Discuss Aristotle's thoughts on political practice discussed in "Politics" from three aspects: the classification standards of political systems, the types of political systems, the causes of political system changes, and preservation methods.
Aristotle used two criteria when classifying political systems, one is the purpose of the political system, and the other is the number of rulers.
According to the first standard, it is called two categories and six types: 1. The authentic political system includes ① monarchy, ② aristocratic government, ③ *** and political system. They are respectively controlled by one person, a few people, and a majority. However, they all rely on the interests of the city-state public, and advocate merit, talent, virtue and moderation respectively; 2 Abnormal regimes ① Monk-dominated regime ② Oligarchic regime ③ Civilian regime, they are controlled by one person, a few and a majority respectively, but They all only seek the interests of the ruler and advocate self-interest, wealth and freedom.
According to the second criterion, political systems can be divided into three categories and six types: rule by one person (monarchy and tyranny), rule by a few people (aristocratic system and oligarchy), rule by the majority (*** and oligarchy) system and democracy). He inherited this classification of political systems from his teacher Plato, who, like his teacher, regarded monarchy and aristocracy as ideal types of government.
The limitations of the theory of government types cannot truly distinguish between civilian government and oligarchic government, so Aristotle adopted other standards, namely the standard of wealth and poverty, or the class standard. He believed that "the differences between oligarchic and civilian government are The main difference is not the number of people." The difference in principle between the two should be the difference between rich and poor. His final solution was to combine the three criteria of status, quantity and class. Although Aristotle did not really distinguish between civilian government and oligarchic government, the criteria he used when classifying government systems were indeed diverse, which is commendable!
Different varieties of monarchy ① Spartan monarchy ② Monarchy of barbarian peoples (non-Greek peoples) ③ Presidential monarchy ④ Epic (heroic) age monarchy ⑤ Full monarch System
Two different varieties of tyranny: ① The monarchy of barbarian peoples (non-Greek peoples) and the monarchy of democratically elected presidents ② The complete tyranny
The differences between the three aristocratic systems of government Varieties: ① Measured by absolute standards (the best moral quality) ② Spartan and Huthage-style aristocracy ③ A political system with obvious oligarchic tendencies
The four oligarchies Different types: ① Necessary property qualifications ② Property qualifications are high, and the filling and appointment of public offices are limited to people with legal qualifications ③ Hereditary system passed down from father to son ④ It is also hereditary, but the power of the ruler is greater, and personal will overrides the law above.
Five different types of civilian government: ① The most strict type that adheres to equal selection ② Based on property, the qualifications for holding public offices are set ③ Only birth is used as a restriction (as long as you are a citizen of your own ethnic group) Ability to participate in public office ④ Anyone who is a citizen can be appointed, but the final decision on political affairs is not decided by the law but by the masses)