Dong Qichang (1555- 1636), a native of Huating, Songjiang (now Maqiao, Minhang District, Shanghai), was a painter and calligrapher in the Ming Dynasty.
Dong Qichang is good at painting mountains and rivers, learning from Dong Yuan, Huang and Ni Zan, and his brushwork is delicate and neutral, quiet and elegant; Clean and bright with ink fragrance, gentle and plain; Green, simple and generous.
As an outstanding representative of Huating School of Painting, he advocated the theory of "Southern and Northern Schools" by using Buddhism and Zen as a metaphor for painting, which has the beauty of "Yan Gu Zhao Zi". His painting and painting theory had a great influence on the painting world in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Calligraphy in and out of the Jin and Tang dynasties, sui generis, can make poetry. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Dong Qichang was already a famous master of calligraphy and painting. He was "the first in the dynasty" and "famous abroad" and was good at appreciating calligraphy and painting. After entering the Qing Dynasty, the evaluation of Dong Qichang's calligraphy and painting kept rising, and both Kangxi and Gan Long Sun Ye were amazed.
"Today's painting depends on the official, tomorrow's painting depends on the official", which simply points out Dong Qichang's superb means of becoming a painting giant by power and making political allies by painting and calligraphy.
He is good at playing Tai Chi and is extremely shrewd in personnel. During his career, he made three advances and three retreats and made rapid progress, which not only shaped the image of humility and transcendence in the official class, but also reached the peak of secular power.
When he was in the limelight, he talked about Zen, read tablets and painted pictures, wrote inscriptions before flowers, and recited poems under the moon, which was the busiest person in Beijing. At that time, if there were newspapers and TV, he was definitely the headline news.
Look at him. He is not only a guest of the diehard King party member, but also a predecessor of the founder. He often asked for benefits and almost broke the threshold. He is also an old friend of Li Zhi, Gong Anyuan, Tao Wangling, Jiao Hong and Chen Jiru, whom Lindong people despise. He kept in close contact, eating, drinking and chatting. He is not only the confidant of the Chief Cabinet Secretary, but also the confidant of Ye, a great scholar, and is much loved. Can walk around the two houses, regardless of land, good and evil are taken, all showing loyalty.
He not only supported the despised Ruan Dacheng, but also interceded for him. Even the powerful eunuchs in the palace could not help but contact and curry favor with him.
Especially for Wei Zhongxian, it is hard to please. ..... In short, it is invincible, invulnerable, demanding and unfavorable, because it is handy sitting on the wall, its versatility is pleasing, and its fierce offensive against Mo Bao.
In particular, he has a flexible figure and a decent entrance. He has time to participate in activities in the capital, but he has no time to paint and sell money. Go back to your hometown to take shelter from the wind when you are in danger, and escape from the rivers and lakes when you are under pressure. The bigger the official, the more money he earns. Being called a "clever official" is certainly not a compliment, which shows that his contemporaries are also quite critical of him.
Dong Qichang, who is extravagant and extravagant, still fishes when he is old. There are still many wives at the age of 60, but the desire is expanding and the lust is strong, which leads to the incident of robbing people and forcing concubines.
It is immoral for him to indulge in room art and support alchemists, which is the habit of decadent literati in the Ming Dynasty. But he is even more abnormal, sexually assaulting virgins, acting arrogantly, relying on wealth and having no scruples, which makes the villagers and neighbors uneasy.
Next, instead of thinking about convergence, he became more rampant and more unscrupulous, suppressing and lynching confessions, deceiving others too much and arousing widespread indignation and resentment. Even if there is a murder, I still don't care, but I will fight back first and complain first. Dong Qichang, who runs amok in rural communities, is called a "villain" and an "animal official", which shows how evil he is. As a result, people's grievances boiled and finally broke out to the point of being out of control.
In the spring of the forty-fourth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 16 16), tens of thousands of people in the south of the Yangtze River raided Dong Qichang's house and set it on fire, just because he was a landlord and bully, who was rampant in the countryside, rich and powerful, and evil gentry were rampant.
In addition, children break the law, run amok, family members are arrogant and ugly, which brings disaster to their hometown. The people have deep grievances and great public anger, and they have long hated it. However, he is in a high position and officials protect each other. However, with deep pockets and many minions, he had to let it run wild.
However, this spring, because he forcibly recruited women, used yin to replenish yang, detained women and killed people, he encountered this kind of peasant movement-style property seizure.
In the historical notes of the Ming Dynasty (such as Wen Bing's Dingling Notes). ), there are many descriptions. An anonymous person also recorded the whole process of property seizure, and collected official documents related to the case, and integrated a book "The Facts of People Copying Dong Huan".
In the forty-fourth year of Wanli (16 16), the people copied Dong Huan in March. According to the Records of People Copying with Dong Guan, from 10 to 12, the defendant's posters and leaflets were blocked along the street, and even the cruise ships of prostitutes and clients were posted. The whole Huating County and even Songjiang Prefecture are cursing Dong Qichang, a "beast officer", and women and children are scrambling to spread the folk song "If you want to be strong in rice, kill Dong Qichang first". Businessmen from Anhui, Huguang, Sichuan, Shaanxi and Shanxi also participated in the exposure and criticism.
Seeing that the streets were crowded with people on both sides, the county government, for fear of causing chaos, quickly detained Chen Ming, an angry Dong slave, beat the board in public, and quickly posted notices, ordering the gathered people to disperse quickly. Seeing that the situation was not good, Dong Jia sent 100 people into the house overnight to defend themselves. But when Shanghai, Qingpu and Jinshan heard the news, they also came to complain, and tens of thousands of angry people surrounded Dongfu. /kloc-On the morning of 0/6, when the two sides confronted each other, the people took the opportunity to set fire to Dong's family, demolished it and burned it, burning hundreds of painted buildings, carved beams and painted buildings, pavilions and pavilions in Dong's family to ashes. The fire lasted all night.
In China, it is unique, and in the world, it is probably unique. Besiege the people, tens of thousands of people, four towns and eight miles away, come and go in a hurry, burn houses, destroy assets, smash plaques and beat homes. People copied Dong Huan, which spread in unofficial history and became a household name in Jiangnan area. Although Dong Qichang's literary name is very good, it is worse than his filthy name, which is the biggest embarrassment in his life.
Ming? Axis of Dong Qichang's Poems and Pictures of qixia temple? Shanghai Museum?
In China, it is common for literati to be robbed of property, which is a piece of cake. But this time, Donghuan's scale, scope, number of people and heavy damage are unprecedented. Dong Qichang's big scene, a sea of people, known as a million. This figure is exaggerated, which is inevitable. However, when people from other places gathered in Songjiang, the locals watched and booed, and the wave of trouble surrounded hundreds of thousands of people.
Because its dirtiest side is full of bad records and exposed. This filthy history of 40 miles against the wind has made it impossible for fans who supported Dong in previous dynasties to explain the strong contrast between the two sides. Do a landlord bully who can't kill enough people to vent his anger have anything in common with an art master who is recognized by the world as good at painting and calligraphy?
Lin Yuan and Dong Qichang? Tianjin Museum Collection
Today, when it comes to Dong Qichang, some people still unconsciously call it the "bully landlord" in the era of class struggle, but in this era when everything can be entertained, some idle people jokingly call it the "Shanghai villain". The spread of history and the world is always frightening. Of course, Dong Qichang is not perfect, but he is by no means a bully, let alone a "villain" among the contemporary idle population. Dong Qichang's political and cultural ambitions. Although he finally went to Nanjing, it was mainly an birthright. In the chaotic reality of the late Ming Dynasty, his greatest ideal was still to live in seclusion in the countryside (although his life in Songjiang was greatly hit), to devote himself to painting and calligraphy, to meditate on painting, just like his beloved Tao Qian and Wang Wei, and even to play down his detachment intentionally or unintentionally and become a generation of painters and painters.
People at that time and later generations sharply criticized Dong Qichang: "It is feasible to think white calligraphy and painting, but doing evil is so unique and elegant?" As a cultural scholar who is proficient in poetry, literature, calligraphy and painting, Dong Qichang's heinous crimes make people gasp.
If Zhao Mengfu, Wang Duo, Zhang Ruitu and other calligraphers have character disputes, there is no doubt about the difference of Dong Qichang's character. Incredibly, this kind of behavior can create outstanding works of art that are hundreds of years ahead.