Song Dynasty Huizong
Name Zhao Ji
Temple name Huizong
Posthumous title Body God He Dao Jun Lie Xun Gong Sheng Wen Ren De Xian Ci Xian Emperor Xiao
Mausoleum Yongyou Mausoleum
Government of the Song Dynasty
Reigned from 1082 to 1135
Reigned from 1100 to 1125
p>Era number
Jianzhong Jingguo: 1101
Chongning: 1102-1106
Daguan: 1107-1110< /p>
Zhenghe: 1111-October 1118
Chonghe: November 1118-February 1119
Xuanhe: February 1119- Statue of Emperor Daojun in 1125
Song Huizong Zhao Ji (October 1082 - June 11, 1135), the eleventh son of Song Shenzong, was the eighth emperor of the Song Dynasty of China.
In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), he was granted the title of King of Suining County (now Suining City, Sichuan Province). In the third year of Shaosheng's reign (1096), he became the king of Duan. His elder brother Song Zhezong had no children, and he succeeded him after his death. He reigned for 25 years (1100-1125).
During his reign, Zhao Ji excessively pursued a luxurious life. During his reign, he used treacherous ministers such as Cai Jing, Tong Guan, Gao Qiu, and Yang Jian to preside over the government, plundering people's wealth wantonly, and engaging in extravagance and debauchery. Create a crafting bureau dedicated to the royal family. They also searched for exotic flowers and stones everywhere and transported them to Kaifeng by ship, which was called "Flower and Stone Gang" to build Yanfu Palace and Genyue. He actually spent all the property left by his father, which was 70% of the world's wealth at that time. He believed in Taoism and called himself "the Taoist Lord and Emperor". He built palaces and temples, set up twenty-six levels of Taoist officials, and paid Taoist priests salaries. During his reign, civil uprisings led by Fang La and Song Jiang broke out. In the second year of Xuanhe (1120), he sent envoys to form an alliance with the Jin Dynasty and attack the Liao Kingdom from a pinch. In the seventh year of Xuanhe, the Jin army went south to attack the Song Dynasty. He passed the throne to Zhao Huan (Qinzong) and called himself the Supreme Emperor. In August of the first year of Jingkang (1126), Jin Taizong once again ordered the Eastern and Western Route armies to march southward. Sun Fu, the Minister of War of the Song Dynasty, placed his hope on Taoist Guo Jing and used the "Six Armor Method" to defeat the enemy. Defeated, the Jin army divided into four groups and took the opportunity to attack the city. The Jin army captured Bianjing. Emperor Qinzong of the Song Dynasty sent envoys He?1?3 to Jinying to ask for peace, but the two commanders Zong Han and Zong Wang refused. In February of the second year of Jingkang (the fifth year of Tianhui, 1127), Jin Taizong issued an edict to abolish the Hui and Qin emperors and demoted them to common people. The Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed (960-1127), and the two emperors were captured and went north. He was later taken to the north and imprisoned. In July of the eighth year of Tianhui (1130), the two emperors were moved to Wuguocheng (now the old ancient city in the north of Yilan County, Heilongjiang Province) under house arrest. When we arrived at Five Kingdoms City, there were only about 140 men and women accompanying us. During his exile, Huizong was still good at writing poems. He was deeply moved when he read the biography of Li Mi in the Tang Dynasty. Five years later, in April of the thirteenth year of Tianhui (the fifth year of Shaoxing, 1135), he died of illness in Wuguocheng. Cremation according to local customs.
In February of the first year of Huangtong (1141), in order to improve relations with the Southern Song Dynasty, Jin Xizong posthumously named the deceased Huizong the Prince of Tianshui County and Qinzong the title of Duke Tianshui County. The first was to increase the level. Originally, Huizong was granted the title of second-rank Hunde Gong, and he was later promoted to the first-rank king. Qinzong was originally granted the title of third-rank Chonghunhou, but now he is promoted to the second rank. The second is to remove the insulting connotation in the original account. The third is to use the Wangzhi County of the Tianshui Clan with the surname Zhao as the title to show respect. In March of the twelfth year of Shaoxing (1142), the "Shaoxing Peace Conference" of the Song and Jin Dynasties completely completed all procedures. In the fourth month of summer and Dingmao (May 1, 1142), Gaozong's biological mother Wei Xianfei returned to the Song Dynasty with Huizong's coffin. In August of the same year, more than ten ox carts arrived in Lin'an. In October, the Southern Song Dynasty temporarily buried Huizong in Kuaiji (now Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province), named Yonggu Mausoleum (later renamed Yongyou Mausoleum).
Huizong loved art. During his reign, he elevated the status of painters to the highest position in Chinese history and established the Hanlin Academy of Calligraphy and Painting, which was the Palace Painting Academy at that time. Painting was used as an examination method for imperial promotion, and poetry as a question every year stimulated many new creative stories. For example, under the title "Ancient Temple Hidden in the Mountains", many people painted the eaves of a temple deep in the mountains, but the first place winner did not draw any houses, only a monk carrying water from a mountain stream; another title was "Returning after Stepping on Flowers to Fragrance of Horseshoes". The first place winner did not draw any flowers, but only drew a man riding a horse, with butterflies flying between the horse's hooves, and so on. These have greatly stimulated the development of the artistic conception of Chinese painting.
He observed nature in detail, and once wrote: "When a peacock climbs high, he must first lift his left leg" and other theoretical articles on painting. He extensively collected cultural relics from past dynasties and ordered his subordinates to compile famous art history books such as "Xuanhe Book Collection", "Xuanhe Painting Collection" and "Xuanhe Bogulu". He has made considerable contributions to the study of art history. "Plum Blossom Eyes Embroidered Picture" page, painted by Zhao Ji during the Song Dynasty.
Huizong also liked to write poems and postscripts on his favorite paintings and calligraphy. Later generations called this kind of painting "imperial painting". Since many paintings did not leave the author's name on them, he himself was good at painting. It is quite difficult to identify whether these paintings are the works of Zhao Ji. There is a point of view that confirms that his authentic paintings include "Poetry", "Willow Duck Picture", "Late Autumn Picture on the Pond", "Bamboo Bird Picture", "Four Bird Picture", etc., and "Hibiscus Golden Pheasant Picture" and "Wood Plum Mountain Bird Picture" are imperial paintings.
In addition, Huizong’s original thin gold calligraphy is unique in the world, and I believe no one can surpass it to this day. This kind of thin gold calligraphy is tall, beautiful, elegant and sharp. Even people who don't know calligraphy at all will feel great after reading it. The immortal thin gold calligraphy works include "Thousand Character Essay in Thin Gold Style", "Two Poems on the Wind and Frost", "Summer Poems", "Ouyang Xun and Zhang Han's Postscript", etc. After more than 800 years, no one has been able to reach his height, and he can be called the first person in ancient and modern times.
Huizong believed in Taoism, built palaces and temples, called himself Taoist Lord and Emperor, and often asked Taoist priests to tell fortunes. His birthday was May 5th. Taoist priests thought it was unlucky, so he changed it to October 10th. His zodiac sign was dog, so he banned the slaughter of dogs in Bianjing City.
At the end of Leap November in 1126 AD, the Jin soldiers went south again. On December 15, Bianjing was captured. Emperor Jin deposed Song Huizong and his son Zhao Huan as common people. At the end of March 1127 AD, the Jin Emperor, General Hui and the Qin Emperor, together with their concubines, imperial clan, hundreds of officials and thousands of people, as well as religious musicians, craftsmen, legal chariots, ceremonial guards, crowns, ritual utensils, astronomical instruments, and treasures Playthings, royal collections, maps of state capitals all over the world, etc. were escorted to the north. All public and private savings in Bianjing were robbed, and the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed. Because this happened during the Jingkang period, it was known as the "Jingkang Incident" in history. "Listening to the Qin Tu" scroll, Song Dynasty, painted by Zhao Ji
It is said that Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty did not care when he heard that his treasures were robbed, but when he heard that the royal collection was also robbed, he looked up to the sky and sighed. Song Huizong was humiliated on the way to be escorted. First, the beloved concubine Wang Wanrong and others were forcibly taken away by the Jin general. Then, after arriving at the capital of the Jin Kingdom, he was ordered to wear mourning clothes with Zhao Huan and go to the temple of Jin Taizu Wanyan Aguda, which meant that the Jin Emperor offered prisoners to his ancestors. Afterwards, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty was humiliated and given the title of Hou Dehou by the Jin Emperor, and was imprisoned in Hanzhou (now Changtu County, Liaoning Province). Later, he was moved to Wuguocheng (now Yilan County, Heilongjiang Province) and imprisoned. During his imprisonment, Song Huizong suffered mental torture and wrote many regretful, sad and desolate poems, such as:
The west wind shook the door all night long, and the lonely house in the depression was dimly lit.
Looking back three thousand miles from Jiashan, there are no geese flying to the south of the mountain.
In July 1127 AD, Cao Xun, a minister of Song Huizong, secretly escaped from Jin Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty. Before leaving, he was given a vest that he wore. On the vest was written "Come and rescue your parents quickly." Song Huizong showed these words to the surrounding officials, who all burst into tears. Song Huizong cried and told Cao Xun to tell Gaozong, "Don't forget the pain of my journey north." He took out a white gauze handkerchief to wipe his tears, and then gave the handkerchief to Cao Xun and said: "Let the Emperor (Gaozong) I know how I missed my homeland and cried in sorrow."
Song Huizong was imprisoned for 9 years. On Jiazi Day in April 1135 AD, he finally died in Wuguo City due to unbearable mental torture at the age of 54. Jin Xizong buried him in Guangning, Henan (near today's Luoyang City, Henan Province). On Yiyou Day in August 1142 AD, according to the agreement between the Song and Jin Dynasties, the remains of Song Huizong were transported back to Lin'an (now Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province). Song Gaozong buried him in Yongyou Mausoleum, and the temple was named Huizong.
The signature of Song Huizong is very distinctive. It's like the character "天" but the first stroke of the character "天" is far away from the one below. It means
"One person in the world"
During his reign, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty extensively collected antiquities, calligraphy and paintings, expanded the Hanlin Academy of Painting, and asked civil servants to compile the "Xuanhe Book Collection" and "Xuanhe Book Collection". Books such as "He Painting Manual" and "Xuanhe Bogu Tu" have greatly promoted and advocated the art of painting. He is good at playing music, calligraphy and painting, singing and poetry. He wrote many works in his life, but they are all lost. Existing paintings include "Hibiscus Golden Pheasant", "Autumn Evening on the Pond", "Four Birds", "Returning to the Snow River" and other pictures. There is a collection of poems called "Song Huizong's Ci".
Picture of Golden Pheasants with Lotuses
Before he became emperor, Huizong was fond of calligraphy and painting, and interacted with painters such as Prince Consort Wang Shen and the royal family member Zhao Lingrang. After taking the throne, he made great achievements in calligraphy and painting, and made important contributions to the development of Chinese painting. One of them was the emphasis on and development of the Painting Academy. He established the painting school in the third year of Chongning (1104) and formally included it in the imperial examination in order to recruit painters from all over the world. The painting is divided into six categories: Buddhism and Taoism, figures, landscapes, birds and beasts, flowers and bamboos, and house wood. Ancient poems are selected as test questions. After admission, they are divided into "scholar stream" and "miscellaneous stream" according to their status, and they live in different places, are trained, and are constantly assessed. Those who enter the painting academy will be awarded titles such as painting studies, art studies, waiting for imperial edicts, only marquises, offerings, and painting students. At that time, the status of painters increased significantly, and they were higher than other artists in terms of clothing and salary. Such generous treatment, coupled with Huizong's guidance and care for the painting academy's creation as a calligrapher and painter, made the painting academy's creation most prosperous during this period. Under his instructions, the royal collection was greatly enriched, and the palace calligraphy and painting collections were compiled into "Xuanhe Calligraphy Book" and "Xuanhe Painting Book", which have become important materials for studying the history of ancient painting today.
Song Huizong's own creative style was not as meticulous and delicate as he required the painters of the art academy, but preferred rough ink paintings. Among the works handed down from generation to generation, there are many signed works, but the paintings are more meticulous, such as "Auspicious Dragon Stone Picture", "Hibiscus Golden Pheasant Picture", "Listening to the Qin Picture", and "Snow River Returning to Chu" (the above are all hidden in The Palace Museum), "Auspicious Crane" (collected by Liaoning Provincial Museum), "Green Bamboo and Two Birds" (collected by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, USA) and other works have been recognized by experts as ghostwritten works by masters in the painting academy. Only the "Four Birds" volume collected by the Nelson Museum of Art in the United States and the "Willow Crows" volume collected by the Shanghai Museum have been identified as his own handwriting. Both paintings are ink on paper, with simple brushwork and no use of lead. The joy of nature. The "Autumn Evening on the Pond" collected by the National Palace Museum in Taipei also falls into this category.
The famous "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" is also related to this emperor of calligraphy and painting. After Zhang Zeduan completed this long scroll praising the peaceful and prosperous times, he first presented it to Song Huizong. Song Huizong therefore became the first collector of this painting. Huizong of the Song Dynasty, who was a master of calligraphy and painting in Chinese history, loved this painting so much that he wrote the words "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" on the picture with his famous "thin gold style" calligraphy, and stamped it with the double dragon seal (now lost). Ruihe Tu
After the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, the prosperous Huizong Xuanhe Painting Academy came to an end. Some painters from the painting academy fled and gradually gathered in Lin'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. They were restored to their posts in the painting academy and became The backbone of the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy. Li Tang, Liu Zonggu, Yang Shixian, Li Di, Li Anzhong, Su Hanchen, Zhu Rui, Li Congxun, etc. all fall into this situation. Although Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty was also politically secluded, he still attached great importance to calligraphy and painting. Especially later, he used painting to serve his politics and organized painters to create. Therefore, painting activities in the Southern Song Dynasty were mainly centered on the painting academy.
The "thin gold calligraphy" created by Zhao Ji, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, is highly valued by calligraphers. Coins such as Chongning Grand View written in this font are favorite treasures of collectors. "History of Calligraphy" commented: "Huizong's cursive calligraphy is vigorous and elegant. He first learned from Xue Ji and changed his method. He called himself Thin Gold Calligraphy. His ideas are natural and cannot be traced." His paintings attach great importance to sketching. He is especially good at painting flowers and birds, with great emphasis on details, and is famous for his exquisite workmanship and lifelikeness.
Huizong loved art. During his reign, he elevated the status of painters to the highest position in Chinese history and established the Hanlin Academy of Calligraphy and Painting, which was the Palace Painting Academy at that time. Painting was used as an examination method for imperial promotion, and poetry as a question every year stimulated many new creative stories. For example, under the title "Ancient Temple Hidden in the Mountains", many people painted the eaves of a temple deep in the mountains, but the first place winner did not draw any houses, only a monk carrying water from a mountain stream; another title was "Returning after Stepping on Flowers with the Fragrance of Horseshoes". The first place winner did not draw any flowers, but only drew a man riding a horse, with butterflies flying between the horse's hooves, and so on. These have greatly stimulated the development of the artistic conception of Chinese painting. Page of "Loquat Mountain Bird Pictures", Song Dynasty, painted by Zhao Ji
He observed nature in detail, and once wrote: "When a peacock climbs high, he must first lift his left leg" and other theoretical articles on painting. He extensively collected cultural relics from past dynasties and ordered his subordinates to compile famous art history books such as "Xuanhe Book Collection", "Xuanhe Painting Collection" and "Xuanhe Bogulu". He has made considerable contributions to the study of art history.
Huizong also liked to write poems and postscripts on his favorite paintings and calligraphy. Later generations called this kind of painting "imperial painting".
Since many paintings did not leave the author's name on them, he himself was good at painting. It is quite difficult to identify whether these paintings are the works of Zhao Ji. There is a point of view that confirms that his original paintings include "Willow Duck Picture", "Late Autumn Picture on the Pond", "Bamboo Bird Picture", "Four Bird Picture", etc., and "Hibiscus Golden Pheasant Picture" and "Wood Plum Mountain Bird Picture" are imperial paintings.
Song Huizong also wrote the title himself, leaving behind a good story about "The scent of horse hoofs comes back from a spring outing": One day, Zhao Ji returned from a spring outing, and he was in high spirits, so he wrote the title "The scent of horseshoes comes back from a spring outing". A unique painting test was held in the Royal Garden. "Flower", "return", and "horse's hoof" are all easy to express here, but "fragrance" is an intangible thing that is difficult to express with paintings. Although many painters are known as masters of painting, they look at each other and are unable to paint. Some paintings show a horseman returning from a spring outing with a flower in his hand; some still have a few petals on the horse's hooves, but none of them express the word "fragrance". There is only one young painter who has unique ideas and designs, and is happy to draw his pen. The concept of the painting is very clever: several butterflies are flying around the running horseshoes, which vividly represents the return from stepping on flowers, and the strong fragrance of the horseshoes is still left. Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty leaned over to take a closer look, stroking his palms and exclaiming: "Wonderful! Wonderful! Wonderful!" He then commented, "The beauty of this painting is that the idea is wonderful and the artistic conception is deep. The invisible fragrance of flowers is tangibly expressed on the paper. It's so fragrant!" When the painters heard this, they were all shocked and ashamed. He also developed court painting, gathered a wide range of painters, created the Xuanhe Painting Academy, and trained a number of outstanding painters such as Wang Ximeng, Zhang Zeduan, and Li Tang. He organized and compiled books such as "Xuanhe Calligraphy", "Xuanhe Painting", and "Xuanhe Bogutu". It is a precious historical book in the study of art history, and it still has extremely important reference value.
He believed in Taoism. He issued many edicts to search for Taoist books, set up a scripture bureau, collated and collated Taoist books. The "Zhenghe Wanshou Taoist Canon" compiled during the Zhenghe period was the first "Taoist canon" to be fully published in our country. ", are rare and valuable historical materials for the study of Taoist history and classics. The "History of Taoism" and "History of Immortals" he ordered to be compiled are also the largest histories of Taoism and biographies of Taoist deified figures in the history of our country. Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty also personally wrote books such as "Yu Zhu Dao De Jing", "Yu Zhu Chongxu Zhi De Zhen Jing" and "Nan Hua Zhen Jing Xiaoyao You Zhi Gui", which provided complete information for the study of Taoism in my country. [Edit this paragraph] The world commented on Zhang Dun: "King Duan is frivolous and cannot rule the world."
"Song History" records: "The reason why Huizong lost his country is not Jin Hui's foolishness or Sun Hao's violence , It is not because of the usurpation of Cao and Ma, but because of his private wisdom and small wisdom, he has a biased intention, alienates the honest people, and flatters the treacherous people. Therefore, Cai Jing uses the talents of the clever and sycophant to support his arrogant, extravagant and lustful ambitions. He indulges in vain belief, worships sightseeing, and exhausts the power of the people. He is indifferent to each other, neglects the affairs of the country, and does nothing for a long time. His body was humiliated, so he was in the same class as Shi Jin. How could he be blamed for this? After the mourning of Chengxi, Feng, and Shao, Huizong did the same thing? Since ancient times, rulers have lost their ambition by playing with things and indulged in lust. Huizong is very rare, so he is here to warn you. "