, the same surname as Chu. He was the left disciple of King Huai of Chu."
4. Shang Dafu. The official title of the pre-Qin Dynasty was one level lower than that of Shangqing. "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" says: "I worship Xiangru as a senior official." At that time, Lin Xiangru had a lower official position than Shang Qing Lian Po.
5. Doctor. The content of each dynasty is different, and sometimes it can refer to important positions in central agencies, such as censors, admonitions, etc. "The Biography of Qu Yuan": "Shangguan officials are in the same category as him. They compete for favors but are determined to harm their abilities." "Shangguan officials": Chu She. "Historical Records: Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng": "The Shangguan officials are in the same rank as him and compete for favor." Jiang Liangfu's "Qu Yuan Fu Collector's Note": "The Shangguan officials of Chu are also distinguished by the rank of the officials." "Zi is not San Chang Dafu?" Qu Yuan served as the chief in charge of the affairs of the royal family of Zhao, Qu and Jing. "Guide Record gt; Preface": "Jin gentry, officials, and scholars gathered in the Prime Minister Zuo's Mansion." It refers to the imperial censors, admonishment officials, etc. During the Warring States Period, official titles could be divided into two levels: Shangqing and Dafu: among the ministers, there were Shangqing and Yaqing. Among the doctors, there are senior doctors, senior doctors, middle doctors, etc. For example, in the state of Wei, Wu Qi was a watchman of the Xihe River and rewarded military achievements. He once rewarded people as a senior official. Later, Xu Jia became the senior official of Wei State. (This is what it is called)
6. Scholar-officials. In the old days, it referred to officials or intellectuals with more prestige and status. "Shi Shuo": "As a clan of scholar-bureaucrats, when someone calls him a disciple, he or she will gather together and laugh." "Shi Zhongshan Ji": "The scholar-bureaucrats will never use their small boats to anchor under the cliff at night, so there is no way to know." "Xun" "Jian Shikang": "Every family of scholar-bureaucrats was like this at that time." "Tombstones of Five People": "The wise scholars and officials in the county were invited to be in power."
7. Taishi. During the Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn Periods, he was a high-status court minister responsible for drafting documents, giving orders to princes and officials, recording historical events, and also taking charge of classics, calendars, sacrifices, etc. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, Taishi Ling was established, and the scope of his duties gradually became smaller and his status gradually declined. Sima Qian served as Taishi Ling. "The Biography of Zhang Heng": "In the early days of Emperor Shun, he was transferred again and became the Taishi Ling again." "The Tombstones of Five People": "Those who are wise scholars and officials, _ Qingyin is Duke Wu, Taishi Wenqi is Duke Wen, and Meng Chang is Duke Yao." Wenqi was compiled by the Hanlin Academy and was an official historian, so he was called Taishi. (This is what it is called)
8. A long history. In the Qin Dynasty, he was an official subordinate to the prime minister. For example, Li Si served as the chief historian, which was equivalent to the secretary-general of the prime minister. After the Han Dynasty, he became an officer affiliated with the general and the chief of staff. "Chu Shi Biao": "Shi Zhong, Shangshu, Chang Shi, and Join the Army, these are the ministers of Zhenliang's death festival." "Chang Shi" refers to Zhang Yi. "Battle of Chibi": "Ziyu, Liang's brother Jinye, avoided the chaos in Jiangdong and became Sun Quan's long history."
9. Minister. At first he was a palace attendant. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became a subordinate official of Shangshu. In the Tang Dynasty, the Vice Minister was the deputy position of the ministers (Shang Shu) of the three provinces (Zhongshu, Menxia, ??and Shangshu) (see the article "Three Provinces and Six Ministries" for details). Han Yu once served as the minister of the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of War, and the Ministry of Personnel. "Shi Shi Biao" "Shi Zhong, Shi Lang Guo Youzhi, Fei_, Dong Yun, etc.", among which Dong Yun is the Shi Lang. "Tan Sitong": "On the first day of the eighth month, Yuan Shikai was summoned and the minister was specially rewarded." Yuan Shikai was the minister of the Ministry of War. (This is what it is called)
10. Shizhong (Nayan) During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Shizhong was a casual position directly assigned by the emperor among the palace officials under the Shaofu; in the Western Han Dynasty, it was a regular job One of the additional officials outside the official position, the Minister of Civil and Military Affairs with the title of Shizhong can enter the ban and receive services.
After Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, his status gradually increased, and his rank surpassed that of the minister. After the Jin Dynasty, the ministers often became the de facto prime ministers. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, this position was continued until the Yuan Dynasty. It was abolished after the Yuan Dynasty. (This is what it is called)
11. Doctor. The subordinate rank of doctor is the senior official who is in charge of the affairs of various departments, and his position is second only to the minister, minister, and prime minister. Langzhong is originally an official name, which is the general name for the emperor's attendants. His duties were originally to protect and accompany him, to give advice at any time, to prepare advisors and to send orders. It began to exist during the Warring States Period, and was governed by the Qin and Han Dynasties. In later generations, ministers, ministers, and ministers were considered important positions in various ministries. The term "langzhong" as a doctor began in the Song Dynasty. The respectful title of doctor as doctor is a southern dialect, which was caused by the proliferation of official titles in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. (This is what it is called)
12. Prime Minister. It is the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy and the person who upholds the monarch's will and comprehensively manages the national government affairs. Sometimes it is called the prime minister, often referred to as the prime minister, or "prime minister" for short. For example, "Chen She's Family": "The princes and generals are very kind" and "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "It is even more shameful for a mediocre person, how much more so for a general!" "Xiang of Shu": "Where can I find the ancestral hall of the Prime Minister? Jin There is a lot of trees outside the official city. ""Guide Record": "In addition to the right prime minister and the privy envoy, I will supervise all the troops and horses." The buttocks of the ancient Chinese emperor. Leading hundreds of officials, assisting the emperor in governing the country, and unifying everything. The prime minister system originated from the Warring States Period. Starting from King Wu of Qin, there were left and right prime ministers, but sometimes there were also prime ministers. Wei Ran, Lu Buwei, etc. all held this position. After the unification of Qin, there were only left and right prime ministers. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Xiao He was the prime minister, and later moved to the prime minister. After He died, Cao Shen succeeded him. From Emperor Hui and Empress Lu to the early years of Emperor Wen, there were left and right prime ministers, and later there was only one prime minister. In the early Han Dynasty, each kingdom established a central government and established a prime minister in each of its feudal states. In the fifth year of Zhongyuan (145 BC), Emperor Jing changed his name to prime minister. On February 17, 1380, which was the eleventh day of the first month of the thirteenth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang took advantage of the opportunity to eliminate the Prime Minister Hu Weiyong, abolished the Zhongshu Province and the Prime Minister System, and assigned the powers of the Zhongshu Province and the Prime Minister to six ministries
13. Taishi. Refers to two kinds of official positions. One is that in ancient times, Taishi, Taifu and Taibao were called "Three Dukes". Later, they were mostly given titles to senior officials, which showed favor but no actual duties. For example, in the Song Dynasty, Zhao Pu and Wen Yanbo were given the title of Taishi. Secondly, in ancient times, they were also called the "Three Masters of the East Palace", the Prince's Grand Master, the Prince's Grand Tutor, and the Prince's Taibao. They were all teachers of the Prince. Later, they gradually became empty titles. For example, in "The Story of Meihua Ridge", "Yan Taishi used troops to relieve the enemy". Yan Zhenqing was once given the title of Prince Taishi, so he was named. Another example is that Zhang Juzheng in the Ming Dynasty had eight false titles, and was finally given the title of Grand Master; in the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou was also given the title of Prince and Grand Master, but he actually did not teach the prince.
14. Taifu. See the "Grand Master" section. One of the "Three Lords" in ancient times. It also refers to one of the "Three Masters of the East Palace". For example, Jia Yi served as the teacher of the princes Changsha King and Liang Huai King, so he was named Taifu. Later, it gradually became a virtual title. For example, Xie An, Zeng Guofan, Zeng Guoquan, Zuo Zongtang, and Li Hongzhang were all posthumously awarded the title of Grand Tutor after their death.
15. Less security. Refers to two kinds of official positions. One is that in ancient times, Shaoshi, Shaofu, and Shaobao were called "Three Gus". Later, they gradually became empty titles. For example, "Wen Shaobao also realized the Great Light Dharma and escaped from the cicada" in "Meihua Ridge". Wen Tianxiang once served as a Shaobao official, so he was named. Secondly, in ancient times, the prince's young master, the prince's young master, and the prince's young master were called the "three young masters of the East Palace", and later they gradually became empty titles.
16. Shangshu. Initially, he was an official in charge of documents and memorials. Six ministries were established in the Sui Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the six ministries were identified as officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments, and workers. Each ministry has one minister (third rank) and two ministers (fourth rank) as chief and deputy officials. For example, "The Biography of Zhang Heng": "Send a letter to beg for the bones and seek worship from the minister." Another example is that the great calligrapher Yan Zhenqing and the poet Bai Juyi once served as the minister of the Ministry of Punishment, and Shi Kefa once served as the minister of the Ministry of War.
17. Bachelor. In the Jin Dynasty, it was an official position in charge of ceremonies and compilation of various affairs. After the Tang Dynasty, it referred to Hanlin bachelors, who became the emperor's secretary and adviser, and participated in secrets, so they were called "internal ministers". In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, although those who served as imperial edicts, served as readers, served as lecturers, edited, and served as concubines were also Hanlin bachelors, their status and responsibilities were different from those of the Hanlin bachelors in the Tang and Song Dynasties. For example, in "Guidebook Recordings", "After the Preface" "he went to the Zizheng Palace as a bachelor", which was the official position awarded to Wen Tianxiang after he resigned as prime minister; "Tan Sitong" "Xu Gong Zhijing recommended him as a bachelor", and Xu Zhijing was serving as an attendant of the Hanlin Academy at that time. Bachelor, this is an official position dedicated to giving lectures to emperors.
Bai Juyi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Sima Guang, Shen Kuo, Song Lian, etc. were all Hanlin bachelors.
18. Shang Qing. In the official system of the Zhou Dynasty, the emperor and the princes all had ministers, who were divided into three levels: upper, middle and lower. The most noble one was called "shangqing". For example, "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "Lian Po was a general of Zhao? He was worshiped as a minister."