From Baidu Library
1
The prosperous age of the Tang Dynasty is a magnificent and magnificent movement in Chinese history.
The vision of the Tang people It is broader than the Chinese people of any dynasty, and the torch of inclusive civilization has spread further than any dynasty in China.
Through the tunnel of history, we can still touch the breath and pulse of the land of China in that era, and feel the heartbeat of the Chinese people in that era
You see, the color of Tang Sancai glazed pottery is so gorgeous and romantic, reflecting the rich and leisurely life interest of the Tang people. The poetry of the Tang Dynasty stands tall against the sky and the earth, and its awe-inspiring spirit fills the chest. Look,
"
There is a bright moon on the sea, the end of the world ***At this time
"
The tide is flat and the two sides are wide, and the wind is blowing The sail is hanging
"
Climbing high to the spectacular sky and earth
The vast river will never return
"
Mo Worrying about the future without friends, no one in the world knows the king
"...
Even if it is about the decline of the scene, he is still strong and majestic, and he is devoted to the country
Never give up the sense of national responsibility,
"
The country is broken by mountains and rivers, and the city is springy and lush.
Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty during its heyday, not only It was the political, economic and cultural center of the country at that time, and also the center of East Asian civilization at that time.
The unified imperial capital, as the center of the transportation network, extended thoroughfares to all parts of the country, and connected East Asia, It is a major town in Central Asia, West Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, and has had contacts with more than
300
countries and regions in the world.
The spread of Chinese papermaking and gunpowder to Europe greatly promoted the development of Western civilization. At the same time, astronomy, calendar, mathematics, architecture, and medicine from Western countries were also introduced to China, which had a certain impact on the Tang Dynasty.
The nine city gates on the east, west and south sides of Chang'an attract people from all over
with a broad mind. Among them are the children of noble families from Shandong's wealthy families. There were also talented people from the southeast who came to take the imperial examination, including
Hu generals who surrendered or were captured from the northwest, and
who came from the interior of Central Asia along the Silk Road. Sogdian merchants,
and even Christian priests and Manichaeans from the more distant Persia and Qin Dynasty, were also sharing it with Buddhist monks and Taoists. Competing for space of faith. Through commercial trafficking and dynasty's taxes and contributions, Chang'an has accumulated a lot of wealth and treasures in the world; through the knowledge transfer in schools, the joint efforts of missionaries and Buddhist monks, Chang'an has also become
p>
The place where spiritual thoughts are the richest.
For this reason, in the centuries-long cultural exchanges that followed, South Asia’s Buddhism, medicine, calendar, linguistics,
phonology, music, dance, and fine arts, East Asia Music and dance from West Asia and the Western world
Zoroasia
Nestorianism, Manichaeism, Islam, etc.
Come from all directions The winds were introduced into China one after another and had a profound impact on Chinese culture.
In the introduction to the book, they once summarized why the Tang Dynasty had such great vitality, believing that on the one hand it could be summed up as the eclecticism of the Tang Dynasty
>
, that is, the integration and unification of various cultures that occurred in the previous four hundred years of chaotic Chinese history
; on the other hand, its cosmopolitanism
, that is, It was tolerant of various foreign influences, such as people from Asia and Europe who entered China one after another and made many contributions to the material culture and spiritual culture of the Tang Dynasty. Chang'an at that time It is also a grand international city with a great empire
gathering countless gold and silver treasures and delicacies, as well as political talents and cultural elites at home and abroad.
The important reason why Tang Dynasty culture was so splendid
was its absorption of foreign culture,
and the integration of foreign culture with traditional Chinese culture. Melt together.
Of course, the reasons for the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty are multifaceted and cannot be summarized in one or two sentences, but we can at least give
the overall impression from the poems of the Tang Dynasty. , we can see the style and spirit of the times in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, namely: broad, powerful, far-reaching, transcendent, abundant vitality, joy of creation, brand-new experience, open artistic conception, and inclusive feelings. These verses are filled with a majestic spirit that covers the heavens and the earth, and can still make the cowardly brave and the weak strong even after thousands of years.
Enlightenment and openness were the foundation of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Only by being open-minded can all the rivers come together and the sea be vast and profound. The prosperous Tang Dynasty
It was only a short period of fifty years, but its power and grandeur were not only a bright spot in Chinese history, but also worth mentioning in world history
We are proud of the glory
The Tang Dynasty was a golden period in Chinese history. In addition to strong national strength, political clarity, economic prosperity, and world peace, the most outstanding highlight is the splendid culture.
During the Tang Dynasty, literature and art were in various forms and flourished. The Tang Monk in the novel "Journey to the West" refers to Master Xuanzang during the Zhenguan period. He went to India to seek Dharma for 17 years. After returning home with a great reputation, he was treated with the highest courtesy, and Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty praised him twice as much. The poetry styles of the Tang Dynasty were diverse, famous writers emerged in large numbers, and they were magnificent and spread throughout the ages. Everyone is familiar with them, such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Li Shangyin, Du Mu, etc. In addition, in the art of calligraphy in the Tang Dynasty, not only regular script had various schools, but cursive script also reached its peak. Famous calligraphers such as Zhang Xu and Huai Su emerged.
The famous Tang Sancai was exported abroad through the "Silk Road" as early as the early Tang Dynasty and was deeply loved by foreign people. This kind of pottery is famous for its colorful glaze, bright luster and exquisite shape. It is a bright pearl among ancient Chinese pottery.
The Tang Dynasty pursued an opening policy, actively absorbed the essence of foreign cultures, and continuously enriched its own nutrition. As a result, it became the most civilized and powerful country in the world at that time. Its capital, Chang'an, was a cosmopolitan city, just like New York in the United States today.
Looking back at the splendid culture and art of the Tang Dynasty, we can easily come to the conclusion that the Chinese nation was once the best nation in the world, and the Chinese were also the best citizens.
So today, we should work harder for the re-emergence and rejuvenation of the nation!
Year
No.
Issue
The academic era of Taiyuan City Vocational and Technical College is one of the most prosperous eras in China.
p>
The cultural development of this period was unprecedentedly prosperous,
In-depth study of the reasons behind its prosperity,
Mainly due to the social and economic development at that time,
As well as relatively enlightened cultural policies,
In addition,
the imperial examination system promoted the development of Tang culture from the side
]
Great Zhou
”
Year
Economy
,
Diplomacy It has made brilliant achievements in other aspects
It was the most powerful country in the world at that time
Especially in terms of culture,
The politics of East Asian neighboring countries Silla
,
Japan and other countries at that time
,
Culture and other aspects were greatly influenced by it
For example, many buildings in Japan were built after the model of Chang'an City, the capital of the Tang Dynasty
at that time
Tang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty created a splendid culture,
leaving an immortal chapter for the culture of the Chinese nation
This article will comprehensively review
the prosperous culture of the Tang Dynasty,
And in-depth analysis of the reasons behind the prosperity
1
、
The prosperous Tang Dynasty culture
Tang Dynasty The culture of the period was a link between past and present and was influenced by the cultural thoughts of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties. Therefore, the culture of the Tang Dynasty was still based on Confucianism as the authentic one, but at the same time,
The Tang Dynasty also allowed equal emphasis on the three religions.
From this point of view,
it was relatively enlightened
Tang Taizong Li Shimin consolidated centralization and unification. Focusing on
fa
,
restoring the traditional
“
Confucianism
"
The purpose of
strengthening the dominant position of Confucianism
in the cultural field
He has Said:
"
What I like now
is,
only
the way of Yao and Shun ,
The teachings of Zhou Confucius
I think it is like a bird with wings,
like a fish attached to water,
lost it
You must die,
You cannot be deaf for a while
”
This clarifies the national policy of Confucianism as the foundation of governing the country
To be specific, the highest cultural and artistic achievements in the Tang Dynasty were the poetry of the Tang Dynasty
The poetry of the Tang Dynasty is a brilliant and brilliant pearl in the history of Chinese literature
People often refer to
"
The Book of Songs
,
Chu Ci
,
Han Fu
,
Tang Poetry
,
Song Poetry
,
Yuan Opera
,
Ming
Qing Novels
”
Order Arranged,
to represent the most outstanding literary works of each historical dynasty
Works
It can be seen that,
Tang poetry plays an important role in the entire Chinese literature. place in history! It is not only the quantity that amazes the world:
only
"
The Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty
"
p>This collection of poems
collects nearly
2300
many poets
50000
One poem, the rest have not been collected
Countless,
And famous poems
People come out in large numbers,
many poems are regarded as popular poems
eternal masterpieces
In the early Tang Dynasty,
received
"
The Four Heroes
"
Influenced,
poetry gradually got rid of the popular style of the Southern Dynasties
Noble and elegant,
In the Empress Wu Dynasty,
Song Zhiwen and others even wrote verses,
known as
"
Modern style
"
Then Chen Ziang advocated innovation,
eliminating form from practice to theory
The remnants of formalism,
created a generation of poetry
During the prosperous Tang Dynasty,
Xuanzong Kaiyuan
,
During the Tianbao years
,
famous poets emerged in large numbers,
such as Meng Haoran
,
Wang Wei
,
Gao Shi
,
Cen Shen
,
Wang Chang
Ling
,
Li Bai
,
Du Fu and others,
among them The most famous ones are of course Li Bai and Du Fu
Li Bai has a bold and unrestrained talent,
is addicted to alcohol,
his poems have the air of a fairy,
Gao Miao Jue
Lun,
Du Fu suffered from the Anshi Rebellion,
and was displaced,
so his poems are tragic and solemn
p>
Yu
As a result,
Poetry Li
,
Du Erjia and later Literary Han
,
Both the Liu family had a huge influence on
later generations,
both were respected by later generations
After that,
From Xuanzongtian
Dali years from Bao to Dezong,
more poets appeared,
such as Yuan Jie
,
Gu Kuang
,
Liu Changqing
,
Wei Yingwu
p>,
Lu Lun and others
their poetry works,
are more artistically
mature,
It is not entirely focused on imitating antiques,
it is more flexible,
but mostly focuses
on the description of pastoral landscapes and natural scenery, and reflects There are relatively few realistic works
Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, in addition to being committed to the classical prose movement
He also wrote a lot of poems,
In general,
Han poems are difficult and difficult,
Liu poems are gentle and elegant
Poetry achievements The highest period was the early Tang Dynasty and the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In the early Tang Dynasty, the four heroes of the early Tang Dynasty were the representative figures. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, except Li Bai
,
In addition to Du Fu,
there are many
poets with high achievements.
They are roughly divided into two groups.
One group is composed of landscape and pastoral poets who write more about
landscapes and pastoral leisure life, and the other group is composed of frontier fortress poets who write more about
life in frontier fortresses
The historiography of the Tang Dynasty, because Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty ordered his ministers to compile the history before the Tang Dynasty
There are many surviving works,
for example,
Liang Shu written by Yao Silian
(Volume 58
)
And Chen Shu
(36
Volume
);
Li Baiyao wrote the Book of Northern Qi
(50
Volume
);
Linghu Dejiang and others
People wrote Zhou Shu
<p>(50
Volume
);
Wei Wei and others wrote Sui Shu
(85
Volume
);
Li Yanshou's Southern History
(80
Volume
)
p>Hebei History
(100
Volume
);
Yan Shigu made annotations for Han Shu
Zhongzong
,
Xuan
Zongshi,
Shi Dao written by Liu Zhiji
(
***
Volume 20
,
It is a narrative historical work,
Very
Innovative
)
As well as the actual records of the emperors of the Tang Dynasty, etc.
These histories
p>
,
Theoretical works
and factual records,
left precious treasures for the Chinese historical library,
also It provides a wealth of information for future generations
to study history
The calligraphy and painting of the Tang Dynasty also developed to a certain extent
Because of the selection of the Tang Dynasty
204
·
·
Comprehensive Review Guide for the 2014 High School Entrance Examination Sprint
Beijing area test questions, Guangdong area test questions, Jiangsu area test questions
p>There is a rule in the recommended talent system that writing articles requires elegant writing skills.
In order to adapt to the exam,
students have been He had to practice calligraphy,
so there were many calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty
The most famous ones are Yu Shinan
,
Chu Suiliang
,
Ouyang Xun
,
Zhang
Xu
,
Yan Zhenqing
,
Liu Gongquan, etc.
had a great influence on later calligraphers
The Tang Dynasty also produced many famous painters
such as Yan Liben, a figure painter in the reign of Taizong,
The color landscape painter Li Sixun
,
Li Zhaodao and his son,
the splash-ink landscape painter
Wang Wei
(
Also a famous poet
)
At this point,
Chinese landscape painting began to be divided into South and North
Two schools,
Southern sect Wang Wei
,
Northern sect Li Sixun and his son,
The influence extended to the Song Dynasty
,
Yuan
,
Ming dynasties
In addition,
the Tang Dynasty The development of handicrafts has also made great progress.
The most famous
is the painted pottery handicrafts of the Tang Dynasty
——
—
Tang Sancai, Tang Sancai is
a kind of low-temperature glazed pottery.
Different metal oxides are added to the colored glaze.
It has been
Over roasting,
will form light yellow
,
ochre yellow
,
Light green
,
Dark green
,
Sky blue
,
Maroon
,
Eggplant
Purple and other colors,
but mostly yellow
,
Brown
,
Green three colors are the main ones
It is mainly made of pottery
The applied glaze
undergoes chemical changes during the baking process,
the color glaze is thicker
lighter
,< /p
>
Muturing each other
,
Mottled and dripping
,
The colors are naturally coordinated
,
The pattern is flowing
smoothly,
It is a traditional handicraft with a unique Chinese style
Tang Sancai in
In the mutual reflection of colors,
shows a magnificent artistic charm
Tang Sancai
There are many types,
such as figures
,
Animals
,
Dishes
,
Waters
,
Wine vessels
,
Stationery
,
Furniture
,
Houses,
Even pots containing ashes, etc.
In general, the more attractive ones are horses
The figurines,
some are flying,
some are lingering and standing,
some are raising their necks and neighing,
all show
Showing various lifelike postures
As for the characters,
there are women
,
text
Officials
,
Generals
,
Hu Terracotta Warriors
,
p>
Heavenly King,
According to the social status and grade of the characters,
carve
draw different personalities and characteristics
The lady has a plump face,
combs her hair into various buns,
wears brightly colored clothes,
the civil servants are polite,
The warriors are strong and brave,
The Hu figurines have high noses and deep eyes,
The king of heaven has angry eyes and is mighty
,
Majestic spirit,
p>
It is a model masterpiece of ancient Chinese sculpture
!
Other aspects of the cultural field of the Tang Dynasty,
such as sculpture
,
architecture
,
p>Etiquette
,
clothing, etc., as well as the documents and cultural relics handed down can be seen
the grand development of it
p>
To sum up, it can be seen that the development of the entire culture of the Tang Dynasty exceeded that of any other dynasty in Chinese history before the Tang Dynasty.
There was unprecedented prosperity.
It has left an extremely glorious chapter in the history of Chinese culture and world culture.
Its
its spread at that time affected the entire Asia and parts of Europe and Africa.
To this day,
every Chinese son and daughter mentions
the glorious
prosperity of the Tang Dynasty
Still extremely proud
Proud
II
,
Analysis of the reasons for the cultural prosperity of the Tang Dynasty
First of all,
The development of any culture is inseparable from economic support.
According to
the human beings revealed in Marxism and political economy The law of social development
is the most fundamental driving force and the most important
factor that promotes the development of human economic and social development.
It is the development and level of social productive forces. Improving
productivity determines
the production relations of society
What kind of productivity there is will be the same
production relations
p>
Production relations react on productivity,
that is, when production relations
do not adapt to the development of productivity, productivity will promote production relations
Change
The opposition and unity of productivity and production relations constitute the social production mode
The mode of production
The foundation and core of production relations is the ownership of the means of production,
p>
So
>Ownership determines the owner’s social status and benefit distribution
Production relations
Including production
,
distribution
,
Exchange
,
The four major links of consumption,
the sum total of which constitutes
It has become the economic base of a society.
This base determines the superstructure.
And the superstructure reacts on the economic base. The economic base and the superstructure
Building opposition and unity constitute the social form,
that is, the social system
Thus,
it can be seen that any social form is based on the economic foundation and The opposition and unity of the superstructure develop in a coordinated way. The development of the economy will inevitably lead to the development of the superstructure.
The prosperity of the economy will inevitably lead to the development of culture. The prosperity
Since the founding of the Tang Dynasty
,
in order to restore production and develop the economy,
On the one hand, through the implementation of land equalization
system and rent adjustment,
mobilized farmers' enthusiasm for production;
On the other hand,
Large-scale construction of water conservancy projects,
thus ensuring the steady development of agricultural production
According to
historical records:
Tang Taizong Zhenguan four years
（
630
year
)
“
The Great Master of the World ,
The diaspora
Those who returned to their hometowns had only three or four coins per bucket of rice, and only twenty-nine people were sentenced to death at the end of the year
From the east to the sea,
the five ridges of Antarctica,
all open to the outside world,
traveling without food,
take
Give me the road
.
”
The economic foundation provided necessary material support for cultural development
The relatively stable social situation in the Tang Dynasty also provided the necessary conditions for cultural development
Moist soil,
the two coordinated with each other,
together promoted the emergence of cultural phenomena that prospered in the Tang Dynasty
Secondly,
The cultural policy of the Tang Dynasty was enlightened
and
diversified.
This is why
Formally speaking,
is conducive to the emergence of cultural prosperity
,
the phenomenon of a hundred flowers blooming
Yes
In view of the cultural diversity of the Tang Dynasty,
most of the rulers of the Tang Dynasty held the concept of harmony
,
integration
Attitude
Ever since Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty proposed
"
Although the three religions are different
,
good things come together in one thing
”
View
Point
,
Most future monarchs will follow this thinking trend
Tang Gaozong once said
:
"
Shi
,
Tao
Two religions
,
Bond the same good
”
Even if it is based on political needs, Wu Ze
Heaven
,
also advocates
:
"
Buddha
,
The Two Teachings of Tao
,
Both Return to Goodness
,
The ultimate in non-action
,
are all one sect
”
Thus, we advocate the equal emphasis on Buddhism and Taoism
Tang Dynasty Ruizong
,
Xuanzong and his son were famous
for their Taoism
, but they also Advocating equal emphasis on Buddhism and Taoism
Ruizong once said
:
“
Shi Dian Xuanzong
,
p>Lijun
Different traces
,
Saving people and transforming them into customs
,
Teaching different merits together
"
Xuanzong also said
:
"
Taoism and Buddhism
,
Its return
one body
”
Even after the Anshi Rebellion
This attitude has basically not changed
Tang Dezong praised
:
"
p>
Shi
,
Taoism
,
Welfare for all living beings
”
It is this kind of cultural policy that
pays equal attention to the three religions
and
uses both
This enabled the Tang Dynasty to avoid the dominance of one family in the ideological field
This effectively promoted
Confucianism
,
Buddhism
,
Mutual absorption and integration of the three schools of Taoism
,
p>
It also created an open cultural atmosphere
in which various academic ideas and foreign religions developed freely
in the Tang Dynasty
In short,
The prosperous Tang culture is inseparable from the enlightened Tang Dynasty cultural policy
Once again, the promotion of the imperial examination system
The imperial examination system originated from the policy of the Han Dynasty
Exams,
it sprouted from the Nine-Liu Changxuan in the Southern and Northern Dynasties,
and was finalized in the Jinshi of the Sui Dynasty
Ke,
>The Imperial Examination in the Tang Dynasty focused on Jinshi subjects,
Ming classics followed,
This was the main subject for selecting political talents
Jinshi subjects mainly focus on classics
,
policy theory
, and
poetry.
Ming Dynasty
Confucian classics are mainly based on pasting the classics
,
the meaning of the classics
, and
strategies
p>
One of the characteristics of the imperial examination system
is that it provides a relatively equal platform for people from all walks of life
and from all walks of life
>
Equal competition opportunities, which is a reversal of the nine-rank Zhongzheng system during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
The situation of selecting talents according to the level of the family,
for small and medium-sized landowners
,
Children of self-cultivating farmers and other classes have created a kind of equality
in joining the officialdom, which has created a kind of people who rely on their own hard work to achieve their goals
It is necessary to show the value orientation of officialdom and salary
As long as you work hard,
it is possible to get ahead
and get ahead
This is how to mobilize This has increased students’ enthusiasm for learning
So,
from this
perspective, it is this kind of thing that now seems to constrain human free thinking
p>
The imperial examination,
indirectly promoted the hard study of the young people at that time,
also promoted the comprehensive development of Tang culture from another aspect
Prosperity
205
·
·