During the Qin and Han Dynasties, what astronomical works recorded the observation of astronomical phenomena in detail?

Zhang Heng (78 ~ 139), a famous scientist and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. His birthplace is now Shiqiao, Nanyang County, Henan Province. His grandfather Zhang Kan was a satrap and an upright official. His father died young, so Zhang Heng's family was poor. Zhang Heng has been diligent and studious since childhood, and he is very talented. According to historical records, he became famous in the village very early. He has a wide range of interests, often dabbles in natural science books, and is good at writing ci and fu. 50000.0000000001One day, Zhang Heng read four poems from a collection of poems, describing the changes of the Big Dipper in the evening of each season: "bucket handle refers to the east, and the world is spring; Guide to barrel handle, it's summer in the world; Bucket handle refers to the west, and the world is autumn; Bucket handle refers to the north, and the world is winter. " He thinks it's interesting. The stars twinkle in the sky, some like dustpans, some like buckets, some like dogs, and some like bears. What are their operating rules? This is simply wonderful. So Zhang Heng drew a picture of the sky according to the content of the poem and referring to other books. Every night, as long as there is no cloud, he silently observes the night sky carefully. How many mysteries are there in the vast starry sky? He observes, records and thinks, and his mind is full of all kinds of problems and colorful fantasies. Later, he finally confirmed that the descriptions in those four poems were not accurate enough. In fact, late spring refers to the southeast. The observation of the sun, moon and stars in his youth inspired Zhang Heng's determination to explore the mysteries of astronomy. Later, he twice served as the official in charge of astronomy in the central government, and made brilliant achievements in this respect. According to Ci Hai, he correctly explained the shadow of the eclipse entering the earth for the first time. 2500 stars visible in the Central Plains were observed and recorded, and the first relatively complete star map in China was drawn. He created the first seismograph in the world; Zhang Heng, who is eager for knowledge, always feels that he lacks knowledge. When he was less than 65,438+07, he left his parents alone and went to study abroad. In the ancient capital Chang 'an, he visited local places of interest and investigated the surrounding mountains, rivers, products and customs. At that time, he made many learned friends, including Luoyang and Kyoto. He is proficient in astronomy, mathematics and calendar, and is also a famous calligrapher. Zhang Heng visited him for advice. It is precisely because of his open-minded and studious spirit that he has benefited a lot in all aspects. In addition to his outstanding achievements in astronomy, he also attracted worldwide attention in the study of seismology. The seismograph he created is earlier than similar instruments in Europe 1700 years. He was also one of the six great painters in the Eastern Han Dynasty, he wrote. Ten years is a success ",which is talked about by people. In the north of Nanyang County, Henan Province, there is the Zhang Heng's Tomb Peace Reading Desk. Guo Moruo wrote an inscription on the tombstone: "Such an all-round developed figure is also rare in the history of the world". Zhang Heng: Ping Zi is the Nanyang surname in the world. His grandfather is comparable. He travels as a gentleman. When he went into battle lightly, he served as the prefect of Shu County and paid homage to a captain. As a writer, he invented the first seismograph in the world. Zhang Heng is also an all-rounder in writing. He wrote many words in his life, combining his scientific research, mechanical instrument manufacturing, political career and making friends. At present, there are more than 20 kinds of articles, inscriptions, praises, books, books and so on. Among the astronomical monographs, there are Lingxian, Notes on Hunyi, Notes on Hunyi Missing, Xuantu and Theory of miscalculation. Before Tai Su, you were quiet, lonely and silent, so you couldn't be like an elephant. There is nothing but emptiness in fainting, so you will never know. Born'. It has no spirit, but it has no slowness, so it is also disciplined. If it is, it is permanent. It's called, Gai is the stem of Tao. Pottery stems are fertile and have adults. Therefore, judging vitality, combining rigidity with softness, turbidity is different. The celestial body is in the sun, so it moves in a circle; The earth is in the shade, so it is flat and quiet. Action and action, quietness and harmony, depression and essence, and time to repair ordinary people. Think of it too much, hiding is the truth of the Tao. -Zhang Heng's "Ling County" Zhang Heng's road to success: The Eastern Han Dynasty was a powerful country in the world at that time, with a leading position in politics, economy and culture, and a developed and prosperous economy and culture. He is studious, thoughtful, studious and full of enthusiasm for learning. When he was young, he was familiar with classic works such as The Book of Songs, The Book of Changes, The Book of Rites, and The Spring and Autumn Annals. At that time, only by being familiar with these classics could you become an official. However, Zhang Heng is open-minded and not bound by traditional ideas, so he is not interested in being an official. On the contrary, he is not interested in being an official. He can not only understand deeply, but also recite. These works strongly shocked Zhang Heng's young mind. He hopes to be a writer like them in the future. At the same time, he is not satisfied with the life of "studying sages behind closed doors". He is eager to travel abroad and get in touch with reality to enrich his life, broaden his horizons and seek knowledge. In 1994, 19-year-old Zhang Heng was pregnant and traveled far. He left Nanyang, a beautiful hometown where he was born and raised, and embarked on a journey of visiting famous rivers, teachers and friends. In the Weihe River Basin, Zhang Heng traveled all over the generous and rich Weihe Plain, watched the majestic Zhong Nanshan and the steep Huashan Mountain, visited the folk customs, inquired about the property, searched for historical sites, and carefully inspected the magnificent capital buildings and street layout of the Western Han Dynasty. Through this tour, he not only deepened. And accumulated a lot of literary materials, which laid a solid foundation for him to write the famous Xijing Fu later. Zhang Heng is diligent and studious, with excellent moral character and outstanding talent. He was once inspected by Nanyang Chief. But in his view, a gentleman is not worried about disrespect for his official position, but about his low moral character; Not ashamed of my meager salary, but ashamed of my limited knowledge. Therefore, his study is not limited to the Five Classics, but also studies astronomy, geography, meteorology and literature. As Cui Yuan commented on him, "You know everything, you can say everything, and you can hear his kind words." This is Zhang Heng, who is studious, unconventional, ambitious and thinks he has contributed to society. His academic and literary creation level has gradually improved and he has become a veritable young scholar. He has written many works such as Ding Qing Fu, Numerous Fu and Seven Debates, and began to conceive the creation of Er Jing Fu. However, due to his poor family, he could not study in Beijing for a long time, so he had to return to Nanyang as the main book at the invitation of official Bald. He also wrote a passionate Ode to Dunan, praising the magnificence of mountains and rivers in his hometown, the fertility of the land and the richness of products. In addition, he also wrote famous works such as Ode to Xijing and Ode to Tokyo, as well as many poems, essays and books, ranging from 108 to 18. During this period, Zhang Heng began to intensively read Yang Xiong's Xuan Jing. Tai Xuan Jing is a philosophical work about the phenomenon of the universe, and it also talks about astronomical calendar and other issues. In particular, Huntian theory attracted Zhang Heng. However, because of its brevity, Zhang Heng is not satisfied, and he is going to do further research on this basis. While intensive reading, I did detailed research and analysis. I wrote notes to Xuan Jing and drew a mysterious picture. Notes on Xuan Jing and Notes on Mysteries are Zhang Heng's experiences in reading Xuan Jing. In these two works, some philosophical thoughts of Zhang Heng are embodied. Unfortunately, neither of these two works has been handed down. By studying Xuan Jing, Zhang Heng also came into contact with many materialistic and atheistic heritages in the ancient history of China. The materialistic factors in Xuan Jing inspired Zhang Heng's desire to pursue natural truth. After intensive reading of Xuan Jing, Zhang Heng gradually turned from literary creation to philosophical research, especially made scientific instruments for the greatest laws of natural phenomena in the universe, such as astronomy, calendar, mathematics and other scientific theories. Detailed observation and long-term measurement of astronomical phenomena. While studying Xuan Jing, Zhang Heng also became interested in Mo Jing. Mozi's disciple and his later research summarized the development of Mozi's thought. It recorded and summarized a lot of knowledge about handicrafts during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Put forward many concepts and viewpoints of ancient physics and mathematics. The book not only covers a wide range of social sciences such as epistemology, logic and economics, but also includes a variety of natural science knowledge such as time, space, material structure, mechanics, optics and geometry. Some of these problems are well expounded and thoroughly reasoned, which have very important scientific value and are rare treasures in classical philosophy and natural science works. However, Mohist thought has been neglected for a long time, and Mohist scientific achievements have been ignored. It took extraordinary courage for Zhang Heng to break through the shackles of Confucianism and devote himself to Mohism at that time. Zhang Heng is good at reading ancient books, taking its essence, pioneering and enterprising, and opening up new paths in scientific research. This is the greatest and most glorious tradition in the history of science in our motherland, which is worth learning by future generations. Zhang Heng's Thought: (1) The Theory of Evolution: Everything in the world. How did it develop? This problem is the core of cosmology. "In the history of human understanding, there have always been two views on the law of the development of the universe, one is metaphysical and the other is dialectical, forming two opposing world views." (Selected Works of Mao Zedong, Volume I, On Contradiction) The materialistic and dialectical view of the universe is a correct and scientific view on the law of the development of the universe. The idealistic metaphysical view of the universe is a reflection of the distortion and inversion of the law of the development of the universe. Zhang Heng's Original Picture and Lingxian are two important works that reflect his philosophical world outlook. In these two works, Zhang Heng inherited the materialism tradition from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty, and put forward philosophical categories such as "Tai Zhi", "Tai", "Tai Su" and "Qi" to explore the origin of all things in the universe. The so-called "root of nature" refers to the root of all things in the world. Here, Zhang Heng clearly pointed out that the earliest origin of all things in heaven and earth is neither the will of any god nor an absolute theory, but the "intangible" element, that is, the beginning. In Zhang Heng's view, the generation of heaven and earth can be divided into three stages. First, the whole space is silent, without any matter. However, the changes and development of everything in the universe are regular. With this foundation, we can start from scratch. First, we produce different kinds of material vitality, which are mixed with each other and run continuously. This is the second stage, called "Pang Hong". After a long time, this group of vitality. The earth settled in it. Everything comes from the perfect combination of heaven and earth. This stage is called "Taiyuan". As a result, all kinds of celestial bodies were formed in the sky, and everything on the ground was produced. Zhang Heng believes that everything in the world developed from the original chaotic and undivided vitality. Vitality is material, including yin and yang with different qualities. The diversity and interaction of natural phenomena reflect the different material properties of Yin and Yang. Zhang Heng's theory that the universe grows from scratch conforms to the law of the development of the material world and the advanced law of the immortality of matter, which is more than 1600 years earlier than the nebula theory founded by the world-famous German Kant in18th century. (2) Infinite Universe Thought: "Octupole dimension passed 232,300 Li, ... and then died. What is "Zhou"? Shi Jiao, the teacher of Shang Yang, a famous politician in the Warring States period, gave a strict definition: "The universe is said from all directions, and the universe is said from ancient times to the present." In other words, the universe refers to space and the universe refers to time. There has been a heated debate in China since the Tang and Song Dynasties about whether the universe has boundaries. Some of them have expressed profound opinions with scientific ideas. However, most of these discussions are just philosophical reasoning. Astronomy itself is rarely involved. As a great astronomer, Zhang Heng once discussed the infinity of the universe from the perspective of astronomy. In this sense, it is more profound and valuable than the speculation made only from the philosophical concept. Speculation is deeper and therefore more valuable. In Zhang Heng's view, the sky has boundaries. What is this? Although there is no clear explanation in Lingxian, it can be inferred that the vitality forms the sky, and the essence of the vitality forms the sun, moon and stars. Therefore, there is nothing in the sky except stars and vitality. The sky in Zhang Heng's mind is just a sky composed of stars with fixed relative positions. There is no fixed connection between the stars, and there is no celestial sphere surrounded by stars. This is unknown, so it is said that "those who pass by here are unknown or know." In other words, the universe and heaven and earth are not the same thing, heaven and earth are big and small, and the universe is boundless. Heaven and earth are only a part of the universe, and the part outside the world is just invisible. Therefore, Zhang Heng further added: "The table of the universe is infinite, and so is the end of the universe." The universe is not only infinite in space. This is a brilliant scientific dialectical thought. Zhang Heng's thought of infinite universe is completely consistent with Marxist understanding of the universe. Zhang Heng believes that the actual celestial sphere is a void with many celestial bodies and can move freely, but in the same era, westerners have no such distinction. In the west, Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher, proposed in the 4th century BC that the real cosmic structure is like a transparent crystal ball. The stars are embedded in this crystal ball. This understanding was inherited by Ptolemy in the 2nd century. Zhang Heng's infinite universe thought is much more advanced than the understanding of a crystal ball. (3) Political thought: "Gai Xianzhe's bounden duty is to serve the school, assist the country and manage the people." Today's childe is willing to suppress the people for entertainment and forget the grievances of the people as enemies; I love to spoil things with poverty, and suddenly I rebelled, causing worry. "My husband was carrying the boat, so he upset it. Make ice in the frost, and the search for wood begins with tillering. " "Shortcuts are evil, and I can't bear to take a step; I can't bear this burden. "Zhang Heng himself: Zhang Heng lived in the era of prosperity and decline in the Eastern Han Dynasty. During this period, consorts and eunuchs competed for power and profit and colluded with each other. They seek their own interests, but they are extravagant, relatives climb up, pay bribes, cheat, and politics is very chaotic. Zhang Heng wrote in Er Jing Fu. Warn the rulers to cherish the people's material and financial resources, return hunting horses and vehicles to farmers to pull manure and farm, and strengthen agricultural production, so as to avoid the disaster of "rebellion and concern for the people". Zhang Heng's Er Du Fu is intended to be "ironic". Compared with Ban Gu's Er Du Fu, Er Du Fu is impassioned, shouting out the voice of resentment and protest, and full of severe warning words. You like things, spoil them with poverty, and suddenly you have a rebellious heart, which leads to worry. " "Husband's water is so loaded with a boat, so it's knocked over. Make ice in the frost, and the search for wood begins with tillering. " It means that now you like doing things that harm the people, but you enjoy it, forgetting that the people have long complained about you! You like to squander your wealth and extravagance, but you forget that once the people rebel, they will have great worries. The knife cuts bread and fingers. Hard ice begins with thin frost, and tall trees begin with fine buds. Warn the rulers that if they are extravagant, the people will rise up and overthrow their rule. Zhang Heng "does not admire officials who live in this world" and does not accept dignitaries. Therefore, the official position "does not migrate for a long time." Faced with some gossip and ridicule from a few people, Zhang Heng wrote an article entitled Ying Jian, which means to answer slander. This article clearly expresses his own personality and ambition. He said: "A gentleman does not suffer from disrespectful position, but from disrespectful morality; It means that a gentleman is not worried about his position and honor, but his virtue is not noble. Don't be ashamed of low pay, it's shameful that you have no knowledge. Zhang Heng also talked about his behavior in The Sword, which is really admirable. He despises and hates those who seek benefits by hook or by crook in order to get promoted and get rich, and those who "attack their handmaids with their husbands". Zhang Heng said: "Shortcuts are evil, and I can't bear to take a few steps;" I can't take my responsibility. "I won't stop, but I won't be stingy." It means that some people regard crooked ways as a shortcut to promotion, but I don't want to take a step; I will never associate with a person who flatters powerful people and pursues wealth. I just feel ashamed if I don't get the right method. These words, like surging rivers and stirring mountains and rivers, fully show the iron and blood character of Zhang Heng, deputy scientist, which makes people gasp in admiration after reading them. At the end of "Fu Xuan", Zhang Heng wrote: "Never leave me for a long time, and I only worry about ..." It means that although the world is long, the years keep passing. When the prosperous times appear, you can only worry about yourself ... If you want to get rid of those unrealistic ideas and follow your own goals, what else do you need to consider as long as you get what you want? What Zhang Heng craves is only scientific knowledge, not promotion and wealth. As can be seen from Fu Xuan, Zhang Heng is like a lotus, emerging from the mud without being stained. He does not flatter powerful people, is aboveboard, despises fame and wealth, and attaches importance to science. Cherish time, be strong, and devote yourself to the scientific cause of the motherland.